Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Paper

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Paper
One of the diseases i chose to elaborate on is irritable bowel syndrome, also known as IBS. Irritable
bowel syndrome affects the large intestines and is a very common disorder. It is a very serious
condition that you would have to manage your entire life by keeping a healthy diet, maintain a good
lifestyle, and control stress. Out of all the people who have this disorder, there is only a small
number of people who has severe symptoms. The most common symptom is abdominal pain. Other
signs and symptoms include cramping, bloating, blood in stool, mucus in stool, diarrhea and etc.
Symptoms can be triggered by food, of course, stress, and hormones. People with this disorder often
have times when the feeling gets worse or it just disappear completely.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be defined as the chronic condition (it is persistent/ long–
standing disease) resulting from inappropriate mucosal immune activation. Inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) can start at any age. However, it is frequently seen among teenagers And also among
young adults in their early twenties, both genders can be affected by this disease. There are two
conditions that traditionally comprise inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis and
crohns disease. Comparison between Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease are clinically useful,
because distinguishing between the two conditions allow specialists to choose the right management
way. Comparison between Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease are ... Show more content on
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Mouth, eye, skin, joint, and vascular complications (related to the inflammatory activity of
 the disease).
Complications
 Mouth, eye, skin, joint, and vascular complications (related to the inflammatory activity of the
disease).
 Fistulas.
 Abscess.
 Obstruction.
Muco–bloody.
Faces Mushy–watery. lower–risk Risk of colorectal cancer Higher–risk
Superficial inflammation which means that it actually affect the top layer. Histological difference
Transmural inflammation which means that it actually goes through all the layer.
Continues inflammation. Pathological difference Typically discontinues patchy inflammation with
skip lesions.
Less people are affected per year. Incidence
More people are affected per year. Table 1. outline the main difference between Ulcerative colitis
and crohns disease. As both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel
diseases (IBD), however, there are major differences between the two diseases.
This essay will focus on Crohn's disease and pathological changes that may occur in the small
intestine as a result of the inflammatory process and discuss the scientific reasons for the possible
treatments relating these to pathological processes.
Main body:

Crohn 's disease is a chronic condition that classified as a type of (IBD),and characterized by
inflammation in the lining of the digestive tract (Gastrointestinal tract) from the mouth to the anus.
In Crohn 's disease, any part

Essay on Bowel Cancer
Bowel Cancer The bowels are the intestines, consisting of the small intestine (the section between
the stomach and the appendix) and the large intestine (from the appendix to the anus). The large
intestine is divided into the long colon and a short rectum, just before the anus. Two thirds of bowel
cancers occur in the colon and one third in the rectum, with very few in the small intestine.
Who is at risk of bowel cancer? ===============================
There are about 35,000 new cases each year in the UK. More than 80% of these are in people over
60. Obesity can increase the risk of cancer of the colon by up to one third. High alcohol intake is ...
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Low fat, high fiber diets appear to carry a lower risk. Greater consumption of vegetables and fruit
has also been shown to reduce the risk. Increased consumption of red meat and processed meat has
been linked to a higher risk. By comparison, eating fish does not appear to be a risk factor. Some
evidence suggests that certain dietary supplements, such as calcium, selenium and, possibly, folic
acid can reduce the risk.
Signs and Symptoms of Colon Cancer ==================================
Unfortunately, often colon cancer does not show any symptoms until in its later stages. Here is a list
of common signs to look for.
· Blood in the stool is the number one symptom
· Bleeding from the rectum
· Abdominal pain
· Weight loss
· Nausea
· Vomiting
· Constipation or diarrhea

· Change in bowel habits
· Change in stool shape or size, including narrowing stools
· Fatigue due to bleeding in stools
Colon Cancer Stages ===================
Colon cancer can be broken down into 5 stages. Here is a brief outline of each one.
Stage 0– Cancer is confined to outside colon wall.
Stage 1– Cancer has spread to second and third layer of the wall.
Stage 2– Cancer has spread beyond and through the colon

Bowel Constipation Essay
Constipation Treatment: Constipation is the term used to describe irregular bowel actions, hard
motions or difficulty in passing faces. It is twice as common in women as it is in men and increases
with age. A recent study revealed that 10% of adults believed they had suffered from constipation
during the previous fortnight. Those results may have stemmed from the widespread belief that the
bowels should be open daily and that failure to do so will cause any umber of complaints ranging
from headaches to depression. In fact, one medical study has shown that the average person may
pass faeces as little as twice a week or as often as three times every day. Children are often taken to
a GP by a parent who id worried that their child's bowel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Occasionally surgery may be the only hope of curing this condition. If your child is usually fairly
easy. First, offer them extra fluids, preferably as fruit juice. This is especially important in hot
weather. If this fails then the extra sugar in one or two of their feeds may do the trick. If your child
is still struggling to pass a hard motion you should then consult your GP, who may pass a well
vaselined finger into e rectum. This often has spectacular results. Dietary Constipation The
commonest cause of constipation in young adults is dietary, often at a time when they are dieting to
excess and not receiving enough fibre. Irritable bowel syndrome may cause constipation but this
usually alternates the diarrhea is accompanied by abdominal pain and bloating. Treatment consists
of a high fibre diet an anti–spasmodics such as peppermint oil. Irritable bowel syndrome is much
more common in women and seems be stress related. If you are elderly and have been constipated
or two weeks more, especially if it is associated with eight losses or bleeding, you should try these
natural treatment to get rid of

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Analysis
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation in the
intestinal mucosa and transmural. IBD is divided into two main categories Crohn's disease (CD) and
ulcerative colitis (UC). While there is no known cure for IBD, current therapies can only reduce the
inflammation that triggers the signs and symptoms and induce long–term remission. Therefore,
better treatment modalities for the complex IBD are still evolving. The increased understanding of
the underlying immunopathology has helped identify new targeted treatment options using stem
cells that are capable of modulating the immune system. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and
mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are the most evaluated stem cell treatment ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They are plastic adherent in standard culture conditions, have fibroblast–like morphology and
express CD13, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, Stro–1 and MHC–I and they
lack the expression of CD11b CD14, CD19 CD31, CD34, CD45, CD79A, and HLA–DR [43, 44].
MSC must also retain their ability to differentiate into different mesenchymal cell lines that are
chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes. [44] MSC have high plasticity by being able to
transdifferentiate into ectodermal and endodermal cells [26, 45]. They also express NANOG and
Sox2 transcription factors which enables them to utilise self–renewal pathways similar to those in
embryonic stem cells [46]. They also secrete growth factors, cytokines and chemokines and express
Toll–like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 which allow them exert their different functions [43]. The
aim of using MSC in IBD is to both repair the tissue damage caused by the disease and modify the
immune response of

Bowel Positioning Statement
Positioning Statement
According to the latest findings in individual report part one, our low–income target audiences have
higher fast food consumption than those in high–income area. We know that poor lifestyle and fast
food consumption increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with bowel cancer by 2.7 times.
Healthier lifestyle behaviours such as healthy eating, regular physical activity may reduce the risk of
cancer recurrence and improve the life for patients living with bowel cancer, but the intention to
change those health behaviours may vary depending on availabilities of resource, and time (Susan,
M., Robert, W. 2018). We aim to use appropriate social marketing strategies and campaigns to
provide more information and recommendations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will invite a health professional as a guest speaker who is well–known in cancer care and
practice to spread awareness message during the campaign, motivate and empower already screened
participants to tell their stories and encourage other people to be screened. This campaign offers a
unique opportunity for participant to interact with the guest speaker to raise awareness on bowel
cancer risks its impact on people who are diagnosed with this disease in our community.
Strategies that is actionable and understand the participants can be incorporated. Future cancer
prevention and treatment methods must be communicated to the participants. A successful social
marketing campaign, we need to make the audience feel involved and motivated without fear from
start to finish.
Traditional communication channels such as face to face communication could not reach as wide
audience as non–traditional channels, it is an effective channel to form a personal connection with
our target

Irritable bowel syndrome is described as a chronic illness that affects about one out of every five
Americans. It is characterized as an ailment of the large intestine that causes cramping, abdominal
pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea, or constipation; sometimes both. There are different types of IBS,
however, both affect the abdominal area. However, only a small number of people have extremely
severe symptoms. Many people are able to manage/ control their symptoms through changes in diet,
stress, and lifestyle. In more extreme cases, medication as well as counseling is used. . As
previously stated, the most common symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, and bloating; all
of which are usually cured after a bowel movement.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal conditions. IBS is a
chronic disorder characterized by abdominal pain and alteration of bowel function without an
organic cause. It is more common in younger people, and more frequently occurs to women. IBS is
seen in patients under the age of 45 (Mayo Clinic, 2018). The disruption of bowel function may
originate from the GI tract or central nervous system. Stress does not cause IBS, but it can trigger
symptoms or make symptoms worse (IFFGD,2016).
The symptoms vary from slight to severe. The most common sign and symptoms this condition
display is abdominal pain or discomfort in association with the onset of either an alteration in stool
form or frequency. Other symptoms

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Analysis
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder that causes abdominal pain and bowel
issues. "This disorder affects up to 20% of the worldwide population" (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.
475). Patients with this disorder may experience constipation only, diarrhea only, or both
constipation and diarrhea. Doctors have not been able to figure out why some people develop IBS
and some do not.
The Burdened
IBS occurs more frequently in women than in men. It appears in all age groups to include children
and elderly, yet most patients claim their symptoms started before age 35. "Prevalence is 25% lower
in those aged over 50 years than in those who are younger" (Canavan, West, & Card, 2014). There
are mixed reports of IBS affecting those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the symptoms of IBS include diarrhea, constipation, gas, bloating, nausea, and abdominal
pain. Many with IBS will feel relief of these symptoms after bowel movements. The diagnosis is
formed when a person has at least three episodes a month for three months, or the symptoms started
at least six months ago. IBS is a chronic disorder and may come and go. There is no cure for
irritable bowel syndrome, yet there are numerous treatments to manage the symptoms. The National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2015) states IBS does not cause damage to
the gastrointestinal tract. If left untreated, the disorder is not progressive so there will be no serious
health

Bowel Screening Essay
In this essay I will be discussing the current recommendations for large bowel screening, to
diagnose bowel cancer, including those categorised as high risk. I will also be discussing the role of
imaging in the initial diagnosis and the subsequent follow up.
The NHS have found that bowel cancer is one of the most common cancers in the UK, with around
40,000 new cases being diagnosed every single year. This means that approximately 1 in every 20
people will develop bowel cancer at some point within their lifetime. However, the earlier it is
detected, the higher the rate of successful treatment and survival. This is why bowel screening is so
important. It has been found that around 90% of those who suffer from bowel cancer are over the
age of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is appropriate as this is the usual age range involved in bowel screening. If there are major
contraindications to a colonoscopy, CT colonography may be used. Anxieties related to screening
and false hope/ignorance due to a normal result have not been formally investigated as of right now,
but it is considered a risk by many experts as mentioned by Rhodes, J.M. (2000) in a "Joint Position
Statement" by the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Physicians, and the
Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Introduction: Mr. A (pseudonyms) is a 39 years old male of Indian origin. He is married and lives
with his wife and a five years child. He is full time self–employed individual with no known health
issues. Mr. A initially experienced constipation, blood in stool and abdominal pain which prompted
Mr. A to visit his general practitioner (GP). Then he was referred to specialist and went through a
series of medical examinations, blood tests, imaging procedures, and hospital admissions that were
required to eliminate the other possible causes and diseases related to these symptoms. It was
awkward and unpleasant to deal with the symptoms for him. He felt weak and started to lose weight.
Eventually, Mr. A was diagnosed with crohn's disease (CD) a type of inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) in 2012. IBD is a collective group of disorders that are chronic and incurable and
characterised by inflammation in the intestinal tract. (Chang & Johnson, 2014, p.446). Crohn's
disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks the
digestive system. Crohn's disease can occur in any part of the intestine and ulcerative colitis only
affects the large intestine (Ministry of Health, 2015). Although the individual susceptibility to
develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appears to be genetically determined, the actual
occurrence of the disease is largely influenced by environmental factors (Lichtenstein & Scherl,
2011, p.77).This has been a life changing

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1. Describe the pathopysiology of the disease you have chosen – What is the spectrum of
disease/pathology the disease? Is the disease characterized by inflammation, etc? Is it an infectious
and/or chronic disease? If so what is the agent, its reservoir, mode of transmission etc.
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic illness characterized by inflammation in the
gastrointestinal tract (Wolf, CDC, Mayo clinic, health direct, NHS choices). Patients suffering from
inflammatory bowel disease usually face with severe chronic pain in their stomach, diarrhea, which
may contain blood, loss of appetite, joint pains, skin problems, fever, fatigue, etc. Symptoms can
appear for periods of time and can appear in different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though anyone at any age can develop inflammatory bowel disease, the people between the ages of
fifteen and thirty are more likely to get diagnosed with the disease, with about 10% of cases
occurring to individuals younger than eighteen (CDC). People who are direct descendents of those
with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal problems are more likely to develop the
disease themselves (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Though anyone can develop the disease,
inflammatory bowel disease is most common in those with a European and Jewish descent, who are
Caucasian, and those who are White (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Females are more likely to develop
Crohn's, while males are more likely to develop Crohn's (CDC).
Inflammatory bowel disease is more common in developed countries, with a greater frequency in
urban areas than in rural areas, indicating globalization to be a contributing factor for inflammatory
bowel disease (CDC, Ghosh and Almadi). Australia seems to have one of the highest incidence rates
of the disease in the world with about 33,000 having colitis and 28,000 (health direct). Inflammatory
bowel disease is also one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disease in the United States with the
prevalence of the disease being greater than 200 cases per 100,000 and a total of about one million
to 1.5 million people having the disease currently (CDC, Wolf, Rubin et al).
4. What is the analytic epidemiology of the

What Is A Bowel Obstruction?
An obstruction could stem from within the cecum, colon, either the ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid part of the colon, or rectum within the large intestine. Like a small intestinal
obstruction, the blockage may be partial or complete and should be treated as a medical emergency.
Obstruction of the mechanical nature, are the most common causes in the large intestine.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – Interruption of a normal flow of intraluminal contents occurs a bowel
obstruction ensues. The prevention of the passage of the gastrointestinal contents, due to a luminal
defect which causes the obstruction which may be within the wall of the bowel (intrinsic) or
external to the bowel (extrinsic). The small intestine can have a partial or complete obstruction. ...
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Bowel distention can be caused from air and gas being swallowed from bacterial fermentation. The
bowel wall becomes edematous, the normal function absorptive is lost, and fluid is sequestered into
the bowel lumen as the process continues. A loss of transudative fluid into the peritoneal cavity from
the intestinal lumen can occur. Additional ongoing emesis leads to extra loss of Na, K, H, and Cl,
and metabolic alkalosis in the fluid when there is a proximal bowl obstruction. Hypovolemia can be
a result of the lost of these fluids. Emesis, can become feculent, which is normally nearly sterile, can
have an overgrowth of bacteria which occurs in the proximal bowl. Perfusion to the wall of the
intestine is reduced when intramural vessels of the small intestine become compromised and if the
bowl dilation is excessive. If the metabolic needs of the tissue are insufficiently met due to a
possible perfusion to a segment of intestine and unless the process is interrupted, occurrence of
ischemia will appear, which will in the end, lead to necrosis and

Symptoms And Treatment Of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
In the current world population there is a large increase in people diagnosed with inflammatory
bowel diseases (IBDs), lactose intolerance and/or a combination of the two. Theories suggest that
the delayed onset of lactose intolerance, in patients who already have IBD's, may arise as secondary
lactose intolerance but only as a byproduct of the IBD. This begs the question of if the prevalence of
an IBD predisposes that same person to lactose intolerance and if so, what are the drivers that allow
this to happen? Inflammatory bowel diseases are categorized into two subset categories, ulcerative
colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. IBD's are defined as a chronic inflammation of all or part of a
digestive tract. The inflammation takes place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who are lactose intolerant also have diminishes levels of lactase, the small intestinal enzyme
responsible for the catalysis of lactose. Dietary supplementation of the lactase enzyme has, in some
cases, proven to rectify the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
During infancy the vast majority of humans have the ability to digest and catabolize lactose into
glucose and galactose via the lactase enzyme. This catabolic capability is vital for newborn
mammals, given that their primary source of nutrition comes from their mother's milk. During the
weaning period, when children cease to use milk as a primary source of nutrition, the production of
the lactase enzyme severely deteriorates and eventually leads to the inability to catabolize lactose.
While this may be the natural progression of the expression of the lactase enzyme, there remains a
large, predominantly western population that maintains a steady production of lactase, those
individuals are known as lactase persistent (Baumgart, et al.).
Lactase Persistence– Causes: Lactase persistence has been strongly suggested to be a function of
genetic causes and its inheritance occurs in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals that exhibit
the highest lactase activity are genotypically homozygous recessive for lactase persistence; where as
individuals who show lower lactase activities are heterozygous or homozygous

Irritable Bowel Diseases
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE (Waterloo, Ontario) The holiday season has arrived and with it
comes the risk of food contamination and illness. Sadly, some individuals struggle with blood in
stool and other symptoms associated with diarrhea all year long, rather than just after eating bad
food. In fact, experts estimate 900,000 individuals are hospitalized for this common condition every
year, with 5,000 deaths being attributed to diarrhea. Although this is a topic many don't like to
discuss, the importance of doing so has never been greater, as seen by these statistics. "One question
many have is what causes diarrhea and what needs to be done. Healthy bowel movements typically
consist of 75 percent water and 25 percent waste, and each person has ... Show more content on
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Although a visit to the doctor is still warranted, this isn't an emergency situation. The size, shape
and quantity of the stool should also be noted in these situations, as the more information the doctor
has, the easier it will be to identify the source of the blood," Blanchet explains. Individuals suffering
from irritable bowel syndrome or another condition that affects their bowel movements may find
their doctor recommends a low–fodmap diet. Certain foods cannot be easily digested by humans,
and some individuals find they are more sensitive to these foods than others. Those in this situation
find they must avoid certain foods, such as those containing fructose, and products containing
lactose, including dairy products. "Simple change to the diet may help with diarrhea, constipation
and irritable bowel syndrome, along with numerous other conditions that have an effect on bowel
movements. With the help of a medical professional, individuals can develop a treatment plan that
works for them. Contact a doctor today to discuss bowel movements, as doing so could save a
person from more severe medical issues in the future," Blanchet

Bowel Cancer Prevention
Prevention of Bowel Cancer
Introduction
The bowel is a hollow tube within the digestive system composed of the small bowel (small
intestine) and large bowel (colon and rectum). Bowel cancer generally affects the large bowel,
which absorbs water from digested food and then produces waste (Cancer research UK, 2014).
Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, develops from uncontrollable cell division of
polyps, pre–cancerous growth cells, which cause potential harm within the bowel (Bowel cancer
UK, 2016). Bowel cancer is treatable and curable if diagnosed early; nevertheless, by simply
adopting healthier changes to your lifestyle, two–thirds of cases could be prevented (Cancer
research UK, 2010).
Screening and family history
Bowel screening ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recommended weekly amount of cooked red meat (beef, lamb and pork) is 500 grams, though it
is advised that red meat and processed meat (bacon, ham and salami) is replaced with healthier
alternatives such as fish, poultry, soya and quorn. (Beating bowel cancer, 2016).
Conclusion
Based on hereditary, lifestyle and dietary factors discussed, bowel cancer can be prevented by taking
these preventative measures into strict consideration. Ultimately, living a healthy lifestyle will lead
towards a lower risk of this unwanted disease, likewise, bad lifestyle choices will significantly
increase the risk. Hence, taking precautions and adjusting lifestyle choices in a positive manner will
not only decrease the possibility of developing bowel cancer but consequently will improve the
quality of life, which is beneficial in the long

The Inflammatory Bowel Disorder Known As Crohn 's Disease...
The fundamental purpose of this paper is to apprise to the reader pivotal information on the
inflammatory bowel disorder known as Crohn's Disease (CD). It is a rare disease that is usually not
wanted to be discussed by its sufferers, due to its sensitive nature of being a digestive problem.
Luckily, as this paper will show, it is now an issue slowly, but surely, being explored more openly. A
short introduction to the chronic disease will be divulged, pathophysiology and etiology will be
discussed to prepare the reader. Works researched will include articles by Brent A. Lashner (2013)
and Lindsey Konkel (2015). Symptoms, susceptibility, and diagnosis found on numerous
resourceful web sites will be provided. Other information will include risk factors and examples of
typical tests given to diagnose Crohn's Disease in possible sufferers. All articles and web sites used
corroborate with each other, information is consistent and validated. This paper will also delve into
possible management strategies for those affected by CD. Information on the Process of Crohn's
Disease Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Crohn's Disease is an intestinal disease first
discovered by and named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, "who first described the disease in 1932 along
with colleagues Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon D. Oppenheimer." (Foundation, 2015) Konkel
(2015) refers to this disease as belonging "to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel
diseases (IBD)" (Konkel, 2015) CD is

The Importance Of Nutrition On Inflammatory Bowel Disease
. Lucendo, A. J., & De Rezende, L. C. Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.
World Jour of GastroenteroL. 2009. WJG, 15(17), 2081–2088. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2081'
This peer review article highlights the fundamental role that nutrition therapy plays in the clinical
management of all patients with CD. The review concentrates specially in correcting macro and
micronutrient deficiencies in frequently malnourished patients, focusing on reversing the
physiopathological consequences of such deficiencies. This article is important not only because it
discusses the possible etiology of CD, but also because it adds practical recommendations for the
management of the disease.
6. Kappelman MD, Rifas–Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al. The prevalence and geographic
distribution of Crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2007; 5(12):1424–1429. PMID: 17904915 doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012
This multicenter study aimed to find the prevalence of Crohn 's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis
(UC) across geographic regions and socio–demographic stratifications in the U.S. The researches
selected health insurance claims for 9 million Americans from 87 health plans in 33 states. Then
they divided the number of cases by the number of persons enrolled for 2 years. Logistic regression
compared prevalence, estimating by geographic region, age, sex, and insurance type. One important
result of the study, revealed that the prevalence

Essay about The Psychiatric Perspective of Irritable Bowel...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder (FGID) characterized by abdominal pain
in association with altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical
abnormalities. It is a very common disorder that can have a profound negative impact on a patient's
quality of life and constitutes a considerable social and economic burden on society. Extensive
research over the last few decades has led to a better understanding of this complex syndrome and
improvements in treatment. After a brief review of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of IBS,
the current understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms contributing to the syndrome
will be addressed. The remainder of this paper will focus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Clinical judgment is therefore extremely important in the diagnosis of IBS. Sir William Osler in
1892 first described a condition, which he termed "mucous colitis," having features that we now
describe as IBS, and occurring mostly in women with psychological disturbances. Elucidation of the
pathophysiology underlying IBS is a still a work–in–progress, but much has been discovered about
the etiology since Osler's first description. IBS is best understood as a group of symptoms resulting
from the interaction between multiple physiologic determinants and psychosocial factors.
Physiological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis include altered gastrointestinal (GI)
motility, visceral hyperalgesia, abnormalities in brain–gut interaction, and aberrant central
processing of visceral pain. Recent research suggests that previous GI infection, immunological
activation, and colonic microbiota may also be important in the pathogenesis of IBS. The impact of
stress on these physiological factors is thought to be particularly important in the pathophysiology
of IBS, and will be discussed in more detail later on. The realization that the majority of patients
seeking medical care for IBS met criteria for a comorbid psychiatric disorder led to the association
of IBS with psychopathology and, coupled with the lack of identifiable structural

Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a long–term or recurrent medical disorder of gastrointestinal
functioning. IBS usually affects both the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the motor
function and sensation of the bowel. Disturbances in these areas of the body cause symptoms such
as intermittent abdominal discomfort or pain, a change in bowel habits, bloating, and a sense of
gaseousness. There is no known cause of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), however, there are
potential factors that can predispose someone to IBS. These factors may include: family history,
previous intestinal infection, and trauma or stress. There are "several studies that have found that
patients with IBS often have small–bowel bacterial overgrowth, which ... Show more content on
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Therapies that may be used are: hypnosis to reduce discomfort or pain, relaxation training to
decrease stress, herbal therapy, acupuncture, acupressure, meditation, and yoga. The provider may
also refer the patient to a support group. The online support group, IBS Group, "works to educate
those who are living with IBS and to increase awareness about this functional gastrointestinal
disorder" (IBS). On this website, people who suffer from IBS can access information about their
disorder, find a worldwide registry of dieticians for IBS, and even post about their story or get a pen
pal who also has Irritable Bowel Sydrome. The purpose of this kind of support group is to ease the
psychosocial effects of having IBS. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) unfortunately has no current
cure, but as discussed, there are many ways to improve symptoms and feel better. Each person is
different, so it is important to individualize care after figuring out what triggers the symptoms of
IBS. The stress from having IBS can increase symptoms of discomfort, so it is imperative that the
patient is able to speak with their doctor and even join a support group to discuss their

Functional Bowel Disease
The human gut microbiota has become the subject of researches in recent years and our knowledge
of the resident species and their potential functional capacity is rapidly growing. Our gut harbors a
complex community of over 100 trillion microbial cells. Therefore, our gut microbiota evolves with
us and plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. This has clear effects on physiologic,
immunologic, and metabolic processes in human health, aberrations in the gut microbiome and
intestinal homeostasis have the capacity for multisystem effects. Changes in microbial composition
are implicated in the increasing for a broad range of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic disease,
asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, and associated ... Show more content on
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Indeed, the many instances of such potential associations are too great to summarize in this review
and thus here the focus is on associations that have been the focus of greatest attention, that is, the
possibility of a link between the gut microbiota and chronic GI diseases, including irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS): Functional bowel disorders such as IBS are defined solely on symptom–based
diagnostic criteria. IBS is characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel habits.
Although the etiology is multifactorial, recent understanding of the pathophysiology of IBS has
revealed that variations in the normal gut microbiota may have a role to play in the low–grade
intestinal inflammation associated with the syndrome. IBD: encompassing both UC and CD, is
characterized by a chronic and relapsing inflammation of the GI tract. UC and CD are generally
described as chronic IBDs, although are distinct diseases that differ both in their symptoms and
inflammation pattern. Specifically, CD is a chronic, segmental inflammation of the GI tract and
although the etiology is not yet clear, it is defined as a complex trait that results from the interaction
between the host genetics and the gut microbial population. UC is generally characterized by
inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the colon. The onset of both conditions is, in general,
not thought to be due to a single causal organism but by a general microbial Dysbiosis in the gut,
systemic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity: Obesity and related disorders, such as
T2D and metabolic syndrome, have become increasingly common in recent decades. Obesity is a
complex syndrome that develops from a prolonged imbalance of energy intake and energy
expenditure. Although lifestyle factors, diet and

Cause, Symptom, and Breakthough Treatments for Irritable...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) occurs when muscles in your large intestine contract faster or slower
than normal. This causes pain, cramping, gassiness, sudden bouts of diarrhea, and constipation.
Symptoms of IBS may include:
Cramping pain in your lower abdomen
Bloating and gas
Mucus in your stool
Immediate need to move your bowels when you wake up or during or after meals
Relief of pain after bowel movements
Diarrhea or constipation, or bouts of both
Feeling of incomplete emptying after bowel movements
Normally, food moves through the digestive system by muscle contractions in the intestines. In
people with IBS, the contractions are no not coordinated. The contractions may last for too long or
not long enough. The contractions affect bowel movements and result in uncomfortable and painful
symptoms. This also affects the ability of the colon to be able to absorb water and other nutrients
from the food being digested.
Researchers are not certain of the causes of IBS. However some scientists believe that people with
IBS tend to be oversensitive to the digestive nerve signals. This means mild indigestion that is
hardly noticeable in most people becomes distressing abdominal pain in those with IBS.
Other scientists believe that psychological factors play an important role in IBS. Intense emotional
states such as stress and anxiety tend to trigger chemical changes that interfere with the digestive
system.
It has also been discovered that many people with IBS

What´s Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Inflammatory bowel disease is a disease that can afflict both dogs and cats. However, because of the
linkage between inflammatory bowel disease and hairballs in cats, the focus will be on feline
inflammatory bowel disease, especially considering the previously accepted belief that hairballs are
normal for cats. While there are multiple modes of managing this disease, the nutritional
management will be the main point of discussion. Inflammatory bowel disease is actually not an
uncommon disease. In Dr. Norsworthy's 2014 study, out of 100 cats, only 1 cat had a normal biopsy,
indicating that there was no form of inflammatory bowel disease or other affliction (Jean Dodds.
Hairballs: Chronic Conditions and Prevention). Because of its prevalence, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Typically the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease comes down to other diseases and
complications being eliminated as possibilities rather than finding a particular factor as an indicator
in the beginning. Some of the tests that may be done to eliminate other issues are: blood work, fecal
examinations, hypoallergenic food trial, and an ultrasound check for metabolic diseases. Once other
problems have been eliminated, an intestinal or gastric biopsy can be taken for evaluation under a
microscope. Biopsy is the only definitive method to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue
afflicted by inflammatory bowel disease will have elevated numbers of inflammatory cells in the
intestinal wall. The walls will also be thicker. By looking at the types of inflammatory cells present,
the type of inflammatory bowel disease present can be determined. The chart below details what
cells are associated with the different types of inflammatory bowel

Qualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome...
Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to
describe life experiences and give them meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the
qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: "Study of Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and Co–Existing Psychological Illness". The hermeneutic phenomenology design
used throughout the study to understand the individual's personal experience, the meaning of those
experiences, and multiple realities in people's minds. The researchers used unstructured methods for
data collection and thematic analysis to answer the specific research question. As a result, this
article may be trustworthy due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice
guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research question, develop a study design, and find ways to
control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview
methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to 'bracket' any preconceptions, since
hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could influence its interpretation. The
hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience
of multiple realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the
interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology theory. Research Design The
naturalistic design focuses on the reality that is not fixed, it lies in human minds; thus, the least
distance between researchers and participants can maximize understanding. The researchers and
participants actively involved in the conversation (Loiselle et al., 2011). The study used a specific
hermeneutic phenomenological design to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the research
question (Dainty et al., 2014). Hence, the hermeneutic phenomenology design is an appropriate
design for the study because of the nature of the questions. Description of the Target Population
Sampling Plan

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Paper
Inflammatory Bowel Disease involves chronic inflammation of all or part of your digestive tract.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease of the most part consists of ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, both
indicating diarrhea, pain, fatigue, and weight loss. Inflammatory Bowel Disease can cause
someone's strength to weaken, and also lead to life–threatening complications and illnesses. The
proper care for patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease can either be medical and/or surgical.
The medical approach for most patients that has Inflammatory Bowel Disease can be both serving
as a symptom or sign, especially of something undesirable and mucosal healing. Inflammatory
Bowel Disease is a chronic illness that many may not be aware of, so knowing what ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reducing the inflammation that triggers your signs and symptoms is the main goal for patients with
IBD. Many types of medicine can help reduce inflammation, including anti–inflammatory drugs,
and drugs that suppress the immune system. There are five categories of medication used as part of
the treatment for IBD, such as biologic therapies, corticosteroids, amino salicylates,
immunomodulators, and antibiotics. Currently, there are many different types and options of
treatment plans that can be prescribed by a physician to control the symptoms and signs of
Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Each of these treatments has certain actions and a number of side
effects. In most cases, these medications may lead to symptom relief, and also to long term recovery
and reduce several risks of complications. Do not stop your treatment plan until the doctor instructs
you to do so, or you have completed your medication (American Gastoenterological Association).
Inflammatory Bowel Disease treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery (Clique
Health).
Signs and symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease can vary according to how severe the
inflammation is and where does it occur. Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of several diseases,
and it does not have a single cause to it. Inflammatory

The Visualization Of The Small Bowel
Abstract The visualization of the small bowel has posed a challenge to gastroenterologists due to the
difficulty of physically reaching more distal regions of the small bowel anatomically. As the small
bowel can often be a source of pathology, endoscopy of the small bowel can be a useful diagnostic
and therapeutic technique. Over the last few years' enteroscopies has been introduced and being
used widely. Various types of enteroscopies are being used; among them the most commonly used
are double balloon, single balloon and spiral enteroscopies. In this dissertation, I am focusing and
comparing among the three to find which one is having highest diagnostic and therapeutic benefits.
Objective: To assess the invasive enteroscopic technique with maximum diagnostic and therapeutic
yield, for common small bowel diseases like OGIB, small bowel crohn 's and polyps. Methods:
Online electronic search of databases– Medline, CIHNAL, EMBASE, citation searching, the
relevant literatures, carefully selected keywords (enteroscopy, Single balloon enteroscopy, double
balloon enteroscopy, spiral enteroscopy) and its appropriate combinations were used. Further the
citation searching was done to identify more relevant literatures. Results: From the 1035 articles,
selected from 2001 to 2015, six articles were selected after excluding the relevant criteria's and
those were critically apprised and compared to get comprehensive results. Conclusion: The various
enteroscopic procedures have

Causes Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory process. Individuals with
this condition often experience periods of symptomatic relapse and remission. (Lehmann et al.,
2015)
IBD encompasses two disorders: Crohn disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). Ulcerative colitis
is an ulcerating inflammation of the mucosal layer largely restricted to the colon. Crohn disease is a
deep transmural inflammation that generally occurs in the terminal ileum but can occur anywhere
from the mouth to the anus (Davies and Abreu., 2015). CD can affect any part of the GI tract but has
a particular tendency to affect the terminal ileum. In CD, the involved bowel is normally narrowed
and thickened. Deep ulcers and fissures in the mucosa

Causes Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndromes also known as IBS is a common disorder that affects the large intestine.
IBS is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder that causes inflammation in the digestive tract (FACOEP,
J. P. (n.d.)). The reasons why IBS develops are not clear. It can occur after an infection of the
intestines (Irritable bowel syndrome. (n.d.)). This is called post infectious IBS. The symptoms and
signs of IBS includes abdominal cramping, pain, bloating, gassiness, and alternating periods of
diarrhea and constipation, and sometimes mucus in the stool (FACOEP, J. P. (n.d.)) IBS can occur at
any age. Often, it begins in the teen years or early adulthood. It is twice as common in women as in
men (Irritable bowel syndrome. (n.d.)). To diagnose IBS,

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to a
variety of conditions in which a chronic immune response and inflammation occur throughout the
gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are triggered by an abnormal response by the
body's immune system. In a normal functioning immune system, the cells protect the body from
infection. However, in those who are suffering from IBD, the immune system mistakes bacteria,
food, and other materials in the intestine as foreign substances and attack the cells in the intestines.
As an immune response, the body sends white blood cells to the lining of the intestines, ultimately
causing a chronic inflammation and the patient then experiences a variety of symptoms.
Symptoms of an IBD can vary, depending on the severity and location of the inflammation.
Common symptoms of an inflammatory bowel disease include abdominal pain and cramping that
usually disappear after a bowel movement, constipation or difficulty passing stool, diarrhea, fever,
gastrointestinal bleeding, gurgling or splashing sound heard over the intestine, nausea and vomiting,
pain in the joints, and undesired weight loss. Since these symptoms can indicate a number of
possible diseases, it can be difficult to determine the correct diagnoses. The two main types of IBD
are Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, but determining a patient's exact diagnoses can be
challenging.
Although Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative

The Risk Of Bowel Cancer
Cancers Exercise is said to reduce the risk of cancer by preventing obesity, lowering inflammation
and hormone levels, and improving insulin resistance and immune system function. Research shows
that physical activity is associated with a lower risk of several types of cancers, including breast
cancer and bowel cancer. Exercise is important as bowel cancer is more common amongst people
who are overweight, and exercise can help to control this risk factor. This is as physical activity
helps food move through our bowels and when food moves through our bowels quickly, the amount
of time that the inside lining of the bowel is in contact with harmful chemicals is greatly reduced,
meaning that the chance of damaging the bowels is also reduced. This means that the chance of
cancer is also reduced. Additionally, diets can help reduce the risk of bowel cancer as foods such as
processed meat and alcohol, both of which containing harmful chemicals, so by reducing the intake
of these foods, the risk of bowel cancer is also reduced. Being physically active also helps to control
the levels of inflammation within the bowels. Inflammation is the standard way the human body
reacts to injury or infections, although, inflammation can sometimes cause lead to more damage,
particularly when it keeps happening around the same area in the body. This can lead to the cells in
that area multiplying much more frequently than usual in order to attempt to replace dead and
damaged cells, therefore

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Case Study
Chapter One – Irritable Bowel Syndrome
This chapter will examine the definition and diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, review
prevalence rates and epidemiology and discuss the burden of this illness on both the patients and the
healthcare system. In addition, the current ideas surrounding the pathophysiology of IBS will be
discussed alongside treatment options.
Definitions and Diagnosis
Functional gastrointestinal disorders are characterized by recurring and persistent unexplained
gastrointestinal symptoms which occur as a result of abnormal gastrointestinal tract function in the
absence of structural damage (Boyce, Talley, Burke & Koloski, 2006). One of the most recognized
of these conditions is the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While several pathophysiological mechanisms have been put forward such as visceral
hypersensitivity, disordered motility, genetics and childhood trauma (Lovell & Ford, 2012), this
thesis will focus on the two most promising researched theories at present – immune activation and
the brain–gut axis namely to their role in sleep.
The first option in the research is that IBS is caused by a chronic yet low–grade activation of the
immune system which could explain IBS symptomology and associated feelings of anxiety (Hughes
et al, 2013). The gastrointestinal system is made up a number of nervous and immune systems
which are activated in response to inflammation or infection, a process which can be affected by
sleep quality (Schurman et al., 2012). Evidence for this theory comes from research which shows
that IBS patients have higher levels of cytokines (secreted by the immune system in response to
inflammation) than healthy control patients across a number of studies (Bashashati et al, 2012). In
addition, there is also emerging support for a post infectious IBS subgroup in which symptoms
begin suddenly after a bout of gastroenteritis (Thabane & Marshall,

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are autoimmune disease whose incidence and prevalence are
increasing worldwide. The two major types of IBD are ulcerative colitis (UC), which is limited to
the colonic mucosa, and Crohn disease (CD), which can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal
tract from the mouth to the anus, involves "skip lesions", and is transmural. There is a genetic
predisposition for IBD, and patients with this condition are more prone to the development of
malignancy. Although both UC and CD have distinct pathologic findings, approximately 10–15% of
patients cannot be classified into either type; in such patients, the disease is labeled as indeterminate
colitis. Systemic symptoms are common in IBD and include fever, sweats, malaise, and arthralgias.
UC and CD share many extraintestinal manifestations, although some of these tend to occur more
commonly with either condition. Eye–skin–mouth–joint extraintestinal manifestations (such as oral
aphthae, erythema nodosum, large–joint arthritis, and episcleritis) reflect active disease, whereas
pyoderma gangrenosum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, ankylosing spondylitis, uveitis, kidney
stones, and gallstones may occur in quiescent disease. In UC, the inflammation begins in the rectum
and extends proximally in an uninterrupted fashion to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cytokines, which are released by macrophages in response to various antigenic stimuli, blind to
different receptors and produce autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects. Cytokines differentiate
lymphocytes into different types of T cells. Helper T cells, type 1 (TH–1), are associated principally
with CD, whereas TH–2 cells are associated principally with UC. The immune response disrupts the
intestinal mucosa and leads to a chronic inflammatory process (Lashner,

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Case Study
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that has symptoms
of recurring bloating, abdominal pain, and loose or frequent stools. Eluxadoline is an antidiarrheal
agent that acts on the opioid receptors for the use of irritable bowel syndrome. The importance of
Eluxadoline use stems from patients that are being effected by IBS with diarrhea, and it is one of the
most common diagnosis in primary care practices Eluxadoline is available orally in doses of 75 mg
and 100 mg once or twice daily. There are potential adverse reactions with the use of Eluxadoline
such as CNS toxicity, skin rash, but the most commonly experienced in this study was nausea,
constipation, and abdominal pain. The research objective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
17.1% with placebo; P=0.01 and P=0.004 and for IBS–3002 trail, 28.9% and 29.6%, respectively,
vs. 16.2%; P<0.001). Eluxadoline was significantly superior to placebo in populations tested in all
groups. In this study, 5 patients developed pancreatitis, and abdominal pain developed in 8 patients.
One of the primary limitations of the study was lacking the specific data that assess the risk of
pancreatitis that can be reduced if patients have gallbladders or those who do not use alcohol. This
would help limit bias to specific populations. Studies in the future should measure specific
populations who will benefit from eluxadoline that have IBS with diarrhea. Furthermore,
eluxadoline was significantly effective in lowering symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea of
patients who suffer from IBS with diarrhea with respect to the global assessments, and with
sustained

Crohn 's Disease : An Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is defined by inflammation of the digestive
system. It can affect any part of the GI tract, including the mouth and anus (Abbvie Inc, 2016)).
Crohn's disease does not have a cure and there is no exact cause for the occurring disease. "Since the
exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, it has been linked to a combination of environmental
factors, immune function and bacterial factors, as well as a patient's genetic susceptibility to
developing the disease" (History Cooperative, 2014). Lauren Page is 28 years old. She was
diagnosed with Crohn's disease when she was 24 going on 25 years old and was hospitalized during
her birthday week. Her breaking point was when she could not take the pain any longer. Lauren had
a fever of 104.5 and unbearable abdomen pain. She had also contracted an infection in her
bloodstream from developing a fistula from her vagina to her rectum. Luckily they were able to do
surgery to correct her fistula. She had a multitude of tests including: blood work, stool samples, CT
scans, MRI, X–rays, a balloon test, endoscopy and countless colonoscopies. Lauren's disease is
located in her large intestines. Chron's disease is not apart of Lauren's family so she was clueless to
what it was when she was diagnosed. It took about a month until they were completely certain that it
was Crohn's disease. Her iron was low and she was borderline anemic, had massive weight loss, and
chronic pain in her abdomen. She

Small Bowel Ingestion: A Case Study
A 61 year old female was at Christus Spohn South Hospital to have a small bowel series done on
September 15, 2016. She had prior radiographs from September 14, 2016, September 13, 2016 and
September 12, 2016. She also had a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis from September 8, 2016 and
had a recent surgery on her abdomen. Radiographs of her abdomen showed staples and surgical
clips along her midline in the epigastric region of her stomach. She was being evaluated for a
possible bowel obstruction in the ileus. The radiographic exam of the small bowel was being
performed without the use of fluoroscopy. The patient's radiographic room was prepped before she
came down for the study. A 14x17 digital image receptor was placed lengthwise in ... Show more
Following the ingestion of the barium sulfate a high KUB radiograph was taken using 100 kV and
80 mAs with 50 inch SID. The central ray was 3 inches above the level of her iliac crest and the
exposure was taken at the end of expiration. The time was annotated on each and every radiograph
taken throughout the study. The patient was then rolled onto their right side to allow the stomach to
drain. The patient remained lying on her right side for 15 minutes and then turned back to the supine
position for another high KUB radiograph of the stomach. The same technical factors were used of
100 kV and 80 mAs and a SID of 50 inches with the central ray 3 inches above her iliac crest. On
the 15 minute radiograph the barium had moved to the second part of the small intestine the
jejunum. The patient requested that she stay lying in the supine position instead of lying on her right
side because it was more comfortable for her. The technologist said that was fine because the barium
did move. However, if the barium had not moved, she would have been returned into the right
lateral position. If the patient is able to get up and walk around at this time it is ideal to allow the
barium to start moving through the small

Essay On Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic lifelong disease that causes inflammation of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are two most common types of IBD, Chrohn's disease and
Ulcerative colitis. The GI is responsible for digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, breaking
down, and elimination of waste from the body. The GI tract includes all of the parts of the body that
digest food. It begins with mouth it follows down your throat into the esophagus,through stomach,
small intestine, large intestine,rectum, and it finishes with your rectum. Chrohn's disease and
ulcerative colitis have many things in common but they have some important differences. There is
also a third type of IBD, indeterminate colitis can sometimes be diagnosed.
Chrohn's disease affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It sometimes affect the
end of the small intestine (the ileum) where it joins the beginning of the colon. It may appear in
patches, affecting some areas of the GI tract while leaving other sections completely untouched.
Inflammation may also extend through the entire thickness of the intestinal wall.
Ulcerative colitis on the other hand, It may be limited to the large intestine (colon). It can involve
the entire colon,or may be limited to the lower colon. It could spread continuously ... Show more
They may change over time or even dissapear for a while. You may not have every symptom and
symptoms may not be the same for everyone. They sometimes go away when the inflammation is
under control. Common symptoms f IBD include, urgent need to go to the bathroom, frequent
diarrhea, somettimes bloody, poor absorption of nutrients, poor appetite, nausea, weight loss, feeling
tired, pain in the abdominal area. It can sometimes lead to symptoms outside of the GI tract such as
joint pain and stiffness, mouth ulcers, fever which can indicate inflamation somewhere in the body,
eye irritation, skin

What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which may also be known as irritable colon or spastic colon, is a
functional chronic digestive disorder which causes the colon, or large intestine, to function in an
unhealthy manner, although the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), or digestive tract, appears normal.
The three types of irritable bowel syndrome are:
Constipation predominant: Alternating constipation and regular stools.
Diarrhoea predominant: Diarrhoea after eating or in the morning, urgent and unable to be avoided.
Alternating constipation and diarrhoea
The cause of the condition is not clear, however there are factors which may prompt IBS, including
medications, stress, specific foods and infection. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the acoustic belt is still in development, its high success rate demonstrated in the study
proves that it has the potential to be used in a clinical setting to transform how patients are
diagnosed. Advantages of the acoustic belt include:
Shorter diagnosis process
Positive diagnosis instead of diagnosis or exclusion, which means directly diagnosing IBS and
removing the need for testing to eliminate other disorders
Can determine treatment effectiveness, where doctors use the belt to see how well prescribed
treatments are working to minimise IBS
Less invasive, no pain or discomfort experienced when wearing belt
High diagnosis rate, will be improved as more testing is done with the belt
Low cost, could be rented from medical providers and analysis of results provided by doctors after
use, cheaper compared to lengthy diagnosis adding up to $5000
However, there are some limitations of this new technology because it is still in development and
more testing is required. Disadvantages of the acoustic belt

Small Bowel Obstruction Case Study Essay
Sally Checketts
Small bowel obstruction
Student Case Study
Please review the information available in DocuCare patient chart, including demographics, notes,
diagnostics, assessments and flow sheet. Included in the "notes" section is a history and physical (H
& P) which includes a review of systems (ROS), past history and family history as well as the
physical exam (PE).
Please utilize the DocuCare information, your text and other resources to assist in answering the
following questions and to prepare for simulation. Complete your answers with a maximum of 5
sentences. Cut and pasted responses are not acceptable and will result in a low grade. If references
are cited, please use APA format. Submit to canvas prior to the Friday simulation and bring a copy
the day of simulation for in–class review. We will review the case in class and develop a priority
based care plan for this patient.
1. State in your own words what you would say to this patient to explain why she is unable to eat or
drink (relate to diagnosis).
You are unable to eat and drink before surgery because we don't want to make the bowel obstruction
worse because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Checketts for adequate hydration by checking many things, but six assessments that are important
are: (1) amount of urinary output or yellow urine, (2) normal blood pressure, (3) elastic skin turgor
with no tenting (Kalia, 2008), (4) basic metabolic panel (BMP) to assess BUN, creatine, and
electrolytes including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate (Dehydration, 2016), (5) her
level of consciousness (LOC) including confusion and lethargy, and lastly (6) seizures. Other
assessments include checking if capillary refill is less than three seconds and if pulse and
respirations are normal. I'm also checking to make sure mucus membranes are moist (Kalia, 2008)
and if her eyes normal and not sunken in. I'd perform a urinalysis, a CBC to check hematocrit, and
finally a blood/urine osmolality (Dehydration,

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Industrialization Essay
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing gastrointestinal condition currently
affecting a total of about 28 million people worldwide (cite). Although it is not considered a fatal
condition, painful and disabling symptoms can have a profound detrimental effect on patients'
quality of life. Current understandings behind the etiology of IBD emphasize genetic predispositions
to gastrointestinal immune system imbalances. However, pathophysiological understandings of IBD
seem to be limited as explanatory tools given the distribution of IBD cases in industrialized and
non–industrialized countries. Therefore, this paper will provide an overview of the biological aspect
of IBD alongside significant environmental drivers of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yet, IBD is much less prevalent in the Jewish population of Israel, which depicts how IBD
manifests for reasons beyond genetics. Accordingly, it is important to remember that both genes and
lifestyle are inherited from our parents.
In general, an infection, which provokes an inflammatory state in people with and without IBD, may
cause every individual to have temporary GI inflammation and stir up symptoms of abdominal pain
and diarrhea. Following the acute infection, most individuals reset their immune system and return
to the previous state of controlled, low level inflammation. Individuals with various genetic
abnormalities for IBD however, demonstrate an overly aggressive T–cell response wherein the
immune system fails to reset itself and the colon does not return to its previous healthy state.
Instead, there is a chronic inflammatory state, with a persistent imbalance between the factors that
increase the body's immune response and those that limit it. The onset and reactivation of disease
are triggered by environmental factors that transiently break the mucosal barrier, stimulate immune
responses or alter the balance between beneficial and pathogenic enteric bacteria.
Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients have high levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes in their
mucosa. CD4+

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Paper

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