This document provides an overview of early Irish history from 8000 BCE to the early 1800s. It describes how Celtic, Gaelic, and Viking migrants settled in Ireland and established a distinctive Gaelic culture, with stories of mythical creatures and warrior heroes. It then outlines key events in Ireland's history, including the British conquest beginning in 1170, the English Reformation imposing Protestantism in the 1500s, plantations and land confiscations in the 1600s, and the Act of Union in 1800 abolishing the Irish parliament. The document directs readers to complete tasks related to chapters covering the seeds of conflict from British rule, religion, and economic issues.
The History of Ireland Scotland and Wales Osher Lifelong Learning Lecture 8UNM Continuing Education
We will examine Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history and culture from 500 BC to the present. In particular, lectures and discussions will focus on the early cultural identity of the Irish, Scots, and Welsh and their customs and mythologies; the influence of Roman culture and Christianity on these lands and peoples; the English conquest and colonization of these lands and peoples; and, finally, on the process of political devolution in all three areas. These aspects of Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history will be examined through historical documents and literature, art, music, and film clips. Students will emerge from the class with a clear sense of the events that shaped the early history and culture of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales and how those events continue to shape these areas even to the present day.
The History of Ireland Scotland and Wales Osher Lifelong Learning Lecture 8UNM Continuing Education
We will examine Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history and culture from 500 BC to the present. In particular, lectures and discussions will focus on the early cultural identity of the Irish, Scots, and Welsh and their customs and mythologies; the influence of Roman culture and Christianity on these lands and peoples; the English conquest and colonization of these lands and peoples; and, finally, on the process of political devolution in all three areas. These aspects of Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history will be examined through historical documents and literature, art, music, and film clips. Students will emerge from the class with a clear sense of the events that shaped the early history and culture of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales and how those events continue to shape these areas even to the present day.
CHAPTER 4Rule Britannia! The English Empire,1660–1763.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 4
Rule Britannia! The English Empire,
1660–1763
Figure 4.1 Isaac Royall and his family, seen here in a 1741 portrait by Robert Feke, moved to Medford,
Massachusetts, from the West Indian island of Antigua, bringing their slaves with them. They were an affluent British
colonial family, proud of their success and the success of the British Empire.
Chapter Outline
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire
4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution
4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment
4.5 Wars for Empire
Introduction
The eighteenth century witnessed the birth of Great Britain (after the union of England and Scotland
in 1707) and the expansion of the British Empire. By the mid-1700s, Great Britain had developed into
a commercial and military powerhouse; its economic sway ranged from India, where the British East
India Company had gained control over both trade and territory, to the West African coast, where British
slave traders predominated, and to the British West Indies, whose lucrative sugar plantations, especially
in Barbados and Jamaica, provided windfall profits for British planters. Meanwhile, the population rose
dramatically in Britain’s North American colonies. In the early 1700s the population in the colonies had
reached 250,000. By 1750, however, over a million British migrants and African slaves had established a
near-continuous zone of settlement on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia.
During this period, the ties between Great Britain and the American colonies only grew stronger. Anglo-
American colonists considered themselves part of the British Empire in all ways: politically, militarily,
religiously (as Protestants), intellectually, and racially. The portrait of the Royall family (Figure 4.1)
exemplifies the colonial American gentry of the eighteenth century. Successful and well-to-do, they
display fashions, hairstyles, and furnishings that all speak to their identity as proud and loyal British
subjects.
Chapter 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 101
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Analyze the causes and consequences of the Restoration
• Identify the Restoration colonies and their role in the expansion of the Empire
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated
the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English
Civil Wars. Charles II lost little time in strengthening England’s global power. From the 1660s to the 1680s,
Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration
colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and
the Carolinas. In order to reap the greatest economic benefit from England’s overseas possessions, Charles
II enacted the mercantilist Navigat.
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2. We will be covering:
Representations of Ireland.
Early Irish history pre British conquest.
Conquest and colonisation of Ireland
under the British until home rule.
Chapters 2,3 & 4 of “Troubled Ireland”
TODAYS LESSON
3. What would you nominate
as a representation of
Ireland?
How do these reflect Irish
Culture?
STARTER
4. Between 8000BCE and
950CE, Celtic, Gaelic and Viking
migrants settled Ireland. Living in clans
with rival chiefs and kings, these first
people created a distinctive Gaelic Irish
culture.
This culture includes mythical stories
about creatures such as leprechauns and
Irish warrior hero's such as Finn Mac
Cool and Niall Noigiallach.
OLD IRELAND
5. Mac Cool, born around
300CE, warrior exploits may
have been a model for the
stories of king Arthur.
Niall founder of the O'Neill royal
dynasty. 26 kings between the
fifth and tenth centuries.
OLD IRISH HEROES
6. In 1170, the Irish chieftain Dermott was defeated
by another in both love and war. Because of
this, he asked for the help of Henry II.
Henry sent lord Strongbow to invade Ireland
under Henrys name. The following year, Henry
himself invades, and proclaims himself lord of
Ireland.
The pope previous confirmation of English crowns
right to sovereignty in 1155 caused a smoother
transition. Henrys rule only extends to the pale.
1170
7. Henry VIII converted from Catholicism to
Protestantism and begins imposing his
religion on both England and Ireland. He also
takes the title of “King of Ireland”. This Begins
the Reformation stage of Ireland.
He established the Protestant Church of
Ireland and attacks traditional Irish customs
and language.
Most Irish could not read English nor had no
religious motivation to change.
1530S
8. Elizabeth I, suppressed Irish resistance
with military force.
She feared a Irish catholic uprising
supported by other catholic nations, such
as France or Spain, would lead to an
attack on England itself.
The potato is introduced, from south
America, enabling more tenants to be
fed on less land.
1580S-1603
9. James I aimed to build support
within Ireland by placing English and
Scottish Presbyterian Protestants
with anti-Catholic prejudices.
He settled these immigrants in
plantations of farms on land that
was confiscated from Irish rebels.
EARLY 1600S
10. Cromwell’s protestant parliamentary forces
win the English civil war and punished the
Irish harshly. Some 616,000 Irish killed or die
from disease.
Catholicism was banned, churches
burnt, priests killed and one million hectares
of land confiscated.
Sixty five thousand Irish sent to Barbados as
slaves for sugar plantations.
1650S
11. New king William (III) of orange defeats
old king James II at the battle of the
Boyne.
William III then stifles Catholic
resistance and established a protestant
ascendency in Ireland. More Irish land is
confiscated and Irish citizens reduced to
being tenant farmers under English
landlords.
1690
12. Continuing difficulties in controlling
Ireland, including a failed revolt two years
earlier, coupled with the possibility of the Irish
joining the French, leads to the act of union.
The act joined Ireland to England, Scotland
and Wales to form Great Britain. The Irish
parliament was abolished and only Irish
protestants were granted seats in the British
parliament.
1800
13. Read through Chapter two: The seeds of
conflict: British rule, Irish resistance.
Complete task one of the Things to do pg. 8
Read through Chapter three: The seeds of
conflict: Religion
Complete task one and three of the Things to
do pg. 12
Read through chapter four: The seeds of
conflict: Economic
ACTIVITIES
Editor's Notes
Difference between Protestant and CatholicProtestant: the bible alone is the source of gods revelation to mankind and teaches us all that is necessary for salvation. Catholic: sacred roman catholic tradition are equally binding upon the Christian.Pope is the vicar of Christ (substitute). While protestants believe that Christ alone is the head of the church. Faith alone verses meritorious works.Purgatory verses straight to heaven.