I - Integration that is harmonious use of multiple methods to control the impact of single pest as well as multiple pests.
P - Pest- any organism that is detrimental to humans including vertebrates and invertebrate or weed or pathogens.
M - Management refers to a set of decisions or rules based on ecological principles, economic and social consideration.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been defined as a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes as suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest population levels below this causing economic injury (Smith and Reynolds, 1966).
the use of insecticide by the Sumerians who applied Sulphur compounds to control insects and mites was first recorded from 2500 BC onwards (date back 4,500 years). Botanical insecticides were used as seed treatments around 1200 BC by the Chinese who also applied mercury and arsenical compounds to control body lice at that time.
First description of cultural controls, especially manipulation of planting dates, were recorded around 1500 BC, while burning was first described in 950 BC.
During 300 AD, the first records of biological controls of manipulating natural enemies comes from both China and Yemen where colonies of predatory ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) were set up in citrus groves, moving between trees on bamboo bridges to control caterpillar and beetle pests (Coulsen et.al., 1982).
Thus by 500 AD all the general types of control measure available today– insecticides, host plant resistance, biological and cultural control– had already been developed and used by one civilization or another.
by the year, 1880, first commercial spraying machine was introduced.
1930, introduction of synthetic organic compounds for plant pathogen control.
1940, the first successful use of entomopathogen; Milky Spore (Bacillus popillae) use to control Japanese Beetle
Chemical insecticides came to prominence on the back of the most famous insecticide – DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) developed by Paul Muller working for the Geigy Chemical Company in 1939. DDT offered persistence, low cost, virtually no plant damage, broad spectrum activity and low acute mammalian toxicity. It was first used in 1941 by Swiss farmers to control Colorado beetle and by 1945 DDT production had reached 140,000 tons a year.
The success of DDT also stimulated the search for other similar chemicals.
However, the context in which the IPM framework would achieve significance was happening around the world in situations where pesticides were used in excess. Insect resistance to chemical insecticides was first reported in 1946 in houseflies in Sweden but in the 1950’s it became widespread in many agricultural pests.
However, the resistance was based on a form of resistance that can overcome by the insects and particularly in rice, farmers were advised to spray their hi
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Economic Threshold Level (ETL)
The term "ETL" stands for "Economic Threshold
Level," and it is a concept used in integrated pest
management (IPM) and integrated disease
management (IDM). The economic threshold level
is a point at which the population of a pest or
disease reaches a certain level where control
measures should be initiated to prevent economic
losses.
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In other words, the economic threshold level
represents the point at which the cost of
implementing control measures, such as pesticide
applications, is justified by the potential economic
damage caused by the pest or disease. Below this
threshold level, the economic benefits of control
measures might not outweigh the costs.
Understanding the importance of ETL is vital for
effective and sustainable agricultural practices.
4. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
1. Cost-Effective Management: The ETL helps farmers
optimise the use of control measures. By initiating control
when pest or disease populations reach the ETL, farmers can
avoid unnecessary applications of pesticides or other control
tactics when they are not economically justified. This
approach minimises production costs while effectively
managing pest or disease populations.
5. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
2. Preventing Economic Losses: Implementing control
measures at the ETL prevents pest or disease populations
from reaching damaging levels that can cause economic
losses. Early detection and management help maintain crop
productivity and quality, ensuring that farmers can maximise
their returns.
6. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
3. Reducing Environmental Impact: Using pesticides or
other control methods unnecessarily can have adverse
effects on the environment and non-target organisms. By
applying control measures only when needed, at the ETL,
farmers can reduce the environmental impact of pest or
disease management practices.
7. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
4. Sustainable Agriculture: Adhering to the ETL promotes
sustainable agriculture by balancing economic considerations
with environmental stewardship. Sustainable pest or disease
management practices are essential for maintaining
agricultural productivity and preserving natural resources for
future generations.
8. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
5. Resistance Management: Prolonged or indiscriminate
use of pesticides can lead to the development of pest or
disease resistance, making control measures less effective
over time. By applying control at the ETL, farmers can help
delay the development of resistance and maintain the
efficacy of available control options.
9. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
6. Enhanced Decision-Making: The ETL provides a
quantitative basis for decision-making in pest or disease
management. By having a clear threshold to trigger
control measures, farmers can make more informed and
confident decisions to protect their crops effectively.
10. 01 ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
Importance of Economic Threshold Level (ETL):
7. Improved Crop Health Monitoring:
Monitoring pest or disease populations regularly to
determine when they reach the ETL allows for better
crop health surveillance. It facilitates early detection
of potential problems, enabling prompt and targeted
management interventions.
11. By implementing control
tactics at the ETL, farmers
can optimise pest or disease
management, prevent
economic losses, reduce
environmental impact,
promote sustainable
agriculture, and enhance
overall crop health and
productivity.
12. Threshold level
It is a term used in pest
management to indicate the level
of pest population or damage that
requires some action to prevent
further losses or harm. There are
different types of threshold levels,
depending on the criteria used to
decide when to take action.
