This document provides an overview of Internet of Things (IoT) including: 1. An introduction to IoT, defining it as interconnected internet-enabled devices that can collect and transfer data without human intervention. 2. A discussion of the need for IoT in areas like data collection, monitoring, automation, and efficiency. 3. An overview of the characteristics, architecture, enabling technologies, components, development tools, and applications of IoT systems.

1. Internet of Things
Unit – 1

2. • Introduction to IoT
• Need of IoT
• Internet of Things ERA
• Characteristics of Internet of Things
• Architectural view of Internet of Things
• Technologies behind Internet of Things
• Server-end Technology
• Major Components of IoT System
• Development Tools
• API and device interfacing components
Contents

3. Introduction to IoT
❑ The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated,
internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer
data over a wireless network without human intervention.
❑ The focus on IoT is in the configuration, control and networking
via the Internet of devices or “Things” that are traditionally not
associated with the internet.
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4. Continued…
❑ In IoT, we start with a “Thing” and add computational
intelligence to improve its function, then add a network
connection to further enhance its function
❑ Evolution of IoT: The Internet services have evolved from
conventional point-to-point data exchange, world wide web
(WWW), mobile and social applications, to the recent IoT
services
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5. History
❖ In 1990, John Romkey connected a toaster
to the internet for the first time.
The toaster is considered to be the first IoT
device.
❖ The concept of IoT started to gain some
popularity in the summer of 2010.
❖ In 2011, Gartner, the market research
company that invented the famous “hype-
cycle for emerging technologies” included a
new emerging phenomenon on their list:
“The Internet of Things”.
❖ The term Internet of Things reached mass
market awareness when in January 2014
Google announced to buy Nest for $3.2bn.
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6. Need of IoT
1. More data means better decisions: With added sensors, these devices are able to collect a large
amount of data on many different areas.
2. Ability to track and monitor things: Tracking data for a company to use, it also greatly
benefits the user.
3. Lighten the workload with automation: This greatly reduces human efforts. It also results in
devices being created that need little to no human intervention, allowing them to operate entirely
on their own.
4. Increases efficiency by saving money and resources: As well as saving time for the device
owner, it can also result in cost savings. For example, if lights automatically turn themselves off
the moment you leave the room, you could save a lot of money on you electricity bills.
5. Better quality of life: Having your devices track and order things for you, turn light switches
off for you, and help manage important tasks that you may not have the time to do yourself
certainly takes away a lot of stress.
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7. Current Status and Future Prospects
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8. Continued…
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9. Continued…
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10. Applications
Smart Homes – Control and home security
– Intelligent systems maintenance
– Intelligent heating and cooling systems
– Control and monitoring of energy consumption (water, electricity, gas)
– Facial and biomedical recognition
Smart Cities – Intelligent monitoring
– Automatic transport
– The exact energy management systems
– Environmental monitoring
Smart Transportation/
Automotive
– Intelligent traffic control systems
– Intelligent systems for maintenance of roads (land, air
and sea)
– Intelligent Systems Parking
– RFID tags communication.
Smart Retail and logistics – Supply Chain Control
– Intelligent Shopping Applications
– Smart Product Management
– Inventory tracking
– Point-of-sale terminals
– Vending machines
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11. Continued…
Smart Agriculture – Sensors check the soil moisture and temperature: Soil Moisture Management
– Smart Irrigation
– Smart dust.
Smart Factories and
Industries/
Business
– Indoor Air Quality
– Temperature Monitoring
– Ozone Presence
– Indoor Location
– Vehicle Auto-diagnosis
– Sensors check the soil moisture and temperature.
Smart Health Care – Patients Surveillance
– Sportsmen Care
– Ultraviolet Radiation
– Smart hospitals.
Smart Wearable – Smart Glasses
– Smart clothes
– Sleep Sensor
– Smart watch.
Others – Smart Glasses
– Smart clothes
– Sleep Sensor
– Smart watch.
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12. HAPIfork
The HAPIfork, powered by is an
electronic fork that helps you
monitor and track your eating habits.
It also alerts you with the help of
indicator lights and gentle vibrations
when you are eating too fast. Every
time you bring food from your plate
to your mouth with your fork, this
action is called: a "fork serving".
The HAPIfork also measures:
• How long it took to eat your meal.
• The amount of "fork servings"
taken per minute
• Intervals between "fork servings".
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13. Smart Tooth Brush
Smart toothbrushes have sensors in the
head of the toothbrush that send
information on your brushing habits to
an interactive app on your smartphone,
typically via Bluetooth. The smart, or
Bluetooth, toothbrush records brushing
times, how long you brush different
areas of the mouth, how much pressure
you apply, what angle you hold the brush
at, and more, and the app lets you know
all of these data points. Plus the app
usually has a number of other useful
features as well, like timers, games,
historical data, and more.
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14. Smart Egg Tray
The smart tray wirelessly
connects to your mobile device
and displays information on
how many eggs you have(up to
14), notifies you when they are
past their time, and alerts you
when you're running low. The tray
features LED lights indicating the
oldest egg.
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15. Smart Home Security
Smart home security uses
your Wi-Fi network to
connect entry sensors and
sirens to devices like smart
door locks, smart thermostats,
and smart lightbulbs. Once
connected, these devices can
talk to each other and
integrate with your security
system to make your life
more convenient and more
secure.
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16. Smart Mirror
A Smart Mirror is a two-way
mirror with an inbuilt display
behind the glass. The display can
show anything you want on the
mirror’s surface such as the
current time, weather forecast,
news feed, upcoming
appointments, and more.
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17. Bluetooth Enabled Shoes
These shoes feature a safety insole that can count steps, detect
fatigue, and evaluate posture. Insoles can detect and alert a manager
or supervisor in case of a slip or an accident.
Smart shoes require a reliable system for data acquisition, data
transmission, storage, and data analysis. A wide variety
of sensors are used to acquire data for smart shoes:
1. Inertial-magnetic measurement units made up of an
accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer are used for
gait analysis.
2. Satellite navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS, and
GALILEO are used to provide information for the real-time
location.
3. Pressure sensors are used to provide information on the
distribution of body weight mid-gait.
4. Ambient environmental sensors, including atmospheric
pressure, light, and sound sensors, are used for acquiring data
from altitude-dependent activities and the surrounding
environment.
5. Internal status sensors are used to provide information on
battery and memory capacity.
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18. Characteristics of Internet of Things
❖Dynamic & Self-Adapting
IoT devices may have the capability dynamically adapt with changing context and take action.(Ex-
Surveillance Cameras).
❖Self-Configuring
IoT devices may have capability to work together to provide certain functionality. (Ex-weather
monitoring)
❖Interoperable Communication Protocols
IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices.
❖Unique Identity
IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on context, allow communicating
with users and environmental contexts (Ex- IP or URI). IoT device interfaces allow users to query the
devices, monitor their status, and control them remotely.
❖Integrated into Information Network
IoT devices usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems. IoT devices can dynamically discovered in the
network by other devices and have the capability to describe themselves to other devices.
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19. Architectural view of IoT
Basic Architecture of IoT
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20. Continued…
An architecture has the following features
• The architecture serves as a reference in
applications of IoT in services and business
processes.
• A set of sensors which are smart, capture the data,
perform necessary data element analysis and
transformation as per device application
framework and connect directly to a
communication manager.
• A set of sensor circuits is connected to a gateway
possessing separate data capturing, gathering,
computing and communication capabilities. The
gateway receives the data in one form at one end
and sends it in another form to the other end.
• The communication-management subsystem
consists of protocol handlers, message routers and
message cache.
Model suggested by CISCO
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21. Continued…
• This management subsystem has
functionalities for device identity database,
device identity management and access
management.
• Data routes from the gateway through the
Internet and data center to the application
server or enterprise server which acquires that
data.
• Organization and analysis subsystems enable
the services, business processes, enterprise
integration and complex processes.
Oracle’s IoT Architecture
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22. Technologies behind Internet of Things
• Hardware- Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM Mbed, Bosch XDK110, Beagle
Bone Black and Wireless SoC.
• Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing device software, firmware and APIs.
• Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP]
• Communication -Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi,
WiMax, 2G/3G/4G.
• Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN).
• Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT).
• Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively, openHAB, AWS
IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP.
• Machine learning algorithms and software. An example of machine-learning software is GROK
from Numenta Inc. that uses machine intelligence to analyse the streaming data from clouds and
uncover anomalies, has the ability to learn continuously from data and ability to drive action from
the output of GROK’s data models and perform high level of automation for analysing streaming
data
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23. Server-end Technology
IoT server are application servers, enterprise server, cloud server, data centres, and
databases. Server offer the following software components:
• Online platforms
• Devices identification, identity management and their access management
• Data accruing, aggregation, integration, organizing and analyzing
• Use of web applications, services and business processes
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24. Major Components of IoT System
1. Physical object with embedded software into a hardware.
2. Hardware consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control unit, actuators and
communication module.
3. Communication module: Software consisting of device APIs and device interface for
Communication over the network and communication circuit/port(s), and middleware for
creating communication stacks using 6LowPAN, CoAP, LWM2M, IPv4, IPv6 and other
protocols.
4. Software for actions on messages, information and commands which the devices receive and
then output to the actuators, which enable actions such as glowing LEDs, robotic hand
movement etc.
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25. Continued…
❖ Sensors can be real sensors or virtual sensors to collect
data from the internet.
❖ Communication can be done using many types of
protocols such as RFID, AD-HOC, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, 3G,
4G, Bluetooth, ZigBee, USB, WSN, and IPv6, which
are ranging from short-range to long-range
communications. For example, Bluetooth for short-
range connectivity; Wi-Fi for medium scale
connectivity; cellular technologies for large scale
connectivity.
❖ Control is done using FPGA, ASIC, or processors.
❖ Actuators examples are motor, alarm, and oven.
❖ IoT architecture consists of three layers: physical layer,
communication layer, and application layer
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26. Development Tools
• Eclipse IoT- provides open-source implementation of standards such as MQTT CoAP,
OMA-DM and OMA LWM2M, and tools for working with Lua, services and
frameworks that enable an Open Internet of Things
• Eclipse developed the IoT programming language—Lua.
• Eclipse website provides sandbox environments for experimenting with the tools and a
live demo.
• Eclipse-related popular projects are Paho, Koneki and Mihini.
• Arduino- development tools provide a set of software that includes an IDE and the
Arduino programming language for a hardware specification for interactive electronics
that can sense and control more of the physical world.
• Kinoma software platform-Kinoma Create (kit for prototyping), Kinoma Studio
development environment and Kinoma Platform Runtime are three different open-source
projects. Kinoma Connect is a free app for iOS and Android smartphones and tablets
with IoT devices.
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27. API and device interfacing components
Connectivity interface consists of communication APIs, device interfaces and processing units.
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