The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and its key components. It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software and technologies to connect and exchange data over the internet. It provides examples of IoT devices like smart speakers and smart watches. It describes how sensors are used in IoT to collect data from devices. It discusses the role of sensors in two IoT scenarios involving a smart alarm clock and connected car. It outlines characteristics, applications, benefits and challenges of IoT. It defines what a sensor is and the types of sensors used in IoT like temperature, motion and humidity sensors. It describes features of IoT sensors like their ability to measure physical quantities and process/communicate data

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Semantic Web
(SW)

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Introduction to IoT
UNIT

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What is IoT?
 The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical
objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices and systems over the internet. These
devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated
industrial tools.
 The term IoT, or Internet of Things, refers to the collective network
of connected devices and the technology that facilitates
communication between devices and the cloud, as well as
between the devices themselves.

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What is IoT?
 Taking everyday things, embedding with electronics,
software, sensors and then connecting them to
internet and enabling them to collect and exchange
data without human intervention is called the Internet
of Things (IoT)

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What is IoT?
 The Internet of Things, often referred to as IoT, are everyday
objects that connect to the internet. These connected devices
can be activated using voice commands, or controlled by
downloading and using an app or via a Bluetooth or Wi-Fi
connection. Examples of the Internet of Things include:
• Smart speakers,
• Smart meters (for home electricity and heating),
• and wearables such as smart watches or fitness trackers.

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Scenario #1: IoT in your home
 Imagine you wake up at 7am every day to go to work. Your alarm
clock does the job of waking you just fine. That is, until something
goes wrong. Your train’s cancelled and you have to drive to work
instead. The only problem is that it takes longer to drive, and you
would have needed to get up at 6.45am to avoid being late. Oh, and
it’s pouring with rain, so you’ll need to drive slower than usual.
A connected or IoT-enabled alarm clock would reset itself based
on all these factors, to ensure you got to work on time. It could
recognize that your usual train is cancelled, calculate the driving
distance and travel time for your alternative route to work, check the
weather and factor in slower travelling speed because of heavy rain,
and calculate when it needs to wake you up so you’re not late. If it’s
super-smart, if might even sync with your IoT-enabled coffee
maker, to ensure your morning caffeine’s ready to go when you get
up.

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Scenario #2: IoT in transport
 Having been woken by your smart alarm, you’re now driving to
work. On comes the engine light. You’d rather not head straight to
the garage, but what if it’s something urgent? In a connected car,
the sensor that triggered the check engine light would
communicate with others in the car. A component called the
diagnostic bus collects data from these sensors and passes it to a
gateway in the car, which sends the most relevant information to the
manufacturer’s platform. The manufacturer can use data from the
car to offer you an appointment to get the part fixed, send you
directions to the nearest dealer, and make sure the correct
replacement part is ordered so it’s ready for you when you show up.

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Application areas of IoT
 Home & building automation
 Smart cities
 Smart manufacturing
 Wearables
 Healthcare
 Automotive
 etc

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Characteristics of IoT
 Unique identity
 Dynamic Nature
 Sleep-Active
 Connected-disconnected
 Self-adapting
 Mode changing of camera depend on the light
 Self-configuring
 updates
 Heterogeneity
 Different devices, hardware platforms, standard,
 Different network, protocols
 Integrated to Information Network

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Benefits of IoT
 Tracking behaviour for real-time
 Enhanced situational awareness
 Sensor-driven decision analytics
 Process optimization
 Optimized resource consumption
 Instantaneous control and response in complex autonomous
systems

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Challenges in IoT
 Security is vital
 Adoption rate
 Compatibility
 Power is crucial
 connectivity

12. What is a Sensor?
 An electrical sensor (also called an electronic sensor) is a
device that detects a physical parameter of interest (e.g. heat,
light, sound) and converts it into electrical signal that can be
measured and used by an electrical or electronic system.
 The detected quantity is usually a form of energy that is analog (continuous)
in nature and is converted into electrical energy using a transducer (e.g. a
microphone is a transducer that converts sound energy into electrical
energy).
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13. What is a Sensor?
 A sensor is a device that can detect the changes in a
physical environment. It can convert physical parameters
such as temperature, heat, motion, humidity, pressure,
etc. into electrical signals. We can transform this signal
into a human readable display and send them through a
network for further processing.
 There are mainly two types of sensors as active sensors
and passive sensors.
 Active sensors require power supply while passive
sensors do not require a power supply.
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14. What is a Sensor?
 In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module,
machine, or subsystem that detects events or changes in
its environment and sends the information to other
electronics, frequently a computer processor. Sensors
are always used with other electronics.
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IoT Sensors
 Sensors are key components for the Internet of Things due to their
ability to take measurements of and collect data.
 Sensors can also be "smart" when they can not only measure a
physical quantity, but also process information, communicate with
other devices, and make decisions.
 Advanced sensors include stereo vision sensors, electricity sensors,
inclination sensors, object detection, and others.
 An especially promising new technology is battery-less sensors
which have very low power requirements and can be deployed at
larger scale.

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IoT Sensors
 Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.
A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified
measurement.
 The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal
suitable for processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the
characteristics of any device or material to detect the presence of a
particular physical quantity.
 The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-
readable form like changes in characteristics, changes in resistance,
capacitance, impedance etc.

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IoT Sensor Features
 Compared to other components of the IoT ecosystem, a sensor is
not a complicated piece of equipment. It can take different
measurements, for instance, the temperature of the machines, their
sounds, vibrations, etc. Unlike a normal sensor, a “smart” sensor
can not only measure a physical quantity, but also process
information, communicate with other devices, and make decisions.
In addition, they are faster, more accurate, and can even consume
less power.
 They typically use the following components:
 The sensor itself to collect the data
 Microprocessor to produce data output
 Wireless communication to send output to a specified network
location.

18. What is Arduino?
 One of the main reasons for Arduino being so accessible and affordable
across the globe is because all of the Arduino hardware is open-source.
 Being open-source has a plethora of advantages-
 anyone can access the design and build of the device and make
improvements;
 anyone can use the same hardware design to create their product
lineup.
 it has its own devoted community that strives to help the core company
develop and improve its hardware products.
 local companies can create replicas of the products, making it more
accessible and affordable to the local consumers as it avoids hefty
customs and shipping charges.
 All of these advantages contribute to Arduino being so widespread,
affordable and ever-improving.
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19. What is Arduino?
 It is necessary to know that Arduino doesn’t necessarily offer just one piece
of hardware, it provides a range of boards, each of which caters to a
different level of expertise and have different use-cases altogether.
 Arduino Uno is one of the most basic and popular boards that Arduino
offers. This is because it features an ATMega328 microcontroller that is
both cheap and powerful enough for most basic beginner-level projects.
 Once you’re familiar with Arduino IDE, you can move up to boards with
more powerful and sophisticated chipsets like the MKR range which is
concerned with IoT applications and inter compatibility, or the Nano range
which as the name suggests is designed to keep the form factor as small as
possible while packing most of the features and power of the full-sized
boards.
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20. References
 A Quick Look at Advanced IoT Sensors for the Enterprise Going Digital
https://www.infoq.com/articles/iot-sensors-enterprise/
 https://www.electronicshub.org/different-types-sensors/ (good info)
 https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-sensor-and-actuator/
 Source hindi video of characteristics of IOT 7.39 minutes
 Source hindi video of 46.15 minute IOT fully explained networking course
#46
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Thank you.