The document discusses the internet of things (IoT). It defines IoT as a system of interrelated computing devices, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers and can transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Things in IoT can be devices with sensors like fitness trackers or cars with sensors that alert drivers of low tire pressure. The document then covers components, working, applications, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of IoT.

1. 
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system
of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
A thing in the internet of things can be a
person with a heart monitor implant, a
farm animal with a biochip transponder, an
automobile that has built-in sensors to alert
the driver when tire pressure is low or any
other natural or man-made object that can
be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP)
address and is able to transfer data over a
network.
What is Internet of Things?

2. 
1. Sensors/Devices-
These devices connect with the external physical environment. They collect the data from the
outside changes and store this information. A sensor senses the changes in the surroundings
and notes down these changes. This property makes sensors extremely useful in IoT
applications.
For example, there are sensors in your phone such as GPS which track your location and
guide you to your destination. Cameras sense human movement to click pictures. Try finding
out other sensors in your mobile devices
COMPONENTS OF IoT

3. 2. Connectivity-
Cloud servers process the data that sensors collect. But, in order to do so, they require
platforms. Connectivity is the connection among all IoT devices in any given Iot
ecosystem including sensors, routers, gateways, user applications and platforms.
Connectivity allows you to take control over the entire IoT system and hence it is crucial to
select the right kind of connectivity path. Wifi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, cellular networks such as
LTE or 5G all offer connectivity to transmit large amounts of data.
3. Data processing-
Once the entire data transmits to the platform, functions are performed on this data in order
to process the data and send back necessary outputs. In other words, data analysis must take
place. This step is the most important step in IoT technologies. The analysis must happen at
a quick rate to provide better results.
4. User Interface-
This is the final stage. This stage is in direct contact with the user and it gives the output
that users see on their screen. Every IoT device has a different interface as each device has a
different task or purpose to accomplish.

4. 
WORKING OF IoT
 IoT devices have sensors embedded into them. These
sensors are capable of sensing their surroundings. The
devices store the information in some form of data.
These devices include appliances such as mobile
phones, coffee machines, microwaves, geysers, fire
alarms, Air conditioners, cars and so on.
 The sensors embedded in these devices constantly
emit data about the surrounding and on the working
information of these devices. IoT serves as a
platform to dump all the data collected by these
devices.
 IoT platform includes cloud servers and large
databases. The IoT platform acts on the data. It
integrates and processes the information. Further, the
platform analyses the data thoroughly to gather
important details. The platform then sends back
instructions based on the data provided.
 Finally, the data aggregation is shared with other
devices for better performance in the future. It is also
done for improved user experience.

5. 
APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF
THINGS
1. Smart Homes
2. Smart City
3. Farming
4. IoT Retail Shops
5. Self-driven Cars
6. Wearables
7. Smart Grids
8. Industrial Internet
9. Telehealth
10. Traffic management
11. Smart Supply-chain Management
12. Water and Waste management

6. 
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNET
OF THINGS
1. Connectivity-
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT
should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can
connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For example, connection between
people through internet devices like mobile phones ,and other gadgets, also
connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.
2. Intelligence and Identity-
The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For
example, a sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is
interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is
helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for querying its status.
3. Architecture-
IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid,
supporting different manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT
is not owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when multiple
domains come together.

7. 4. Dynamic and Self Adapting complexities-
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts
and scenarios. Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be
adaptable to work in different conditions and different light situations
(morning, afternoon, night).
5. Scalability-
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day.
Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion.
The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled
appropriately.
6. Safety-
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This
can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge.
Besides, the equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at the
risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

8. 
 Scalability:
Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network, large volumes of data are needed to be processed.
The system that stores, analyses the data from these IoT devices needs to be scalable. In present, the era of IoT evolution
everyday objects are connected with each other via Internet. The raw data obtained from these devices need big data
analytics and cloud storage for interpretation of useful data.
 Interoperability:
Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These technologies need to be converged. Which would help us
in establishing a common framework and the standard for the IoT devices. As the standardization process is still lacking,
interoperability of IoT with legacy devices should be considered critical. This lack of interoperability is preventing us to
move towards the vision of truly connected everyday interoperable smart objects.
 Lack of government support:
Government and Regulatory bodies like FDA should come up and bring up regulations by setting up a standard committee
for safety and security of devices and people.
 Safety Of Patients:
Most Of IoT devices are left unattended, as they are connected with real-world objects. If used on patients as wearable
devices, any technical error in security can be life-threatening for patient.
 Security And Personal Privacy:
There has been no research in security vulnerabilities and its improvements. It should ensure Confidentiality, Integrity and
Availability of personal data of patient.
 Design Based Challenge:
With the development in technology design challenges are increasing at a faster rate. There have been issues regarding
design like limited computation power, limited energy and limited memory which need to be sorted out.
CHALLENGES OF IoT

9. 
• It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile phones. It enhances security and offers
personal protection.
• By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.
• Information is easily accessible, even if we are far away from our actual location, and it is updated
frequently in real time.
• Electric Devices are directly connected and communicate with a controller computer, such as a cell phone,
resulting in efficient electricity use. As a result, there will be no unnecessary use of electricity equipment.
• Personal assistance can be provided by IoT apps, which can alert you to your regular plans.
• It is useful for safety because it senses any potential danger and warns users. For example, GM OnStar,
is a integrated device that system which identifies a car crash or accident on road. It immediately makes a
call if an accident or crash is found.
• It minimizes human effort because IoT devices connect and communicate with one another and perform a
variety of tasks without the need for human intervention.
• Patient care can be performed more effectively in real time without the need for a doctor’s visit. It gives
them the ability to make choices as well as provide evidence-based care.
• Asset tracking, traffic or transportation tracking, inventory control, delivery, surveillance, individual order
tracking, and customer management can all be made more cost-effective with the right tracking system.
ADVANTAGES OF IoT

10. 
• Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information. Since we add
so many devices to the internet, there is a risk that our information as it can be
misused.
• They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively without it.
• With the complexity of systems, there are many ways for them to fail.
• We lose control of our lives—our lives will be fully controlled and reliant on
technology.
• Overuse of the Internet and technology makes people unintelligent because they rely
on smart devices instead of doing physical work, causing them to become lazy.
• Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could lead to
unemployment. Smart surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems, smart
washing machines, and other facilities are replacing security guards, maids, ironmen,
and dry-cleaning services etc.
• It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad technology to IoT
framework.
• Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.
DISADVANTAGES OF IoT