Iodine deficiency disorders of thyroid gland
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This document discusses iodine deficiency disorders of the thyroid gland. It describes how low iodine intake can lead to goiter formation as the thyroid attempts to maintain normal thyroid hormone levels. It classifies goiter sizes and discusses the epidemiology of endemic goiter. It also describes how iodine deficiency can cause cretinism and outlines methods for diagnosing iodine deficiency disorders. The document concludes by discussing prevention through iodine supplementation and treatment by ensuring adequate iodine intake through foods like iodized salt.
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Iodine defficiancy disorders
This document discusses iodine deficiency disorders and the importance of iodine for health. It notes that iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and proper development. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter, cretinism, lower IQ, and other developmental issues. The document advocates for universal salt iodization as a simple and low-cost strategy to eliminate iodine deficiency worldwide. It highlights India's policy from 1983 mandating iodization of all salt for human consumption.
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as cretinism due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
Iodine deficiency disorder
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) refer to a spectrum of health consequences caused by inadequate iodine intake. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production which are important for physical and mental development. IDDs range from goiter and hypothyroidism to severe intellectual disabilities. Nepal has a high prevalence of IDDs affecting an estimated 10 million people. Prevention strategies in Nepal include mandatory iodization of salt at the production level and social marketing campaigns to increase awareness and consumption of adequately iodized salt. Monitoring of iodine levels in salt and urine are also conducted to evaluate IDD control programs.
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine deficiency is a common disorders in developing like Bangladesh. It affects both maternal and child heath. Dietary intake of iodine is necessary to avoid such disorders.
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This document discusses programs and policies related to iodine deficiency disorders in Nepal. It begins by explaining what iodine is and its importance for human health. It then outlines the spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders and recommended daily intake levels. The main strategies for prevention of iodine deficiency disorders in Nepal include universal salt iodization, distribution of iodized salt in remote areas, and social marketing campaigns to promote iodized salt use. National policies aim to ensure all edible salt is iodized and monitor iodine status through national surveys.
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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Iodine deficiency disorders affect over 7% of the global population and cause a spectrum of health issues from goiter to cretinism. Prevention focuses on universal salt iodization, iodized oil supplementation, monitoring iodine levels, training programs, and increasing public awareness. Controlling iodine deficiency through these measures can eliminate its health impacts across the lifespan.
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Iodine defficiancy disorders
This document discusses iodine deficiency disorders and the importance of iodine for health. It notes that iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and proper development. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter, cretinism, lower IQ, and other developmental issues. The document advocates for universal salt iodization as a simple and low-cost strategy to eliminate iodine deficiency worldwide. It highlights India's policy from 1983 mandating iodization of all salt for human consumption.
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as cretinism due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
Iodine deficiency disorder
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) refer to a spectrum of health consequences caused by inadequate iodine intake. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production which are important for physical and mental development. IDDs range from goiter and hypothyroidism to severe intellectual disabilities. Nepal has a high prevalence of IDDs affecting an estimated 10 million people. Prevention strategies in Nepal include mandatory iodization of salt at the production level and social marketing campaigns to increase awareness and consumption of adequately iodized salt. Monitoring of iodine levels in salt and urine are also conducted to evaluate IDD control programs.
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine deficiency is a common disorders in developing like Bangladesh. It affects both maternal and child heath. Dietary intake of iodine is necessary to avoid such disorders.
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Iodine deficiency disorders
This document discusses programs and policies related to iodine deficiency disorders in Nepal. It begins by explaining what iodine is and its importance for human health. It then outlines the spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders and recommended daily intake levels. The main strategies for prevention of iodine deficiency disorders in Nepal include universal salt iodization, distribution of iodized salt in remote areas, and social marketing campaigns to promote iodized salt use. National policies aim to ensure all edible salt is iodized and monitor iodine status through national surveys.
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Global iodine deficiency lecture prepared for second year medical students as a means to introduce them to an endocrinological public health issue.
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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Iodine deficiency disorders affect over 7% of the global population and cause a spectrum of health issues from goiter to cretinism. Prevention focuses on universal salt iodization, iodized oil supplementation, monitoring iodine levels, training programs, and increasing public awareness. Controlling iodine deficiency through these measures can eliminate its health impacts across the lifespan.
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By the end of the session students will be able
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To name Iodine Control Program of Pakistan
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Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) refers to health issues caused by inadequate iodine intake, ranging from abortions and stillbirths to mental and physical retardation. Over two billion people worldwide are at risk of IDD, with iodine deficiency being the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities. Universal salt iodization, health education, and monitoring programs are recommended to prevent and control IDD.
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Iodine is an essential mineral needed for normal thyroid function and metabolism. It is found in iodized salt, seafood, dairy, and foods grown in iodine-rich soil. Lack of iodine can cause goiter or hypothyroidism. Two studies in the early 1900s showed that supplementing with iodine reduced goiter rates. While iodized salt provides some iodine, it may not meet daily needs, and iodine levels in the US have dropped 50% in recent decades. Bromine in some foods can interfere with iodine uptake as well. Urine tests can check iodine status.
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- Recommended daily zinc intake ranges from 2-11 mg per day depending on age. Pregnant and lactating women should have 11-12 mg.
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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and is obtained through foods like seaweed and seafood or iodized salt. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter and irreversible intellectual and growth impairments while excess iodine can inhibit the thyroid. Various indicators are used to assess iodine status including urinary iodine and thyroid size. Iodine interacts with medications for hyperthyroidism and high blood pressure and deficiencies in selenium or vitamins A, E, zinc and iron can exacerbate effects of iodine deficiency.
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This document discusses iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and efforts to prevent and control them in Nepal. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide are at risk of insufficient iodine intake. IDD can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on goiter prevalence and urinary iodine levels. The main prevention methods are universal salt iodization and periodic iodized oil injections. Nepal has made progress increasing households' access to adequately iodized salt but challenges remain, particularly in remote areas. Ongoing national plans aim to eliminate IDD through continued salt iodization efforts and other measures.
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GOITER
Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland located in the neck. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, inflammation, tumors, or genetic defects. There are two main types - diffuse goiter where the entire gland swells, and nodular goiter where lumps develop within the gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound scans, and fine needle aspiration of nodules. Treatment depends on symptoms and includes iodine/thyroid hormone supplementation, diet modification, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Surgical risks include infection, nerve damage affecting voice, and parathyroid gland damage requiring lifelong calcium supplements.
Iodine deficiency
This document discusses iodine deficiency disorder and endemic goiter. It defines endemic goiter as a type of goiter associated with dietary iodine deficiency, occurring in over 5% of a population. The document outlines iodine needs according to WHO, causes and risk factors of iodine deficiency including low dietary iodine, signs and symptoms like goiter and impaired development, diagnosis including urine iodine levels and thyroid imaging, treatment with iodine supplements or surgery, and prevention through iodized salt and supplements.
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Iodine is an essential trace mineral that is important for thyroid function and overall health. Iodine deficiency can be caused by low dietary intake, high intake of goitrogenic foods, and environmental factors like pesticides. Iodine is crucial for brain and physical development and a lack of iodine can lead to hypothyroidism, goiter, cretinism, and other health issues. Maintaining adequate iodine levels through iodized salt, seafood, or supplements is important for preventing iodine deficiency.
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This document discusses prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in India. IDD affects all age groups and can cause goiter, cretinism, mental retardation and other issues. The primary prevention methods include health education, fortifying salt with iodine, and lifestyle changes. India has a national program to control IDD that aims to reduce prevalence below 10% by 2012 through universal access to iodized salt, monitoring programs, and increasing iodization plants. The program's activities, achievements, and levels of intervention from individual to national levels are described.
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By the end of the session students will be able
To define iodine deficiency
To define goitrogens
To identify sources of iodine
To list Epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency
To Name International Iodine Control Strategies
To name Iodine Control Program of Pakistan
anemia
There are three main types of nutritional anemia: iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, and folic acid deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the diet or an inability to absorb iron and can result in fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia occurs when the body does not get enough vitamin B12, which is essential for red blood cell production and can cause symptoms like fatigue, numbness, and confusion. Folic acid deficiency anemia happens with insufficient folic acid intake and can cause weakness, dizziness, and forgetfulness.
Iodine deficiency disorder
Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) refers to health issues caused by inadequate iodine intake, ranging from abortions and stillbirths to mental and physical retardation. Over two billion people worldwide are at risk of IDD, with iodine deficiency being the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities. Universal salt iodization, health education, and monitoring programs are recommended to prevent and control IDD.
latest about iodine
Iodine is an essential mineral needed for normal thyroid function and metabolism. It is found in iodized salt, seafood, dairy, and foods grown in iodine-rich soil. Lack of iodine can cause goiter or hypothyroidism. Two studies in the early 1900s showed that supplementing with iodine reduced goiter rates. While iodized salt provides some iodine, it may not meet daily needs, and iodine levels in the US have dropped 50% in recent decades. Bromine in some foods can interfere with iodine uptake as well. Urine tests can check iodine status.
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This document discusses hyperthyroidism and its management. It begins with definitions of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. It then discusses the prevalence, anatomy, physiology and causes of hyperthyroidism. The clinical manifestations involving multiple body systems are explained in detail. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, ultrasound and radioactive iodine uptake scans are outlined. Finally, the medical management including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy and surgery are summarized.
Adolescent Obesity
This document discusses adolescent health in Bangladesh and obesity prevention. It notes that over 20% of Bangladesh's population is adolescents aged 10-19 years. Maintaining adolescent health is important for achieving health and development goals. The document then focuses on obesity, defining it and noting the rising rates in Bangladesh. It outlines factors contributing to obesity like genetics, environment, diet, and physical activity. The impacts of obesity on health are described, including effects on reproduction, psychology, and increased disease risk. Finally, the document discusses prevention of obesity through diet, lifestyle changes, health education, and treatment options like medication and surgery.
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The document discusses India's Vitamin A Prophylaxis Programme launched in 1970. The goals were to eliminate vitamin A deficiency as a public health problem and reduce associated conditions like Bitot's spot and night blindness. Initially, children aged 2-6 years received biannual doses of vitamin A. Starting in 1992, the strategy shifted to providing children aged 9 months to 3 years with 5 mega doses of vitamin A orally to eliminate nutritional blindness and other deficiencies. Food fortification and nutrition education were also emphasized as long term measures to combat vitamin A deficiency.
Micronutrient deficiency In Children
Micronutrient deficiency is common among children globally. At least 50% of children aged 6 months to 5 years suffer from one or more micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, iodine, folate, and vitamin A. The reasons for the high prevalence include inadequate intake of nutritious foods, poor absorption of minerals and vitamins, frequent infections, and consumption of refined foods. Micronutrients play an important role in brain development during the first 1,000 days of life. Complementary feeding starting at 6 months is important to meet increased nutrient needs but current practices in India are often inadequate. Ensuring adequate nutrition through home-made preparations, breastfeeding, and fortified complementary foods can help bridge nutrition
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- Zinc is an essential micronutrient found in high amounts in oysters, meat, and nuts. It plays roles in over 300 enzymes and 2000 transcription factors.
- Recommended daily zinc intake ranges from 2-11 mg per day depending on age. Pregnant and lactating women should have 11-12 mg.
- Zinc deficiency can cause impaired immunity, growth retardation, skin disorders, and is common in developing countries. It is diagnosed through blood tests.
- Treatment involves oral zinc supplementation, with doses ranging from 0.
Iodine
Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and is obtained through foods like seaweed and seafood or iodized salt. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter and irreversible intellectual and growth impairments while excess iodine can inhibit the thyroid. Various indicators are used to assess iodine status including urinary iodine and thyroid size. Iodine interacts with medications for hyperthyroidism and high blood pressure and deficiencies in selenium or vitamins A, E, zinc and iron can exacerbate effects of iodine deficiency.
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This document summarizes a seminar on iron deficiency anemia in children presented by Mr. Abhijit P. Bhoyar. The seminar covers the objectives, anatomy and physiology of blood cells, classification and causes of anemia, clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia, diagnostic evaluation, management including oral and parenteral iron therapy, prevention, dietary sources of iron, nursing management, and precautions for taking iron supplements. The key topics discussed are the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, which is one of the most common forms of anemia seen in young children worldwide.
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This document discusses iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and efforts to prevent and control them in Nepal. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide are at risk of insufficient iodine intake. IDD can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on goiter prevalence and urinary iodine levels. The main prevention methods are universal salt iodization and periodic iodized oil injections. Nepal has made progress increasing households' access to adequately iodized salt but challenges remain, particularly in remote areas. Ongoing national plans aim to eliminate IDD through continued salt iodization efforts and other measures.
Genetic haemochromatosis
Genetic Hemochromatosis is autosomal recessive genetic disorder that results from abnormal accumulation of iron in parenchymal organs such as the liver, pancreas, and heart leading to organ toxicity.
Iodine
Iodine is an essential trace element needed by the body in small amounts. It is a component of thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and body temperature. Adequate iodine intake is especially important during pregnancy and breastfeeding as it is crucial for fetal development and prevents neurological issues. Pregnant and lactating women are recommended to intake 150 mcg of iodine daily to support development during the first few months of pregnancy. A deficiency in iodine can cause hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism.
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Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland located in the neck. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, inflammation, tumors, or genetic defects. There are two main types - diffuse goiter where the entire gland swells, and nodular goiter where lumps develop within the gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound scans, and fine needle aspiration of nodules. Treatment depends on symptoms and includes iodine/thyroid hormone supplementation, diet modification, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Surgical risks include infection, nerve damage affecting voice, and parathyroid gland damage requiring lifelong calcium supplements.
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Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that presents as a visible swelling in the neck. It has various causes like iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, and thyroid nodules. Symptoms include neck swelling, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and voice changes. Diagnosis involves physical exam, hormone tests, and imaging tests like ultrasound. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery to manage the condition or remove the thyroid gland if cancer is suspected. Maintaining sufficient iodine intake through diet is important for prevention and management of goiter.
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Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are the world's most common endocrine problem and the most preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and deficiency has adverse effects at all life stages. In fetuses and infants, iodine deficiency can cause cretinism, neurologic defects, and lower IQ. In children, it leads to goiter and impaired growth and development. In adults, iodine deficiency results in goiter and sometimes hyperthyroidism. Monitoring iodine status involves measuring urinary iodine levels, thyroid size, and biomarkers like TSH. Ensuring adequate iodine intake through iodized salt is important to prevent these disorders.
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Iodine deficiency disorders & Thyrotoxicosis
The patient, a 22-year-old female college student, was diagnosed with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. She was initially treated with methimazole and metoprolol but wanted a more permanent solution. She chose to undergo a total thyroidectomy. Pre-surgery testing showed her thyroid was diffusely enlarged and hyperfunctioning. She took SSKI prior to surgery to help control her hyperthyroidism and prepare for the thyroidectomy.
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Iodine is an essential trace element needed to synthesize thyroid hormones. Nearly 80% of iodine in the body is stored in the thyroid gland. Iodine is absorbed from dietary sources like iodized salt and is transported to the thyroid via sodium/iodide symporters, where it is used to produce thyroid hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and brain development. Iodine deficiency can cause a spectrum of disorders and remains a public health issue in many parts of the world including India, where programs aim to ensure adequate iodine intake through universal salt iodization and health education.
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A 42-year-old woman presents with a solitary thyroid nodule. Physical examination revealed a mobile nodule measuring 2 by 3 cm without lymphadenopathy. Initial workup should include laboratory tests such as TSH, ultrasound of the thyroid, and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the nodule. The majority of thyroid nodules are benign, and fine needle aspiration is the most accurate way to determine if surgical intervention is needed. Iodine deficiency, which can cause goiter or hypothyroidism, is also a common cause of thyroid nodules in some regions and can be prevented by adequate iodine intake through diet.
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The document discusses the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism, and thyroid disease. It provides information on the location and function of the thyroid gland. It describes hypothyroidism as a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, and discusses its prevalence, signs and symptoms, and treatment through thyroid hormone replacement therapy by titrating the dosage of thyroxine. The document also addresses various cases of hypothyroidism and appropriate treatment approaches.
Scintigraphic manifistation of thyrotoxicosis
1) Graves' disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and is characterized by diffuse uptake throughout the thyroid gland on scintigraphy. Toxic nodular goiter and toxic multinodular goiter show focal increased uptake in nodules.
2) Subacute thyroiditis appears as minimal uptake on scintigraphy due to inflammation destroying the thyroid follicles.
3) The causes, scintigraphic findings, and therapeutic approaches are different for the various conditions that can cause thyrotoxicosis. Diagnosis relies on correlating clinical information with laboratory values and scintigraphic patterns.
thyroidgland-120420032852-phpapp01.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Disorders of the thyroid gland can cause either hyperthyroidism (overproduction of hormones) or hypothyroidism (underproduction of hormones). Common diseases include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid nodules. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.
Thyroid gland.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone production. Disorders include hypothyroidism, where thyroid hormone production is inadequate, and hyperthyroidism, where production is excessive. Graves' disease is an autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism. Cretinism results from untreated congenital hypothyroidism and causes severe physical and mental impairment.
thyroidgland-120420032852-phpapp01.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Disorders of the thyroid gland can cause either hyperthyroidism from excessive hormone production or hypothyroidism from inadequate production. Common diseases include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and iodine deficiency-related goiter.
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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter and intellectual impairment. While iodine is found in seafood and iodized salt, over half the global population remains at risk for deficiency. Universal salt iodization is the recommended strategy to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. Progress has been made with iodized salt consumption increasing in Pakistan from 17% to 69%, though continued efforts are still needed to ensure all salt is iodized and populations worldwide receive adequate iodine.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
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BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
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South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaLAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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Iodine deficiency disorders of thyroid gland
- 1. Iodine Deficiency disorders of Thyroid gland Made by KARANDEEP GROUP 418
- 2. IODINE
- 3. IODINE
- 4. Functions
- 5. IDD OF THYROID GLAND - GOITER • Goiter is the most obvious manifestation of iodine deficiency. • Low iodine intake leads to reduced thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), which results in an attempt to restore T4 and T3 production to normal.
- 6. IDD OF THYROID GLAND - GOITER
- 8. WHO classification of goiter • palpable but not visible when the neck is in the normal position,
- 9. WHO classification of goiter • clearly visible when the neck is in a normal position and is consistent with an enlarged thyroid when the neck is palpated
- 11. shows a young girl with a soft diffuse goitre
- 13. IDD of the thyroid gland: cretinism
- 14. IDD of the thyroid gland: cretinism
- 15. The appearance of cretinism sufferers
- 16. IDD of the thyroid gland: diagnosis
- 17. IDD of the thyroid gland: diagnosis
- 18. IDD of the thyroid gland: diagnosis • For the standardized 24- hour test, a 50 mg iodine load is given first, and 90% of this load is expected to be recovered in the urine of the following 24 hours
- 19. IDD of the thyroid gland: diagnosis • Recovery of less than 90% is taken to mean high retention, that is, iodine deficiency • The recovery may however be well less than 90% during pregnancy, and an intake of goitrogens can alter the test results •
- 20. NOTE • Goitrogens are substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones by interfering with iodine uptake in the thyroid gland.
- 21. IDD of the thyroid gland: diagnosis • In regions of iodine deficiency, the frequency of supranormal TSH concentrations (>5mU/L) in blood spots collected as part of neonatal screening programs is higher than in iodine sufficient areas and roughly correlates with the severity of iodine deficiency
- 22. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • Iodine supplementation in areas deprived of iodine rich food is viewed as the most cost effective solution to address the problem of IDD •
- 23. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • Iodine deficiency can be corrected by adding iodine to dietary media like salt, oil, water, sauces etc.
- 24. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 90 micrograms of iodine daily for infants and children up to five years, 120 micrograms for children 6 to 12 years, 150 micrograms daily for children ≥12 years and adults, and 250 mcg daily during pregnancy and lactation
- 25. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • Too high iodine intake (over dosage of iodine supplements) can have toxic side effects – It can lead to hyperthyroidism and consequently high blood levels of thyroid hormones
- 27. Reference