Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that presents as a visible swelling in the neck. It has various causes like iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, and thyroid nodules. Symptoms include neck swelling, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and voice changes. Diagnosis involves physical exam, hormone tests, and imaging tests like ultrasound. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery to manage the condition or remove the thyroid gland if cancer is suspected. Maintaining sufficient iodine intake through diet is important for prevention and management of goiter.

2. Introduction Causes
Symptoms Diagnosis
Treatment MNT

3. It is a visible swelling at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's
apple.
Goiter can occur due to various factors, including iodine deficiency,
hormonal imbalances, and certain underlying medical conditions.
Goiter is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal
enlargement of the thyroid gland.

5. Iodine Deficiency
.
Graves' Disease
.
Thyroid nodules
Causes
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

6. .
• Coughing or wheezing due to
pressure on the windpipe.
• Visible swelling or enlargement at
the base of the neck.
• A feeling of tightness or discomfort
in the throat.
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing.
• Hoarseness or voice changes.

7.  A doctor examines the neck for any swelling or
enlargement.
 Measure degree of goitre
Grade 0 No goitre
Grade 1 Palpable goitre
Grade 2 Visible goitre

8.  Measure hormone levels and check for thyroid-related
disorders.
 A blood sample can be used to measure the
amount of TSH produced by the pituitary gland and
how much T-4 and T-3 is produced by the thyroid

9.  To visualize the thyroid gland and determine its size and
structure.
• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI

10.  If nodules are present, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy
may be performed to check for cancerous cells.

11. Medication
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy to
manage hormone imbalances.
.

12. If iodine deficiency is the cause, supplementation
can help reduce the size of the goiter.
iodine ,selenium , iron, zincsupplements
Iodine
Supplements

13. Radioactive
Iodine
Therapy
Used in cases of hyperthyroidism or when
nodules are overactive.

14. Partial or complete thyroidectomy may be
required for large goiters or if cancer is suspected.
Surgery

16. • Ensure sufficient iodine consumption to
address iodine deficiency, which is a
common cause of goiter.
• Consume iodized salt or use iodized salt
in cooking.
• Include iodine-rich foods in your diet,
such as seafood (fish, shrimp, seaweed),
dairy products, eggs, and iodine-fortified
foods.

17. • Focus on a well-rounded diet that
includes a variety of fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy
fats.
• Consume adequate amounts of essential
nutrients, including vitamins and
minerals, to support overall thyroid
health.

18. • Limit the consumption of raw or
excessive amounts of goitrogenic foods,
such as cassava, millet, peanuts, and
flaxseeds, as they can potentially
interfere with thyroid function.
• cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli,
cabbage, cauliflower) ,Soy products,
including tofu and soy milk contain
goitrogenic compounds that can
interfere with thyroid function, they are
generally safe to eat in moderate
amounts.

19. • While iodine is necessary for thyroid
health, excessive iodine intake can also
contribute to goiter in certain
individuals.
• Avoid excessive consumption of iodine-
rich supplements or foods beyond
recommended daily amounts unless
directed by a healthcare professional.