This document discusses investment appraisal techniques used to evaluate business investments. It introduces quantitative methods like payback period, average rate of return, and net present value to calculate the financial feasibility of projects. It also notes qualitative factors considered like risk, market environment, and management experience. The goal is to understand investment and recognize the importance of appraisal in informing capital expenditure decisions.
Payback period (PP) is the number of years it takes for a company to recover its original investment in a project, when net cash flow equals zero. In the calculation of the payback period, the cash flows of the project must first be estimated. The payback period is then a simple calculation.
Describes in detail the steps involved in the calculation of Internal Rate of Return. Useful to students of Under graduate, post graduate and professional course students pursuing course in finance
Payback period (PP) is the number of years it takes for a company to recover its original investment in a project, when net cash flow equals zero. In the calculation of the payback period, the cash flows of the project must first be estimated. The payback period is then a simple calculation.
Describes in detail the steps involved in the calculation of Internal Rate of Return. Useful to students of Under graduate, post graduate and professional course students pursuing course in finance
Understand the nature and importance of investment decisions.
Distinguish between discounted cash flow (DCF) and non-discounted cash flow (non-DCF) techniques of investment evaluation.
Explain the methods of calculating net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR).
Show the implications of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR).
Describe the non-DCF evaluation criteria: payback and accounting rate of return and discuss the reasons for their popularity in practice and their pitfalls.
Illustrate the computation of the discounted payback.
Describe the merits and demerits of the DCF and Non-DCF investment criteria.
Compare and contract NPV and IRR and emphasise the superiority of NPV rule.
This pdf is only to learn payback, timevalue of money and IIr
and there example are also given by me to easy to lean there example if any doute then contact me...
The investment decisions of a firm are generally known as the capital budgeting, or capital expenditure decisions.
The firm’s investment decisions would generally include expansion, acquisition, modernisation and replacement of the long-term assets. Sale of a division or business (divestment) is also as an investment decision.
Decisions like the change in the methods of sales distribution, or an advertisement campaign or a research and development programme have long-term implications for the firm’s expenditures and benefits, and therefore, they should also be evaluated as investment decisions.
Innovative Project Management Practices,Project Management,Cut Time and Cost Overruns,Power Sector,Theory plus Practice,Learning by Doing,Enhance your decision making, Annual Losses in India due to delays cost Rs 125000 crores or USD 25 billion,PERT/CPM.
Understand the nature and importance of investment decisions.
Distinguish between discounted cash flow (DCF) and non-discounted cash flow (non-DCF) techniques of investment evaluation.
Explain the methods of calculating net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR).
Show the implications of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR).
Describe the non-DCF evaluation criteria: payback and accounting rate of return and discuss the reasons for their popularity in practice and their pitfalls.
Illustrate the computation of the discounted payback.
Describe the merits and demerits of the DCF and Non-DCF investment criteria.
Compare and contract NPV and IRR and emphasise the superiority of NPV rule.
This pdf is only to learn payback, timevalue of money and IIr
and there example are also given by me to easy to lean there example if any doute then contact me...
The investment decisions of a firm are generally known as the capital budgeting, or capital expenditure decisions.
The firm’s investment decisions would generally include expansion, acquisition, modernisation and replacement of the long-term assets. Sale of a division or business (divestment) is also as an investment decision.
Decisions like the change in the methods of sales distribution, or an advertisement campaign or a research and development programme have long-term implications for the firm’s expenditures and benefits, and therefore, they should also be evaluated as investment decisions.
Innovative Project Management Practices,Project Management,Cut Time and Cost Overruns,Power Sector,Theory plus Practice,Learning by Doing,Enhance your decision making, Annual Losses in India due to delays cost Rs 125000 crores or USD 25 billion,PERT/CPM.
This presentation reviews literature related to the prevention, detection, mitigation and response to events resulting from low voltage cable failures. The most serious outcomes are manhole fires, explosions and contact voltage electric shocks. Smoking manholes, stray voltage (contact voltage) and service quality complaints are less serious outcomes.
Designing a Cultural Phenomenon into a Digital/Physical Journey - Futurice - ...Service Design Breakfast
#Snapshot is an interactive photography exhibition in which we applied service design methods to build a personal journey for the visitors. The work is a collaboration between Futurice, The Finnish Museum of Photography, Tampere University and Aalto University. The story of how we designed the exhibition will be presented inside the exhibition itself, at The Finnish Museum of Photography, Kaapelitehdas. Presenters: Anna-Kaisa Rastenberger from the museum and Risto Sarvas from Futurice.
Historias del Romanticismo, V: Tesoros del recuerdo. La creación de un museo ...Museo del Romanticismo
En esta quinta sesión de los encuentros "Historias del Romanticismo" hablaremos sobre el poder de los objetos durante el Romanticismo: su significado simbólico, su valor como fuente histórica, y su papel como mediadores de la sensibilidad del individuo del siglo XIX.
HOW TO CREATE THE ULTIMATE ONLINE EXPERIENCE FOR YOUR AUDIENCE With SEMrush w...Doyle Buehler
HOW TO CREATE THE ULTIMATE ONLINE EXPERIENCE FOR YOUR AUDIENCE
This webinar is designed to help you understand what your audience is looking for, and how to improve and create the ultimate online experience to drive sales and leads. Every business online is different, yet there are some key fundamentals and tools that will assist you in creating a digital ecosystem that keeps your audience educated and entertained and more importantly, interested in what you do and how you do it. If you can’t deliver a valuable user experience, you’re only 1 click away from them leaving you forever.
No longer is your website the only thing that your audience will see; you need to be able to manage and utilise all of the different aspects of your value and your brand online. Every thing that you do online, and every channel that you engage in, exposes you to potential customers, as well as exposing why people are not clicking on what you have to offer.
Put simply, Every Body sees Every Thing online. And, if you are not prepared with a solid user experience, you will be left with no one buying and no business. You need to be prepared to deliver an amazing experience to every one you encounter online, at every step along the way to purchasing what you have to offer, whether it is a product or a service.
Are you able to provide proper value through all stages of your buying process within your digital ecosystem? This means being ready for people who want to buy from you right now, but also for 67% of your market that are just not ready to buy… yet. Find out now how to deliver your unique value to your entire audience, consistently, to grow your Return on Investment (ROI), drive more sales and more leads for your business.
This is the webinar that you have been waiting for, to get clarity and get control of everything that you do online.
In this Webinar on Thursday May 21th at 8:00 pm Sydney time, you will learn:
The 3 key strategies to de-clutter your web presence
What 3 tools are critical to building the ultimate user experience
How to coordinate your digital ecosystem so it is not confusing
How to manage your online presence to create raving fans and more importantly, qualified leads
What it takes to entertain and educate your audience
How to tune your website to meet the demanding needs of your audience
The 5 things you need to do to cut through the clutter and noise of online, and breakthrough with your own brand
Marketing Challenge: Can We Profit From Povery?Alain Thys
I made this presentation as a call to action for marketers to get involved in the fight against poverty. Not by "donating more" (though this never hurts) yet by helping to figure out business models which makes it possible to do good and make money. Imho this is the only way "serious money" will go to poverty alleviation.
There are ways to create a Great Place to Work as well as:
- Increase profitability
- Creating an efficient working environment
- Attracting and retaining clients and talented employees
TJennings@OfficeWorks.net
Welcome to Investment & by Challenge Advisory, our approach to supporting technology companies in securing strategic investment.
For further details please feel free to reach out to us for a consultation.
Basically computation of Project Appraisal technique with a special reference to financial parameters - Payback, Discounted Cash flow, NPV, IRR etc are explained. The slides are used for educating those who have taken up Project Finance recently
From Project to Product: Unlocking Product AgilityCprime
Download the associated Webinar on Demand: https://www.cprime.com/resource/webinars/from-project-to-product-unlocking-product-agility/
Adherence to time, budget, and scope has been the gold standard measure of project success since the beginning of time. Most of the time we are super happy if we even get two of those! Now, as the digital world shifts from thinking in fixed-time period projects to ongoing product efforts with associated teams, markets, and horizons, adherence to time, budget, and scope has little do with the actual success of an initiative.
In this talk, Anne Steiner, VP of Product and Technology at Cprime, talks about the challenges and advantages companies and teams unlock when they apply product thinking over project thinking. We’ll explore topics like team formation, budgeting and planning, and reducing cycle times in order to fuel continuous product learning. You’ll be challenged to think beyond traditional project management norms and to elevate the delivery of value as the gold standard for success.
This event was part of Agile 20 Reflect Festival, a global community-led agile event.
Chapter- III Techniques of Capital Budgeting
Concept, Significance, Nature and classification of capital budgeting decisions, cash flow computation- Incremental approach; Evaluation criteria- Pay Back Period, ARR, NPV, IRR and PI methods; capital rationing, Capital budgeting under risk and uncertainty.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand what is meant by International and free trade
- Differentiated between absolute and competitive advantage
- Understand the real-world relevance and limitations of comparative advantage theory
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand what 'Inflation' and 'Deflation' means.
- Differentiate between Inflation and deflation internal and external causes
- Understand what 'Consumer Price Index (CPI)' means
- Realise the limitation of the CPI in forecasting the level of inflation
Theory of the Firm (Product, Cost, Revenue, Profit)ShadiAR
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand what the Theory of The Firm means
- Explain the firm behavior to minimise cost
- Understand the firm behavior to increase productivity and economics efficiency.
- Explain the firms behavior to maximise profit.
- Understand the concept of Economy of Scale.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the concept of quality in business.
- Understand the difference between quality control and quality assurance.
- Understand the concept of total quality management.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand why business hold stocks.
- Recognize the need for optimum stock levels.
- Understand different stock control methods.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the role of production in business.
- Differentiate between the different outputs of the production process.
- Differentiate between the features and applications of the different production methods.
- Understand the nature and value of cost and profit centers in business.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the importance of innovation and research and development for a business.
- Understand the role of importance of intellectual property for a business.
Following this presentation will:
- Understand what motivation is?
- Analyse the intrinsic and extrinsic needs
- Identify different motivational theories and their relevance to business today.
- Differentiate between financial and non financial motivation methods.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the constraint and opportunities presented by labor mobility and demographics.
- Analyse the workforce planning process.
- Identify different methods of recruitment, training, appraisal and dismissal.
- Understand the reasons for work pattern changes and the change consequences.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the merits between small and large organisations.
- Identify the appropriate scale of operation.
- Realise the differences between internal and external growth.
- Understand the concept of economy of scale.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand what is meant by ‘Stakeholder' in business.
- Differentiate between business internal and external stakeholders.
- Understand business responsibilities and rights to stakeholders.
- Identify possible conflicts between stakeholders.
- Identify business options to resolve stakeholders conflicts.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the differences between Internal and External sources of finance.
- Distinguish between long, medium and short term sources of finance.
- Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each form.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand what is meant by ‘Effective Communication’.
- Identify different communication media.
- Understand the barriers to communications and how to overcome them.
Following this presentation you will:
- Identify different cultures and understand their influences on organisation culture.
- Realise the effect of corporate culture on the organisation structure and motivations.
- Understand the consequences of cultural clashes within an organisation.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand the main features of an organisation.
- Identify the main features of the different organisations structures: Tall, Flat and Matrix/Project.
- Understand the importance of setting objectives in managing an organisation.
- Understand the purpose and role of mission and vision statement in managing an organisation.
Following this presentation you will:
- Distinguish between private and public sector organisations.
- Distinguish between different types of profit-based organisation.
- Evaluate the most appropriate form of ownership for a firm.
- Compare and contrast the objectives of non-profit and non-governmental organisations.
Following this presentation you will:
- Understand what business activity involves
- Identify the inputs, outputs and process of the business
- Identify business main functions
- Understand the main sectors of industry
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Objectives
• Understand what investment means.
• Recognize the importance of investment
appraisal to the business.
• Explain different techniques to apprise an
investment and calculate its payback period
• Evaluate the net value of an investment and
its impact on the appraisal process.
by: Shadi A. Razak 2
5. Finance
by: Shadi A. Razak 5
INTRODUCTION
The management of the business
capital, investment and assets to
inform stakeholders about the
business performance and
monetary profile
6. Finance functions
by: Shadi A. Razak 6
INTRODUCTION
Assessment
Acquisition
Handling
Accounting
Manage the business
finances and produce
financial statements
discuss the business
long term monetary
performance
Manage the business
day-to-day accounts and
produce accounting
statements, which
discuss business cost and
profit
7. Finance and Accounting
by: Shadi A. Razak 7
INTRODUCTION
Finance
• The
management
of the business
capital and
investments
Accounting
• The control
and
management
of the business
day to day
operations
8. •
Finance and Accounting
by: Shadi A. Razak 8
INTRODUCTION
Cash invested in
• Factory building
• Machinery
• IT systems
Cash spent on
• Daily business
processes:
• Office administrations
• Energy costs
• Salaries
• Raw materials
9. Finance and Accounting
by: Shadi A. Razak 9
INTRODUCTION
Capital Revenue
Source: http://www.cleantechcapitaladvisors.com/wp-
content/themes/cleantech/img/practices-capital.jpg
Source: http://www.mindupstudios.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/09/revenue.png
10. • Long term non-current assets, which have an
economic life in business.
• These assets are acquired with intend to be
kept and not transformed into products or
sales.
Capital
by: Shadi A. Razak 10
INTRODUCTION
11. • Business try to use their capital to:
– Increase production capacity
– Replace outdated, broken, or worn out
equipments
– Deploy improved process or technology
– Comply with changing regulations and quality
standards
Capital
by: Shadi A. Razak 11
INTRODUCTION
12. • Has to address:
– Scarcity of finance in business
– Availability and viability of different sources of
finance
– Assess the risk of the investment
– Assess the investment return
Capital expenditure decision
by: Shadi A. Razak 12
INTRODUCTION
13. Investment appraisal
• The process of analysing the viability of an
investment project.
by: Shadi A. Razak 13
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRISEAL
Source: http://pd.mia.org.my/wp-
content/uploads/2014/03/Investment-appraisal-21-600x399.jpg
14. Investment appraisal
• Quantitative techniques: assess financial
feasibility of the project.
• Qualitative techniques: assess the non-
financial issues that impacts the investment
by: Shadi A. Razak 14
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRISEAL
Source: http://pd.mia.org.my/wp-
content/uploads/2014/03/Investment-
appraisal-21-600x399.jpg
15. Types of quantitative techniques
• Payback Period
• Average Rate of Return (ARR)
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
• Profitability Index
• Net Present Value (discounted cash flow)
by: Shadi A. Razak 15
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
16. Required information
• Initial capital cost investment
• Estimated life expectancy: life time in years or months
• Residual value of investment: what the assets cost at
the end of their life cycle
• Forecasted net returns or net cash flow from the
project: expected returns of investment – annual running
cost
by: Shadi A. Razak 16
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
17. Required information
by: Shadi A. Razak 17
INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.tutor2u.net
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
18. Payback period
by: Shadi A. Razak 18
INTRODUCTION
The length of time taken
to pay back the original
capital cost of the
investment
Requires information
on the returns the
investment generates
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
19. Payback period
• Could occur during the year.
• Can be calculated
by: Shadi A. Razak 19
INTRODUCTION
Duration x Initial Investment
Payback = ------------------------------------------
Total Cash Received
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
20. Payback period
• Cost of machine = £500,000
• Annual cash flow = £250,000
• Calculate this project payback period.
by: Shadi A. Razak 20
INTRODUCTION
Years Income
Year 1 250,000
Year 2 250,000
Year 3 250,000
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
21. Payback period
• Cost of machine = £500,000
• Annual cash flow = £250,000
• Payback period = 36 X 500,000 / 750,000 = 24
months = 2 years
by: Shadi A. Razak 21
INTRODUCTION
Years Income
Year 1 250,000
Year 2 250,000
Year 3 250,000
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
22. Payback period
by: Shadi A. Razak 22
INTRODUCTION
• Can be identified
Source:http://www.tutor2u.net
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
23. Payback period
by: Shadi A. Razak 23
INTRODUCTION
» Simple and easy to
calculate
» Focus on cash
» Suitable for short term
decision
» Useful for rapidly
changing markets
» Ignores cash-flow
after payback has been
reached
» Disregards time value
of money
» Encourage short-term
thinking
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
24. Average rate of return (ARR)
by: Shadi A. Razak 24
INTRODUCTION
Compares the return (profit) generated
by the investment with the cost of the
investment
Source: http://cnafinance.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Average-Rate-of-Return.jpg
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
25. Average rate of return (ARR)
by: Shadi A. Razak 25
INTRODUCTION
Source: http://cnafinance.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Average-Rate-of-Return.jpg
ARR =
Initial cost of investment
Average annual return ( profit ) *
* Net cash-flow
X 100
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
26. Average rate of return (ARR)
• Investment (Live) is expected to yield an annual
cash-flow of £10,000 for the next 5 years
• Initial cost of (Live) is £20,000
• Total profit is £30,000
• Calculate the average rate of return.
by: Shadi A. Razak 26
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
27. Average rate of return (ARR)
• Investment (Live) is expected to yield an annual
cash-flow of £10,000 for the next 5 years
• Initial cost of (Live) is £20,000
• Total profit is £30,000
• Annual profit = £30,000/5 = £6,000
• ARR= (6,000/20,000) X 100 = 30%
by: Shadi A. Razak 27
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
28. Average rate of return (ARR)
by: Shadi A. Razak 28
INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.tutor2u.net
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
29. Average rate of return (ARR)
by: Shadi A. Razak 29
INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.tutor2u.net
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
30. Average rate of return (ARR)
by: Shadi A. Razak 30
INTRODUCTION
» Focus on profitability
for shareholders
» Consider all of the
returns
» Allow investment
comparison
» Ignore the timing of
return
» Disregards time value
of money
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
31. Net present value (NPV)
by: Shadi A. Razak 31
INTRODUCTION
Calculates the monetary value today
of the investments future cash-flow
Source: http://www.or-as.be/sites/default/files/images/blog_pics/npv.jpg
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
32. Net present value (NPV)
• Takes into account the fact that money value
change with time
• Value of money is affected by interest rates,
which are the result of the societal and
political environment
by: Shadi A. Razak 32
INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.or-as.be/sites/default/files/images/blog_pics/npv.jpg
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
34. Net present value (NPV)
by: Shadi A. Razak 34
INTRODUCTION
The principle:
How much would you need to
invest today to earn x amount in x
years time?
Source: http://www.or-as.be/sites/default/files/images/blog_pics/npv.jpg
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
35. Net present value (NPV)
by: Shadi A. Razak 35
INTRODUCTION
How much would you have to
invest now to earn £100 in one
year’s time if the interest rate was
5%?
Source: http://www.or-as.be/sites/default/files/images/blog_pics/npv.jpg
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
36. Net present value (NPV)
by: Shadi A. Razak 36
INTRODUCTION
How much would you have to
invest now to earn £100 in one
year’s time if the interest rate was
5%?
Source: http://www.or-as.be/sites/default/files/images/blog_pics/npv.jpg
£95
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
37. Net present value (NPV)
• Project (Happy) costs £1,000,000
• After 5 years the cash returns is 10% = 100,000
• A bank offered you an interest of 12% if you invested
the £1 million into them.
• Which one would you consider ?
by: Shadi A. Razak 37
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
38. Net present value (NPV)
• The time value of money depends on:
– The interest rate: the higher the rate the less value
future cash in today’s money
– Time: the longer in future to receive cash the less value it
has today
by: Shadi A. Razak 38
INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.or-as.be/sites/default/files/images/blog_pics/npv.jpg
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
39. Net present value (NPV)
• The present value (PV) of money:
by: Shadi A. Razak 39
INTRODUCTION
i : interest rate
PV =
( 1 + i )
Future value
n
n : number of years
DiscountingCashFlow
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
40. Net present value (NPV)
• The present value (PV) of money:
by: Shadi A. Razak 40
INTRODUCTION
PV = Cash-flow X discount factor
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
41. Net present value (NPV)
by: Shadi A. Razak 41
INTRODUCTION
Years Discerption Return Cost Net
Return
Discount
Factor @
10%
Present
Value
0 Initial Capital 0 4000 (4000) X 1.00 = -4000
1 Operation 3000 1750 1250 X 0.91 = 1138
2 Operation 4000 2000 200 X 0.83 = 1660
3 Operation 4500 2250 2250 X 0.75 = 1688
4 Operation 4500 2250 2250 X 0.68 = 1530
5 Operation 3000 1750 1250 X 0.62 = 775
NPV + 2791
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
42. Net present value (NPV)
by: Shadi A. Razak 42
INTRODUCTION
» Consider both the
timing and size of return
» Flexible to
accommodate the
changes in discount rate
» Consider time value of
money and opportunity
cost
» Complex to calculate
and explain
» Depends on the rate
of discount
» Only compare with
projects that have the
same initial capital cost
INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
HL
43. Non-numerical factors
• Aims and objectives of the business
• Length of the project
• Size of the investment
• Economic and Societal environment
• Market environment
• Management experience
• Risk level
by: Shadi A. Razak 43
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES QUALTITATIVE TECH
HL
44. Summary
• Explained what investment means in business
• Discussed the importance of investment appraisal
to the business
• Explained the different techniques to apprise an
investment and calculate its payback period,
Average rate of return, and Net value return
• Understand the impact of non-financial factors on
business investment decision
by: Shadi A. Razak 44
INTRODUCTION INVESTMENT APPRIASAL QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES QUALTITATIVE TECH