This document analyzes heavy metal contents in three Malawian medicinal plants - Vernonia glabra leaves, Trichodesma zeylanicum roots, and Securidaca longepedunculata roots. Samples were digested and analyzed using a microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometer. The study found:
1) Highest metal concentrations were iron in S. longepedunculata (42.47 ppm), magnesium in T. zeylanicum (21.03 ppm), and iron in V. glabra (13.89 ppm).
2) Metal levels in all three plants were within WHO limits except S. longepedunculata, which
A Reliable and High Yielding Method for Isolation of Genomic DNA from Ammi MajusSandip Magdum
The developed protocol describes a cheaper, quicker and reliable method for the isolation of pure DNA from medicinal herbs, such as Ammi majus, which produces the secondary metabolites xanthotoxin and berganpectane having immense medicinal importance. Use of CTAB, liquid nitrogen and EDTA in different isolation protocols analyzed for A. majus, all were ended with polysaccharide and protein contamination with low purity of DNA (A260/280=1.3-1.6), revealed a need for method modification for the inexpensive and rapid isolation of pure DNA. Developed reliable and competent protocol isolated enough pure DNA (A260/280=1.81) without following time consuming lengthy steps and hazardous chemicals used in other protocols, which increase experimental costs, risk, and need expertise to perform. The explained protocol requires few chemicals and little time to obtain pure DNA having yield 688 μg/g of A. majus. A higher quantity of isolated DNA obtained from young fresh leaf samples than from either the callus or stem. A. majus is a pharmaceutically important medicinal herb, and the present protocol aids in the analysis and modification of its genes.
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Profile of Trace Elements in Selected Medicinal Plants of North East IndiaIOSR Journals
Trace elements like Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and major elements K and Ca were quantified in ten selected medicinal plants of North East India by using Proton Induced X- ray Emission (PIXE) technique. No toxic heavy metals such as As, Hg, Pb and Cd were detected. The concentration (ppm) of the elements in the studied plants was found to be as follows: manganese(10 to1800 ), iron(27 to 836), copper(6 to140), zinc(10 to 160), potassium(14120 to 76950) and calcium(1660 to 32030). The levels of trace metals present in the plants was found to be beyond the safety standards of WHO in edible plants but around the permissible range for consumed medicinal herbs as defined for different countries.
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase fr...ijtsrd
An orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most common fruits in the world. The wastes generated from the orange fruit needs to be put in to beneficial use. In this study the primary wastes (peel) of orange is use for preparation of prunin. a-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) secreted by Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4644 are potential catalysis in hydrolysis of naringin content present in orange peels. a-L-rhamnosidase from the culture filtrate of a fungal strain, Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4446 has been purified to homogeneity. The procedure involved concentration by ultra filtration and cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band corresponding to molecular mass of 40.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis showing that the enzyme preparation was pure. The native PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme also gave single protein band confirming the purity of the enzyme preparation. Using p-nitro phenyl -a-L-rhamnopyranoside as substrate, Km and kcat values of the enzyme were 0.48 mM and 28. 4 s-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme is stable below10ºC and at pH 4.5. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation of enzyme determined by Arrhenius plot was 32.06 k J mol-1.The enzyme hydrolyzed naringin content of orange peel to L-rhamnose and prunin. Sarita Yadav"Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus Flavipus MTCC- 4644" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16969.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/biochemistry/16969/prunin-production-from-orange-peel-naringin-hydrolyzed-by-a-l-rhamnosidase-from-aspergillus-flavipus--mtcc--4644/sarita-yadav
A Reliable and High Yielding Method for Isolation of Genomic DNA from Ammi MajusSandip Magdum
The developed protocol describes a cheaper, quicker and reliable method for the isolation of pure DNA from medicinal herbs, such as Ammi majus, which produces the secondary metabolites xanthotoxin and berganpectane having immense medicinal importance. Use of CTAB, liquid nitrogen and EDTA in different isolation protocols analyzed for A. majus, all were ended with polysaccharide and protein contamination with low purity of DNA (A260/280=1.3-1.6), revealed a need for method modification for the inexpensive and rapid isolation of pure DNA. Developed reliable and competent protocol isolated enough pure DNA (A260/280=1.81) without following time consuming lengthy steps and hazardous chemicals used in other protocols, which increase experimental costs, risk, and need expertise to perform. The explained protocol requires few chemicals and little time to obtain pure DNA having yield 688 μg/g of A. majus. A higher quantity of isolated DNA obtained from young fresh leaf samples than from either the callus or stem. A. majus is a pharmaceutically important medicinal herb, and the present protocol aids in the analysis and modification of its genes.
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Profile of Trace Elements in Selected Medicinal Plants of North East IndiaIOSR Journals
Trace elements like Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and major elements K and Ca were quantified in ten selected medicinal plants of North East India by using Proton Induced X- ray Emission (PIXE) technique. No toxic heavy metals such as As, Hg, Pb and Cd were detected. The concentration (ppm) of the elements in the studied plants was found to be as follows: manganese(10 to1800 ), iron(27 to 836), copper(6 to140), zinc(10 to 160), potassium(14120 to 76950) and calcium(1660 to 32030). The levels of trace metals present in the plants was found to be beyond the safety standards of WHO in edible plants but around the permissible range for consumed medicinal herbs as defined for different countries.
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase fr...ijtsrd
An orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most common fruits in the world. The wastes generated from the orange fruit needs to be put in to beneficial use. In this study the primary wastes (peel) of orange is use for preparation of prunin. a-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) secreted by Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4644 are potential catalysis in hydrolysis of naringin content present in orange peels. a-L-rhamnosidase from the culture filtrate of a fungal strain, Aspergillus flavipus MTCC-4446 has been purified to homogeneity. The procedure involved concentration by ultra filtration and cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band corresponding to molecular mass of 40.0 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis showing that the enzyme preparation was pure. The native PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme also gave single protein band confirming the purity of the enzyme preparation. Using p-nitro phenyl -a-L-rhamnopyranoside as substrate, Km and kcat values of the enzyme were 0.48 mM and 28. 4 s-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme is stable below10ºC and at pH 4.5. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation of enzyme determined by Arrhenius plot was 32.06 k J mol-1.The enzyme hydrolyzed naringin content of orange peel to L-rhamnose and prunin. Sarita Yadav"Prunin Production From Orange Peel Naringin Hydrolyzed By a-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus Flavipus MTCC- 4644" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16969.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/biochemistry/16969/prunin-production-from-orange-peel-naringin-hydrolyzed-by-a-l-rhamnosidase-from-aspergillus-flavipus--mtcc--4644/sarita-yadav
Effect of Colchicine Tablets on Morphology of Torenia fournieridrboon
The effects of colchicine tablets on Torenia fournieri were studied. Leaves were cut and soaked in different concentrations of colchicine solution: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days. The survival rate decreased when colchicine concentration and treatment duration were increased. The stomata length was found to be greater in the putative polyploids. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the nuclear DNA of putative polyploid Torenia plants was doubled relative to that of control diploid plants, and microscopy results confirmed that the chromosome number of the tetraploid plants was 2n = 4x = 36. The highest frequency of tetraploid induction was 6.67% at 15 ppm of colchicine solution soaked for 3 days. Morphological characteristics of tetraploid and diploid plants were compared. The results showed that growth of tetraploid plants were less than diploid plants. Tetraploid plants also had larger leaves and flower sizes when compared with diploid plants.
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Techniques of DNA Extraction, Purification and QuantificationBHUMI GAMETI
Introduction
The overall process…
Uses of isolated genomic DNA
Extraction of DNA from plant material
Components of DNA extraction solutions
Cell Lysis or Cell disruption :
Purification of DNA
CTAB Method
Phenol–chloroform extraction
PROTEINASE K
Salting out
Silica adsorption method
Magnetic beads
FTA Paper
Nucleic acid quantification
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
UV spectroscopy
DNA quantification using NanoDrop
Effect of BA NAA and 2,4-D on Micropropagation of Jiaogulan (Gynostemma penta...drboon
Shoots tips and axillary buds of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l BA. After 12 weeks, new shoots came out and the MS medium contained with 1.0 mg/l BA gave the highest shoots (7.28 shoots) and their average height was 2.22 cm. Young leaves were used as explants for callus induction. Explants were cultured on MS supplemented with vary concentration of 2,4-D ( 0.1,0.5 and 1.0 mg/l ). After 12 weeks, explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D gave the biggest callus which their average diameter were 0.9375 cm. When cultured explants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino on MS medium supplemented with combination of (0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) BA and (0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) NAA for 12 weeks. The highest average new shoots were induced from MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA which was 6.8 shoots, and MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA and 0.05 mg/l NAA gave the lowest average new shoots (2.7 shoots), and the average root length (1.8 cm). Plantlets were complete and ready for transplanting to in vivo.
Isolation and characterization of a fungus for extracellular synthesis of sma...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
The use of biogenic selenium nanoparticles for various purposes is going to be an issue of considerable importance; thus, appropriate simple methods should be developed and tested for the synthesis and recovery of these nanoparticles. In this study, a fungus was isolated from a soil sample, identified as Aspergillus terreus and used for extracellular synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs). UV–Vis spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum studies were carried out to confirm Se NPs formation within 60 min. Dynamic light scattering and scan electron microscopic methods were also used to characterize both size and shapes of the Se NPs. The results show that spherical particles with average size of 47 nm were formed by adding a culture supernatant of A. terreus to selenium ions solution. This approach appears to be an easy and appropriate method for extracellular synthesis of small Se NPs. Extracellular synthesis of small Se NPs has not been reported yet.
The technique of molecular biology like DNA isolation, RNA isolation, PCR, Western blot, RFLP, etc was developed with development in science. This presentation includes the method of DNA and RNA isolation and their Quantification techniques.
Isolation and Purification of Chromosomal DNA,Plasmid DNA,Bacteriophage DNA used in Recombinant DNA Technology or Biotechnology to produce Recombinant DNA or Desired DNA
Effect of Colchicine Tablets on Morphology of Torenia fournieridrboon
The effects of colchicine tablets on Torenia fournieri were studied. Leaves were cut and soaked in different concentrations of colchicine solution: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days. The survival rate decreased when colchicine concentration and treatment duration were increased. The stomata length was found to be greater in the putative polyploids. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the nuclear DNA of putative polyploid Torenia plants was doubled relative to that of control diploid plants, and microscopy results confirmed that the chromosome number of the tetraploid plants was 2n = 4x = 36. The highest frequency of tetraploid induction was 6.67% at 15 ppm of colchicine solution soaked for 3 days. Morphological characteristics of tetraploid and diploid plants were compared. The results showed that growth of tetraploid plants were less than diploid plants. Tetraploid plants also had larger leaves and flower sizes when compared with diploid plants.
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Techniques of DNA Extraction, Purification and QuantificationBHUMI GAMETI
Introduction
The overall process…
Uses of isolated genomic DNA
Extraction of DNA from plant material
Components of DNA extraction solutions
Cell Lysis or Cell disruption :
Purification of DNA
CTAB Method
Phenol–chloroform extraction
PROTEINASE K
Salting out
Silica adsorption method
Magnetic beads
FTA Paper
Nucleic acid quantification
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
UV spectroscopy
DNA quantification using NanoDrop
Effect of BA NAA and 2,4-D on Micropropagation of Jiaogulan (Gynostemma penta...drboon
Shoots tips and axillary buds of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l BA. After 12 weeks, new shoots came out and the MS medium contained with 1.0 mg/l BA gave the highest shoots (7.28 shoots) and their average height was 2.22 cm. Young leaves were used as explants for callus induction. Explants were cultured on MS supplemented with vary concentration of 2,4-D ( 0.1,0.5 and 1.0 mg/l ). After 12 weeks, explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D gave the biggest callus which their average diameter were 0.9375 cm. When cultured explants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino on MS medium supplemented with combination of (0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) BA and (0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) NAA for 12 weeks. The highest average new shoots were induced from MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA which was 6.8 shoots, and MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA and 0.05 mg/l NAA gave the lowest average new shoots (2.7 shoots), and the average root length (1.8 cm). Plantlets were complete and ready for transplanting to in vivo.
Isolation and characterization of a fungus for extracellular synthesis of sma...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
The use of biogenic selenium nanoparticles for various purposes is going to be an issue of considerable importance; thus, appropriate simple methods should be developed and tested for the synthesis and recovery of these nanoparticles. In this study, a fungus was isolated from a soil sample, identified as Aspergillus terreus and used for extracellular synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs). UV–Vis spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum studies were carried out to confirm Se NPs formation within 60 min. Dynamic light scattering and scan electron microscopic methods were also used to characterize both size and shapes of the Se NPs. The results show that spherical particles with average size of 47 nm were formed by adding a culture supernatant of A. terreus to selenium ions solution. This approach appears to be an easy and appropriate method for extracellular synthesis of small Se NPs. Extracellular synthesis of small Se NPs has not been reported yet.
The technique of molecular biology like DNA isolation, RNA isolation, PCR, Western blot, RFLP, etc was developed with development in science. This presentation includes the method of DNA and RNA isolation and their Quantification techniques.
Isolation and Purification of Chromosomal DNA,Plasmid DNA,Bacteriophage DNA used in Recombinant DNA Technology or Biotechnology to produce Recombinant DNA or Desired DNA
There are many of similarities between forex trading and Futures. First, they both use the same platforms, charts and pricing methods, authorize traders to guess the price movements of commodities, indices and currencies all from one account.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Toxicity Studies on Methanolic Leaf Extract of Rothmannia Longiflora: Biochem...paperpublications3
Abstract: Aqueous decoction of leaves of Rothmannia longiflora is consumed by many people in the management of pain and inflammation in Nigeria and other African countries without considering its safety. The effects of the extract on functions of the kidney and the liver were investigated in 40 wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats per group. The first group was the control and the other 3 groups were the study groups. The oral lethal dose of the extract was determined and was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg indicating its safety. Different doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg were administered daily to the study groups for the periods of 30 days (sub-chronic toxicity studies) and 90 days (chronic toxicity study). Kidney and Liver function tests were assessed using standard techniques. There was no statistically significant change in the hepatic profile with the extract treated groups and control. Similarly, the extract produced no significant change in the kidney function parameters. This result showed that extract did not produce a change in the kidney function following sub-chronic and chronic administration. However, the extract produced significant change in the liver function parameters at high dose after 90 days administration.
Nanoparticle of plant extract: A Novel approach for cancer therapyroshan telrandhe
Presented in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ;A Phytomedicine : A Novel Approach For Cancer Treatment. Sponsered By Indian Councial Of Medical Research, Delhi. OrganisedBy KamlaNehru College Of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur441108, Maharastra, India. ON 25 & 26 March 2017
Analysis of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro antioxidant activities of G...ijtsrd
Gongronema latifolium is primarily used as spice and vegetable as well as a herb in traditional medicine in the treatment of malaria, diabetes and hypertension. This study is aimed at providing in vitro laboratory knowledge on Gongronema latifolium leaves.Methods: Minerals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while phyto-nutrients were screened using standard laboratory procedures. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging and reducing power activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Usunobun Usunomena | Igwe V. Chinwe"Analysis of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro antioxidant activities of Gongronema latifolium leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd87.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/87/analysis-of-phytochemicals-minerals-and-in-vitro-antioxidant-activities-of-gongronema-latifolium-leaves/usunobun-usunomena
Heavy Metals and Microbial Contamination in Medicinesalfachemistry
Heavy Metals and Microbial Contamination in Medicines. Learn more at https://www.alfachemic.com/testinglab/applicationnote/Heavy-Metals-and-Microbial-Contamination.html
Pixe for Elemental Analysis of Domestic Medicinal Plants in Bangladeshijrap
The medicinal plants are a source of biologically important elements which are necessary both for animals
and plants. Present study investigates the concentration of elemental constituents of seven selected
medicinally important plants of Bangladesh, namely Terminalia bellirica, Centella asiatica, Pleurotus
ostreatus, Curcuma longa, Bombax ceiba and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Appropriately desiccated
samples (pellets) of these medicinal plants were bombarded with accelerated proton beam with the help of
3 MV Van de Graff accelerator at accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka. Eleven
different elements- P, S, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cd and I were detected by collecting the harvested X-rays
with [Si(Li)] detector. Data collection and analysis were performed using Maestro-32 and GUPIX
software
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
Comprehensive study on pharmacognostic, physico and phytochemical evaluation ...Uploadworld
Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Family-Combretaceae) is commonly known as Arjun tree and valued for its medicinal uses. In the present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic study of T. arjuna stem bark (TASB) is carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful in forthcoming experimental studies.
Nanoparticle of plant extract: A Novel approach for cancer theraproshan telrandhe
Nanotechnology deals regulating matter at dimension of 1-100 nanometers. its use in fundamental physics, biology, chemistry, technology of nanometer scale objects. It also includes how such objects can be used in the areas of computation, sensors, nanostructure materials, biolabeling, biomedical, agricultural, biolabeling , cancer, biotechnology. There are 3 methods for preparation of nanoparticles Physical, chemical &biological. Cancer is as an abnormal growth of cells. It is due to lack of proper regulation in cell cycle. Cancer develops through an accumulation of genetic changes or mutations which could emerge due to different factors like physical, chemical, biological. Currently available cancer chemotherapeutic agents insidiously affect the host cells especially bone marrow, epithelial tissues, reticule-endothelial system and gonads Because of high death rate associated with cancer and the serious side effects of chemotherapy & radiation therapy. Silver NanoParticles as an anticancer agent and they have all turned up positive. Many plant-derived products have been reported to exhibit potent antitumour activity against several rodent and human cancer cell lines. Plants history about use in the treatment of cancer. It is significant that over 60% of currently used anticancer agents are derived, in one way or another, from natural sources (plants, marine organism, and microorganisms)
Comparative analysis of mineral constituents of ethanol leaf and seed extract...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Medicinal plants contain numerous biologically active compounds such as minerals which have physiological actions on the human body. This work was designed to analyse the mineral composition of Datura stramonium (D. stramonium) leaf and seed extracts. Dry leaves and seeds of D. stramonium were pulverized. The powdered sample was used for the extraction using 98% ethanol. Standard methods were used in the determination of the mineral contents. The study result showed the order of trace minerals composition of D. stramonium leaves and seed were as follows: Fe>Cu>Mn>Zn>Ni>Co and Cu>Fe>Zn>Mn>Ni>Co, respectively. The result showed higher value of trace minerals in D. stramonium leaves than the seed. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in the trace elements levels of the leaves and seeds with the leaves having higher mineral levels than the seed. The result also showed that macro minerals of D. stramonium leaves and seed were in this order: Mg>Ca>K>P. D. stramonium leaves had higher quantities of macro mineral than the seeds. D. stramonium leaves and seed used for this study have proved to be very important in drug research and development, because of the mineral composition that are present in appreciable amount. These minerals could contribute to the various pharmacological attributes of this plant. However, further research is necessary to determine other bioactive constituents present in this plant and their mechanism of action.
Keywords: Minerals, Datura stramonium, trace elements, macro mineral, medicinal plants, active compounds
Here, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilizing extract of Psidium guajava. In
this study leaf was with extricated alcohol, further this extract is utilized for the preparation of nanoparticles followed by treatment with silver nitrate solution. Color change from colorless to dark-yellow and
SPR band (UV-Vis) 420nm which indicates the synthesis of plant reduced silver nanoparticles. The presences of proteins as capping agent, which increase the stability of AgNPs in the colloids, are characterized
by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the presence at spherical AgNPs in the range of 15-30nm. The bactericidal activity of standard
antibiotics was essentially expanded in the presence of AgNPs against pathogenic bacteria, S Aureus,
Staphylococcus, E Coli, P Putida and fungus A Niger.
Similar to Investigation_of_Heavy_Metals_Contents_i (20)
Aqueous Stable Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Nimble Leaves of Psidium Gua...
Investigation_of_Heavy_Metals_Contents_i
1. American Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics www.pubicon.in
American Journal of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapeutics
Investigation of Heavy Metals Contents in
Malawian Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke
Leaves, Trichodesma zeylanicum Roots and
Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) Roots
Frank Ngonda*
Department of Biological Sciences, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 280,
Zomba, Malawi
*Corresponding author e-mail: ngondafb@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
Medicinal plants are a source of chemical substances that have different biological activities
including treatment of diseases. Trichodesma zeylanicumm, Securidaca longepedunculata and
Vernonia glabra are some of the medicinal plants used in Malawi to treat wound infections and
other diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the essential and non
essential heavy metals present in the three medicinal plants. The samples were digested by dry
digestion method and analysed using microwave plasma – atomic emission spectrometer system.
It was observed that the highest levels of metal concentration was recorded for iron (42.47 ppm)
found in S. longepedunculata, followed by Magnesium (21.03 ppm) in T. zeylanicum and also
iron (13.89 ppm) in V. glabra. The results shows that the levels of heavy metals in the three
medicinal plants are within the WHO permissible range except for S. longepedunculata which
have higher levels of toxic element, chromium, 2.76 ppm.
Keywords: Trichodesma zeylanicumm, Securidaca longepedunculata, Vernonia glabra, Dry
digestion method, Microwave plasma–atomic emission spectrometer system.
INTRODUCTION
Contamination with heavy metal of
herbs may happen during the growing in the
field, processing and handling¹ and it is
important to have quality medicinal herbs in
order to protect the 80 % of the developing
world population which depends on them for
their primary health care needs. Some of
heavy metals are essential in very small
concentrations; however, exposure to trace
and heavy metals above the permissible
Original Article
2. Ngonda _____________________________________________________ ISSN 2393-8862
AJPP[1][1][2014]016-021
range affects human health and may result in
illnesses to human². This problem is more
serious in Malawi, where medicinal plants
products are neither controlled nor properly
regulated by quality assurance parameters.
Trichodesma zeylanicumm belongs
to the family Boraginaceae, and it is a
densely bristly-hairy annual herbal plant that
can grow up to 1 metre. Leaves are narrowly
elliptic, while flowers becomes nodding, in
terminal 1-sided bracteates inflorescences.
Sepals are bristly hairy enlarging in fruit.
Corrolla (7-9 mm), are scarcely exserted
from the sepals, lobes pale blue to lilac or
pinkish³. According to Gurib-Fakim et al
1997, T. zeylanicumm powdered roots are
applied externally on wounds⁴ and skin as
analgesic. And in 1984, Msonthi isolated
squalene and other known phytosterols
compounds from the leaves and
recommended the plant as a good source of
steroidal hormone precursors because of the
high yield. The plant has also been reported
to contain the low toxic alkaloids supinine⁵.
Securidaca longepedunculata
belongs to the family of polygalaceae widely
distributed in Western and Southern Africa
and almost all the parts of the plant are
reported to be used in disease management⁶.
The plant is a savanna shrub with twisted
bole or slender erect branches and grows up
to 30 ft high and in Malawi, the leaves and
roots are used to treat wounds, coughs,
venereal diseases, diarrhoea⁷, snake bites,
bilharzias and other ailments⁸.
Vernonia glabra belongs to the
family of asteraceae and is herbaceous
perennial plant with flowers grouped in
dense clusters at the tip of the stem and
grows up to 4-5 ft high. It is widely used in
Malawi for treatment of pneumonia and
stomach ailments⁹. The leaf ash or crushed
leaves rubbed into scarification around the
snake bite is used as antidote¹⁰.
Therefore, the objective of this study
was to determine the essential and non
essential heavy metals present in medicinal
plants; Trichodesma zeylanicumm, Vernonia
glabra and S. longepedunculata commonly
used in Malawi to treat wound infections
using microwave plasma – atomic emission
spectrometer system.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Collection of plant
The medicinal plants Trichodesma
zeylanicumm, Vernonia glabra and S.
Longepedunculata were collected from
Zomba and Machinga districts and identified
by Mr. I.H. Patel at Malawi Herbarium and
Botanical Gardens with voucher specimen
numbers 18930, 34810 (Masiye, Zomba
15˚19ʹS 35˚18ʹE ) and 887 (EJ Tawakali and
I.H. Patel, Machinga 15˚07ʹS 35˚27ʹE)
respectively. The roots and leaves were
separately shade dried, finely powdered
using a blender and kept in airtight
polyethylene bags at room temperature in
the dark until used.
Determination of toxic metals
The standard procedure for
determination of toxic metals described in
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(2000) was used for the preparation of
samples for the analysis. Accurately
weighted (2 g) sample was transferred into a
silica crucible and kept in a furnace for
ashing at 450 °C for 3 hours and then 5 mL
HCl was added to the crucible. Care was
taken to ensure that all the acid was in
contact with the ash. Further, the crucible
containing acid solution was kept on a hot
plate and digested to obtain a clean solution.
The final residue was dissolved in 0.1M
HNO₃ solution and made up to 50 ml.
Working standard solutions were prepared
by diluting the stock solution (prepared
solution), with 0.1M nitric acid in order to
check the linearity.
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AJPP[1][1][2014]016-021
Calibration of equipment
For the elements under investigation,
the following are calibration parameter: Fe
(259.94 nm), 0 and 0.55 ppm; Mn (403.076
nm), 0 and 0.55 ppm; Cd (228.802 nm), 0
and 1.10 ppm; Mg (285.213 nm), 0 and
0.451 ppm; Cu (324.754 nm), 0 and 0.55
ppm); Zn (213.857nm), 0 and 0.55 ppm; Cr
(425.433 nm), 0 and 0.66 ppm; Pb
(405.781nm) 0 and 0.66 ppm.
Preparation of blank solution
The blank solutions were treated the
same digestion procedure as that of the
sample.
Preparation of standards solution
The stock solution for Pb, Cd, Mn,
Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe and Mg were procured from
Merck and solutions of varying
concentrations were prepared for all the
metals by diluting the standards.
Procedure for herbal sample analysis
The sample were analysed using the
Agilent 4100 Microwave Plasma-Atomic
Emission Spectrometer System (MP-AES)
for heavy metals; Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu,
Fe and Mg. All necessary precautions were
followed to avoid any possible
contamination of samples as per AOAC
guidelines.
Data Collection
The levels of heavy metals present in
the extract were expressed as mean of heavy
metal concentration (ppm) ±S.D of three
replicates. Calibration functions for each
element was determined. Concentration of
each metal in the medicinal plants was
calculated from the calibration functions.
Data Analysis
The null hypothesis being tested in
the study is that there is no significant heavy
metal present in the selected medicinal
plant. The mean and the S.D of each herbal
plant extract were used and calculated
values of the heavy metal concentrations of
the herbal extract computed.
RESULTS
Table 1 and Figure 1 shows analysis
results of the levels of heavy metal
concentration of Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe
and Mg present in the Securidaca
longepedunculata, Vernonia glabra and
Trichodesma zeylanicum plants.
Lead
The results obtained indicate that the
high concentration of lead was found in
Vernonia glabra 0.15 ppm compared to
Securidaca longepedunculata 0.11 ppm and
Trichodesma zeylanicum 0.03 ppm. The
WHO prescribed limit for lead content in
herbal medicine is 10 ppm. Lead is a non-
essential trace elements having function
neither in human body nor in plant. They
induce various toxic effects in humans at low
dose with such symptoms of lead poisoning
as follows; colic, anemia, headache,
convulsions and chronic nephritis of the
kidney, brain damage and central nervous
disorder¹¹.
Cadmium
The results obtained show that there
were no traces of cadmium found in Vernonia
glabra while 0.11 ppm was found in
Trichodesma zeylanicum and 0.19 ppm in
Securidaca longepedunculata. The
permissible limit for cadmium set by WHO is
0.3 ppm. Cadmium intoxication can lead to
kidney, bone and pulmonary damage¹².
Manganese
The results obtained show that
manganese content was higher in
Trichodesma zeylanicum at 14.80 ppm
compared to 4.70 ppm found in Vernonia
glabra and 10.15 ppm in Securidaca
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AJPP[1][1][2014]016-021
longepedunculata. However, WHO has not
yet established the limit of manganese in
medicinal plants.
Zinc
The results obtained indicate that high
concentration of zinc was found in Securidaca
longepedunculata 0.71 ppm compared to 0.57
ppm in Vernonia glabra and 0.45 ppm found
in Trichodesma zeylanicum. Zinc is an
essential trace element and plays an important
role in various cell processes including bone
formation and wound healing.
Chromium
The results obtained show that high
concentration of chromium was found in
Securidaca longepedunculata 2.76 ppm
compared to 0.60 ppm in Trichodesma
zeylanicum and 0.11 ppm in Vernonia glabra.
WHO limit for chromium has not been
established, however, permissible limit for
chromium in Canada is 2 ppm for raw
medicinal plant material. It can be observed
that Securidaca longepedunculata contains
high levels of chromium above the
permissible limits of 2 ppm. Chromium
chronic exposure may results in liver, kidney
and lung damage and toxic intake causes skin
rash, nose irritations, bleeds, upset stomach,
kidney and liver damage, nasal itch and lungs
cancer¹¹.
Copper
High concentration of copper was
found in Securidaca longepedunculata 0.72
ppm compared to 0.44 ppm in Trichodesma
zeylanicum and 0.39 ppm in Vernonia glabra.
WHO limit for copper has not been
established, however, permissible limit for
copper in China is 20 ppm for raw medicinal
plant material. The high levels of copper may
cause metal fumes fever with flue like
symptoms, hair and skin decolouration,
dermatitis and irritation of the upper
respiratory tract¹³.
Iron
The results obtained show that high
concentration of iron was found in Securidaca
longepedunculata 42.47 ppm compared to
14.51 ppm in Trichodesma zeylanicum and
13.89 ppm in Vernonia glabra. Iron is
essential element for human beings and
animals and is essential component of
haemoglobin. And also plays an important
role in oxygen and electron transfer in human
and animal bodies.
Magnesium
High concentration of magnesium
was found in Trichodesma zeylanicum 21.03
ppm compared to 2.50 ppm in Vernonia
glabra and 16.43 ppm in Securidaca
longepedunculata.
CONCLUSION
The concentration (ppm) of heavy
metals in the plant extracts were found to be
within the WHO¹⁴ permissible range except
for Securidaca longepedunculata which
showed higher levels of toxic element,
chromium.
In terms of metal concentration,
Vernonia glabra had least levels of toxic
metals concentration; Cr* ˂Pb* ˂Cu ˂Zn
˂Mg ˂Mn ˂Fe, followed by Trichodesma
zeylanicum; Pb* ˂Cd*˂Cu ˂Zn ˂Cr* ˂Fe
˂Mn ˂Mg and Securidaca longepedunculata;
Pb* ˂Cd* ˂Zn ˂Cu ˂Cr* ˂Mn ˂Mg ˂Fe.
The highest levels of metal
concentration was recorded for iron (42.47
ppm) found in Securidaca longepedunculata,
followed by Magnesium (21.03 ppm) in
Trichodesma zeylanicum and also iron (13.89
ppm) in Vernonia glabra.
Therefore, it can be observed from the
finding that concentrations of essential and
non-essential heavy metals in medicinal
plants beyond the permissible limit is a matter
of great concern to public safety all over the
world, hence, it is recommended that further
analysis should be conducted to ascertain the
5. Ngonda _____________________________________________________ ISSN 2393-8862
AJPP[1][1][2014]016-021
toxicological effects of the heavy metals
present in the three medicinal plants,
commonly used in Malawi to treat wound
infections.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is very grateful to the
Department of Chemistry for the technical
and material support.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that they are no
competing interest.
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6. Ngonda _____________________________________________________ ISSN 2393-8862
AJPP[1][1][2014]016-021
Table 1. Heavy metal levels in herbal plants
Plant
species
Heavy metals
Metal concentration (ppm). Mean ± SD
Pb* Cd* Mn Zn Cr* Cu Fe Mg
V. glabra
0.15±0.0
1
- 4.70±0.06
0.57±0.0
3
0.11±0.0
2
0.39±0.0
0
13.89±0.7
6
2.50±0.17
T.
zeylanicu
m
0.03±0.0
0
0.11±0.0
0
14.80±0.0
2
0.45±0.0
1
0.60±0.0
1
0.44±0.0
0
14.51±0.4
1
21.03±0.1
1
S.
longeped
u nculata
0.11±0.0
0
0.19±0.0
1
10.15±0.0
3
0.71±0.0
2
2.76±0.0
5
0.72±0.0
0
42.47±0.4
1
16.43±0.1
2
*represent toxic metals
Average metal contents in the 3 medicinal plants (mean ± SD)
Figure 1. Average metal contents of the 3 plants in comparison to
WHO permissible limits