The primary objective of this study was to investigate the basic knowledge of MRI and MRI safety among specific groups of healthcare workers at King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC) between May and June 2023. The research design employed a quantitative-descriptive approach, and data were collected from 63 qualified healthcare workers at KAMC. Statistical methods, including frequency count, t-test, weighted mean, and Pearson correlation, were applied to analyze the collected data. The study's findings indicated that doctors exhibited a high level of knowledge regarding the fundamental principles of MRI and MRI safety among the healthcare workers assessed. Moreover, the results showed that a greater amount of clinical experience was associated with a higher level of proficiency in MRI fundamentals. Further, anesthesiology technicians and nurses demonstrated inadequate knowledge in the areas of MRI safety. The study also revealed that there was no significant correlation between profession, years of clinical experience, level of education, and the level of knowledge in MRI safety. Additionally, the study concluded that there was no significant correlation between possessing a basic understanding of MRI and the level of knowledge in MRI safety. In simpler terms, having a good grasp of MRI does not necessarily guarantee a higher level of expertise in terms of safety protocols and practices.
This study investigated potential adverse health effects in MRI workers from exposure to static magnetic fields, as well as effects on cognitive functions. In the first part, a questionnaire of 120 MRI workers found increased reports of headaches, sleep problems, muscle aches, palpitations, fatigue, concentration issues, attention problems, nervousness, and back pain compared to controls. In the second part, 47 student volunteers who moved around a 1.5T MRI scanner had slower reaction times and poorer backward digit span scores after exposure compared to before, suggesting effects on cognition. The study concludes that static magnetic field exposure may lead to health symptoms in MRI workers and transient cognitive impacts.
Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiat...ijtsrd
Radiological doses are low and the chances of long time effect is minimal, but it should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. Therefore health workers especially Doctors requesting for imaging must be well trained in deciding when medical imaging should be carried out and should also have accurate knowledge of the associated risk involved. This can only be achieved if a proper knowledge and safety practice is adhered to. A cross sectional study to investigate the level of health workers knowledge, about radiation safety and their attitude towards radiation safety was carried out. A self administered questionnaire for radiation safety was sent to a purposive sample of 174 Health workers at a Specialist Hospital, in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 169 questionnaires were filled and return by participant responsive rate 97.1 . The sample include 8 Radiologist, 72 Nurses, 3 Oncologist, 49 Clinicians, 26 Technicians and 11 Surgeons. Majority of the participants have never attain any radiation safety related training 76 . Radiologist and oncologist who were more frequently expose to ionizing radiation, their knowledge was not far better than the other health workers. The general knowledge score ranges from 5.9 to 60.9 , with a low score among nurses and surgeons. The most alarming was the applicability and convenience of radiation protection policies and procedure. Adherence to safety precaution practices was mostly violated by participants, especially nurses and surgeons, but they attributed it to the poor application of protective measures during performing the procedures. The investigation concluded that Health workers in a Specialist Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria have fair knowledge, negative attitude and poor safety practices towards radiation safety policies and precautions. Chenko G. Y. Nimchang | Ndam Moses Ponsel | Manset W. E. | Songden S. D "Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiation Safety at a Specialist Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46452.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46452/assessment-of-health-care-workers-knowledge-attitude-and-practices-of-radiation-safety-at-a-specialist-hospital-jos-plateau-state-nigeria/chenko-g-y-nimchang
The document discusses protocols for MRI of the lung:
- Fast breath-hold sequences are used to image the lung with reasonably high spatial resolution within the short time before signal decay.
- Siemens MAGNETOM scanners offer a selection of optimized lung imaging protocols including sequences for nodules, infiltrates, pulmonary embolism, and lymph nodes.
- Example protocols include a 15 minute "General Routine" protocol for general purposes and a 20-30 minute contrast-enhanced study including perfusion imaging and angiography.
Radiologists play an important role in diagnosis and treatment by interpreting medical images. They undergo specialized postgraduate training in modalities like X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, CT, and nuclear imaging. As part of their job, radiologists assist other doctors by using these imaging techniques to identify medical issues, guide procedures, and monitor treatment. While radiology provides benefits, it also involves risks from radiation exposure that radiologists must be trained to mitigate.
Study on Physicians Request for Computed Tomography Examinations for Patients...IRJESJOURNAL
Background and objectives: There is a lot controversy about the use of Computed tomography (CT) for patients with minor head injury. We aimed to determine the practice of guiding rules for the safety of radiation and increasing awareness of physicians about risks of ionizing radiation and find out the reasons of emergency doctors for sending head injury patients to CT scan exams. Materials and Methods: A descriptive questionnaire in the Emergency Department (ED) based study was performed to assess physicians' knowledge of radiation doses received from radiological treatments and knowledge about Clinic Decision Support rules (CDS). The questionnaire consisted of 26 questions distributed to physicians working in the emergency department in six hospitals in East Java. Finally, the data collected have been analyzed by some tests using SPSS version 15 and Smart PLS. Results: In this study 44 participants had taken part. The percentage of general knowledge and awareness that shows the response of people who work in the emergency departments was total 44 respondents, by percent 6.8% of the respondents had passably knowledge, awareness and 84.1% they were having a good knowledge and awareness and 9.1% the respondents had very good knowledge and awareness. That means almost of respondents have good knowledge and awareness. To find out if an indicator is forming a construct (latent variables) testing the convergent validity of the measurement model with a reflexive indicator assessed based on the correlation between the item score to construct scores were calculated with the help of software Smart PLS. Size reflexive considered valid if the individual has a correlation (loading) to construct (latent variables) to be measured ≥ 0.5 or the value of t-statistics should ≥1.96 (test two tailed) at a significance level of α = 0.05. If one of the indicators has a leading value <0.5,><1.96, then the indicator should be discarded (dropped) because it indicates that the indicators are not good enough to measure the construct in right. The positive influence between general knowledge and awareness against to knowledge about radiation doses can be interpreted that the better general knowledge and awareness, then it will be followed by an increase in their knowledge about radiation doses. And vice versa, the worse general knowledge and awareness, then this will decrease their knowledge about radiation doses too. Conclusion: The present study has illustrated that the level of awareness and knowledge physicians who deal with ionizing radiation in CT scan units are adequate overall. There is a good influence between the diligence in applying the principles of guidance and rules stipulated by the nuclear energy in Indonesia by physicians to adjust the use of CT in the emergency department, the majority of participants who have a good awareness & knowledge, there are some of them do not have enough knowledge.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...Ganesan Yogananthem
Dear B.Sc MIT Students,
Attached is an essential document featuring comprehensive Questions & Answers for Quality Assurance, Radiation Biology, and Radiation Hazards. We encourage you to utilize this resource to deepen your understanding and excel in your studies. Wishing you all the success in your academic endeavors and future careers.
Best regards,
Instrumentation Writing Assignment
Word Limit: 2000
Unit Learning Outcomes assessed:
1. Explain and assess the basic design and practical working conditions of alternate imaging instruments employing radiation for appropriate use in regard to maximising clinical utilisation and minimising radiation and electromechanical risks
2. Critically assess the safe working conditions of specialised instruments in regard to radiation protection, electromechanical safety, appropriate regulations or standards
3. Implement and evaluate a basic quality assurance program on specialised x-ray imaging equipment to ensure accurate and safe outcomes
The purpose of this writing assignment is to encourage students to apply the knowledge of safe operation of specialised X-ray imaging equipment learnt from the unit into the clinical workplace. The safe operation of equipment encompasses the aspects of radiation protection, electromechanical safety and clinical utilisation in compliance with appropriate regulations and standards. Awareness and practice of safe operation are crucial in imaging practice. Infringement may lead to serious issues such as injury and even death. Quality Assurance (Q A) program is one way to minimize the likelihood of occurrence of such issues (Option 1). Another preventive measure is education to increase practitioners’ awareness and knowledge (Option 2).
Some students may have difficulties to get access to specialised X-ray imaging equipment during clinical placement / semester. In this situation, you can select Option 2. In this option, students are required to identify a particular X-ray imaging system (e.g. manufacturer A – model YYY mobile X-ray machine) through different manufacturers’ websites (some examples are given below) and develop a safe operation guide for it. The identified system must be within the ranges of systems for portable / mobile radiography, tomography, fluoroscopy, mammography and angiography. The main purpose of this guide is to educate practitioners the safe operation principles of a particular system. The following is the list of required contents for Option 2.
1. Introduction
• Provide relevant details (e.g. manufacturer, model, type, etc.) of the chosen system (only one is required)
• Suggest necessity of a safe operation guide for the chosen system
• N.B.: You can obtain relevant details of an imaging system from its manufacturer’s website, for example:
Carestream Health (http://www.carestreamhealth.com)
Fujifilm Corporation (http://www.fujifilm.com/products/medical/)
GE Healthcare (http://www.gehealthcare.com)
Gendex Dental Systems (http://www.gendex.com)
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (http://medical.philips.com)
Siemens AG. (http://www.medical.siemens.com)
Toshiba Corporation (http://www.medical.toshiba.com)
2. Safe Operation Details
• Provide necessary radiation protection measures in relation to the features of the chosen system
• Provide necessary measures for safeguarding elect.
This document discusses key factors that influence MRI utilization at King Fahd Hospital of the University in Saudi Arabia from 2007-2011. The study analyzed patient demographic data such as age, gender, city of residence, and nationality. It found that 55% of patients were between 30-60 years old, orders were almost evenly split between males and females, most patients lived in Khobar city, and around 80% of patients were Saudi citizens. The document aims to promote effective MRI utilization, address over and under usage, and improve regulations and workflows within hospitals in the region.
This study investigated potential adverse health effects in MRI workers from exposure to static magnetic fields, as well as effects on cognitive functions. In the first part, a questionnaire of 120 MRI workers found increased reports of headaches, sleep problems, muscle aches, palpitations, fatigue, concentration issues, attention problems, nervousness, and back pain compared to controls. In the second part, 47 student volunteers who moved around a 1.5T MRI scanner had slower reaction times and poorer backward digit span scores after exposure compared to before, suggesting effects on cognition. The study concludes that static magnetic field exposure may lead to health symptoms in MRI workers and transient cognitive impacts.
Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiat...ijtsrd
Radiological doses are low and the chances of long time effect is minimal, but it should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. Therefore health workers especially Doctors requesting for imaging must be well trained in deciding when medical imaging should be carried out and should also have accurate knowledge of the associated risk involved. This can only be achieved if a proper knowledge and safety practice is adhered to. A cross sectional study to investigate the level of health workers knowledge, about radiation safety and their attitude towards radiation safety was carried out. A self administered questionnaire for radiation safety was sent to a purposive sample of 174 Health workers at a Specialist Hospital, in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 169 questionnaires were filled and return by participant responsive rate 97.1 . The sample include 8 Radiologist, 72 Nurses, 3 Oncologist, 49 Clinicians, 26 Technicians and 11 Surgeons. Majority of the participants have never attain any radiation safety related training 76 . Radiologist and oncologist who were more frequently expose to ionizing radiation, their knowledge was not far better than the other health workers. The general knowledge score ranges from 5.9 to 60.9 , with a low score among nurses and surgeons. The most alarming was the applicability and convenience of radiation protection policies and procedure. Adherence to safety precaution practices was mostly violated by participants, especially nurses and surgeons, but they attributed it to the poor application of protective measures during performing the procedures. The investigation concluded that Health workers in a Specialist Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria have fair knowledge, negative attitude and poor safety practices towards radiation safety policies and precautions. Chenko G. Y. Nimchang | Ndam Moses Ponsel | Manset W. E. | Songden S. D "Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiation Safety at a Specialist Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46452.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46452/assessment-of-health-care-workers-knowledge-attitude-and-practices-of-radiation-safety-at-a-specialist-hospital-jos-plateau-state-nigeria/chenko-g-y-nimchang
The document discusses protocols for MRI of the lung:
- Fast breath-hold sequences are used to image the lung with reasonably high spatial resolution within the short time before signal decay.
- Siemens MAGNETOM scanners offer a selection of optimized lung imaging protocols including sequences for nodules, infiltrates, pulmonary embolism, and lymph nodes.
- Example protocols include a 15 minute "General Routine" protocol for general purposes and a 20-30 minute contrast-enhanced study including perfusion imaging and angiography.
Radiologists play an important role in diagnosis and treatment by interpreting medical images. They undergo specialized postgraduate training in modalities like X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, CT, and nuclear imaging. As part of their job, radiologists assist other doctors by using these imaging techniques to identify medical issues, guide procedures, and monitor treatment. While radiology provides benefits, it also involves risks from radiation exposure that radiologists must be trained to mitigate.
Study on Physicians Request for Computed Tomography Examinations for Patients...IRJESJOURNAL
Background and objectives: There is a lot controversy about the use of Computed tomography (CT) for patients with minor head injury. We aimed to determine the practice of guiding rules for the safety of radiation and increasing awareness of physicians about risks of ionizing radiation and find out the reasons of emergency doctors for sending head injury patients to CT scan exams. Materials and Methods: A descriptive questionnaire in the Emergency Department (ED) based study was performed to assess physicians' knowledge of radiation doses received from radiological treatments and knowledge about Clinic Decision Support rules (CDS). The questionnaire consisted of 26 questions distributed to physicians working in the emergency department in six hospitals in East Java. Finally, the data collected have been analyzed by some tests using SPSS version 15 and Smart PLS. Results: In this study 44 participants had taken part. The percentage of general knowledge and awareness that shows the response of people who work in the emergency departments was total 44 respondents, by percent 6.8% of the respondents had passably knowledge, awareness and 84.1% they were having a good knowledge and awareness and 9.1% the respondents had very good knowledge and awareness. That means almost of respondents have good knowledge and awareness. To find out if an indicator is forming a construct (latent variables) testing the convergent validity of the measurement model with a reflexive indicator assessed based on the correlation between the item score to construct scores were calculated with the help of software Smart PLS. Size reflexive considered valid if the individual has a correlation (loading) to construct (latent variables) to be measured ≥ 0.5 or the value of t-statistics should ≥1.96 (test two tailed) at a significance level of α = 0.05. If one of the indicators has a leading value <0.5,><1.96, then the indicator should be discarded (dropped) because it indicates that the indicators are not good enough to measure the construct in right. The positive influence between general knowledge and awareness against to knowledge about radiation doses can be interpreted that the better general knowledge and awareness, then it will be followed by an increase in their knowledge about radiation doses. And vice versa, the worse general knowledge and awareness, then this will decrease their knowledge about radiation doses too. Conclusion: The present study has illustrated that the level of awareness and knowledge physicians who deal with ionizing radiation in CT scan units are adequate overall. There is a good influence between the diligence in applying the principles of guidance and rules stipulated by the nuclear energy in Indonesia by physicians to adjust the use of CT in the emergency department, the majority of participants who have a good awareness & knowledge, there are some of them do not have enough knowledge.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...Ganesan Yogananthem
Dear B.Sc MIT Students,
Attached is an essential document featuring comprehensive Questions & Answers for Quality Assurance, Radiation Biology, and Radiation Hazards. We encourage you to utilize this resource to deepen your understanding and excel in your studies. Wishing you all the success in your academic endeavors and future careers.
Best regards,
Instrumentation Writing Assignment
Word Limit: 2000
Unit Learning Outcomes assessed:
1. Explain and assess the basic design and practical working conditions of alternate imaging instruments employing radiation for appropriate use in regard to maximising clinical utilisation and minimising radiation and electromechanical risks
2. Critically assess the safe working conditions of specialised instruments in regard to radiation protection, electromechanical safety, appropriate regulations or standards
3. Implement and evaluate a basic quality assurance program on specialised x-ray imaging equipment to ensure accurate and safe outcomes
The purpose of this writing assignment is to encourage students to apply the knowledge of safe operation of specialised X-ray imaging equipment learnt from the unit into the clinical workplace. The safe operation of equipment encompasses the aspects of radiation protection, electromechanical safety and clinical utilisation in compliance with appropriate regulations and standards. Awareness and practice of safe operation are crucial in imaging practice. Infringement may lead to serious issues such as injury and even death. Quality Assurance (Q A) program is one way to minimize the likelihood of occurrence of such issues (Option 1). Another preventive measure is education to increase practitioners’ awareness and knowledge (Option 2).
Some students may have difficulties to get access to specialised X-ray imaging equipment during clinical placement / semester. In this situation, you can select Option 2. In this option, students are required to identify a particular X-ray imaging system (e.g. manufacturer A – model YYY mobile X-ray machine) through different manufacturers’ websites (some examples are given below) and develop a safe operation guide for it. The identified system must be within the ranges of systems for portable / mobile radiography, tomography, fluoroscopy, mammography and angiography. The main purpose of this guide is to educate practitioners the safe operation principles of a particular system. The following is the list of required contents for Option 2.
1. Introduction
• Provide relevant details (e.g. manufacturer, model, type, etc.) of the chosen system (only one is required)
• Suggest necessity of a safe operation guide for the chosen system
• N.B.: You can obtain relevant details of an imaging system from its manufacturer’s website, for example:
Carestream Health (http://www.carestreamhealth.com)
Fujifilm Corporation (http://www.fujifilm.com/products/medical/)
GE Healthcare (http://www.gehealthcare.com)
Gendex Dental Systems (http://www.gendex.com)
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (http://medical.philips.com)
Siemens AG. (http://www.medical.siemens.com)
Toshiba Corporation (http://www.medical.toshiba.com)
2. Safe Operation Details
• Provide necessary radiation protection measures in relation to the features of the chosen system
• Provide necessary measures for safeguarding elect.
This document discusses key factors that influence MRI utilization at King Fahd Hospital of the University in Saudi Arabia from 2007-2011. The study analyzed patient demographic data such as age, gender, city of residence, and nationality. It found that 55% of patients were between 30-60 years old, orders were almost evenly split between males and females, most patients lived in Khobar city, and around 80% of patients were Saudi citizens. The document aims to promote effective MRI utilization, address over and under usage, and improve regulations and workflows within hospitals in the region.
The document discusses the use of whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-DWI) for detecting bone marrow tumors. It describes the WB-DWI workflow and technique used at the authors' institution, including acquiring morphological images and DWI from the skull to mid-thigh using b-values of 50 and 900 s/mm2. It notes the clinical utility of WB-DWI for evaluating bone marrow metastases and disease response, and discusses common artifacts.
This document summarizes an editorial and articles in an issue of MAGNETOM Flash, a magazine about MRI. The editorial discusses how technological advances have expanded the use of MRI in pediatrics from primarily brain imaging to a comprehensive multi-organ modality. It highlights several articles in the issue that showcase new MRI techniques being applied to clinical pediatric imaging and research. The issue includes articles on radial 3D VIBE imaging of the pediatric abdomen, diffusion MRI and tractography to study white matter development, insights into tuberous sclerosis from novel DWI models, and RESOLVE imaging of the pediatric spine.
5 Steps Becoming an X-Ray Technician: 1. High School Diploma 2. Earn an Associate Degree 3. Clinical Training 4. Licensing and Certification 5. Continuing Education
1. Researchers developed an X-ray disease identifier using a deep learning model to analyze chest X-ray images and diagnose diseases.
2. They used the VGG19 classification model to process X-ray images from the NIH dataset and diagnose diseases, achieving over 60% accuracy for most diseases.
3. The system aims to assist radiologists by providing automated disease diagnoses from X-ray images to reduce their workload and enable diagnoses in remote areas.
A radiology report serves as an intermediary between a radiologist and referring clinician for suggesting appropriate treatment to the patients, aimed at better healthcare anagement. It is essentially a tool that assists radiologists in conveying their input to the patients and clinicians regarding positive or negative findings on a case. The objective of this paper is to discuss and propose Radiology Information & Reporting System (RIRS), highlight challenges governing its implementation and suggest way forwards towards its effective implementation across the public sector tertiary care institutions of Pakistan. In the end, it is concluded that the proposed RIRS would potentially offer enormous benefits in terms of cost
savings, reporting accuracy, faster processing and operational efficiency as opposed to the conventionally available manual radiology reporting procedures and systems.
Most Experienced MRI Scanning Services in Kotakkal.pptxshajismri
Our center takes pride in our team of highly skilled and experienced radiologists and technicians who specialize in MRI scanning. Our professionals have years of hands-on experience and are committed to staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in imaging technology. We are equipped to deliver accurate and comprehensive results
Assessing Radiation Protection Knowledge In Diagnostic Radiography In The Rep...Sheila Sinclair
This study assessed the radiation protection knowledge of radiographers in Cyprus through a questionnaire survey.
The results showed that radiographers had very good overall knowledge of radiation protection, but there is still room for improvement in some specific areas like dose limits and informing patients about radiation risks. Work experience, workplace, and type of license held affected participants' knowledge.
The study highlights the importance of ongoing education for radiographers about national radiation protection legislation and linking this knowledge to practice, in order to minimize unnecessary radiation exposure for patients and medical staff.
This is a much less visited and often less spoken of topic about MRI Imaging... Herein we present a compilation of the various aspects of MRI Safety regarding both the patient, precautions and any contraindications to better the understanding of magnetic resonance imaging.
This document provides information about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It begins with background on MRI, noting its wide range of medical applications and over 25,000 scanners in use worldwide. The document then covers MRI goals, definitions, functions, descriptions of how MRI works and the scanning process, precautions, preparations, benefits, disadvantages, risks, and parental concerns. Key points include that MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed soft tissue images without radiation. Precautions are taken for metal objects and certain implants. MRI is generally safe but may cause claustrophobia or reactions to contrast agents in rare cases.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities for implementing a unified Radiology Information and Reporting System (RIRS) in developing countries like Pakistan. It proposes a RIRS with four interconnected subsystems to streamline the radiology workflow and automate reporting. However, there are technical, financial, legal and regulatory challenges to overcome due to the decentralized healthcare system and lack of digital infrastructure. If successfully implemented, a RIRS could improve the efficiency, accuracy and accessibility of radiology services across Pakistan.
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images of the inside of the body. It is a medical imaging technique widely used in radiology to visualize anatomy and physiological processes. MRI has many medical uses and applications across different body systems. It is generally a safe technique but there are some risks needing consideration for things like implants, projectile effects, and claustrophobia. Guidelines and certifications aim to standardize roles and ensure safe MRI practices.
The document summarizes research on the potential health effects of mobile phone use. It discusses several studies that have investigated links between mobile phone use and brain tumors or cognitive effects. While some research has found increased tumor risks with long-term mobile phone use, other studies have not found a causal relationship between use and cancer. Studies on cognitive effects have also shown mixed results, with some finding declines in memory, attention and learning associated with radio frequency exposure, while others found no effects. The document outlines the methodology and conclusions of several such epidemiological and case-control studies, noting that the scientific community has yet to reach a definite consensus on the health impacts of mobile phone use.
Barrow_Quarterly_1997_Physical_Aspects_of_Stx_RadiosurgeryJeffrey A. Fiedler
This document discusses the role of medical physicists in stereotactic radiosurgery. It describes how medical physicists ensure safe and accurate radiation treatment through equipment testing, treatment planning, and monitoring treatment delivery. A medical physicist's duties include licensing and regulatory compliance for the radiosurgery equipment and treatment facility. The document provides an example of the licensing process for a Gamma Knife facility and outlines some of the acceptance testing and commissioning activities performed on new Gamma Knife equipment.
Evaluation of SVM performance in the detection of lung cancer in marked CT s...nooriasukmaningtyas
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of support vector machines (SVM) in detecting lung cancer using a new computed tomography (CT) scan dataset from Iraq. The dataset contains over 1,100 images from 110 cases classified as normal, benign, or malignant. A computer system was proposed that applied preprocessing techniques like enhancement, segmentation, and feature extraction before using SVM for classification. Different SVM kernels and feature extraction methods were evaluated. The best accuracy achieved on this dataset using this approach was 89.88%.
This paper explains new imaging techniques that show promising results in breast cancer detection. The
presented techniques use microwave-based methods, wavelet analyses, and neural networks to get a
suitable resolution for the breast image. One of the presented techniques (hybrid method) uses a
combination of microwaves and acoustic signals to improve the detection capability. Some promising
results are shown and explained.
This document summarizes techniques for pediatric MRI. It notes that children require specialized skills and equipment due to differences from adults in disease types, sensitivity to radiation, and physiology/behavior. Longer scan times are often needed for neonates due to tissue properties. Techniques to improve image quality include using restore pulses and optimized protocols. Safety is a primary concern, especially for heating risks in neonates/infants. Patient cooperation challenges can be addressed through explanation, mock scans, distraction techniques, and anesthesia if needed. Overall the goal is high quality diagnostic images while minimizing distress.
Dr. Ibraheem Sabry El Mogy is a radiologist in Egypt who is seeking opportunities to gain experience with advanced radiology techniques used in other countries. He has strong academic and clinical experience in Egypt and wishes to contribute his skills while also learning new procedures and technologies to bring back to help the people in his home country. He is confident that he can make significant contributions and complement international facilities with his skills and international perspective.
This document is a curriculum vitae for a radiographer. It includes personal details like date of birth and nationality. It outlines the applicant's educational background including a diploma in general radiology. Work experience is described at several hospitals over 12 years using various radiology equipment like MRI, CT scans, x-rays, and fluoroscopy. Training courses are listed covering areas like life support, imaging management, computer skills, and English. Duties and responsibilities are provided for areas like CT scanning, MRI, radiation safety, communication, and policy adherence. Languages known and interests are also included.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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Similar to Investigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
The document discusses the use of whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-DWI) for detecting bone marrow tumors. It describes the WB-DWI workflow and technique used at the authors' institution, including acquiring morphological images and DWI from the skull to mid-thigh using b-values of 50 and 900 s/mm2. It notes the clinical utility of WB-DWI for evaluating bone marrow metastases and disease response, and discusses common artifacts.
This document summarizes an editorial and articles in an issue of MAGNETOM Flash, a magazine about MRI. The editorial discusses how technological advances have expanded the use of MRI in pediatrics from primarily brain imaging to a comprehensive multi-organ modality. It highlights several articles in the issue that showcase new MRI techniques being applied to clinical pediatric imaging and research. The issue includes articles on radial 3D VIBE imaging of the pediatric abdomen, diffusion MRI and tractography to study white matter development, insights into tuberous sclerosis from novel DWI models, and RESOLVE imaging of the pediatric spine.
5 Steps Becoming an X-Ray Technician: 1. High School Diploma 2. Earn an Associate Degree 3. Clinical Training 4. Licensing and Certification 5. Continuing Education
1. Researchers developed an X-ray disease identifier using a deep learning model to analyze chest X-ray images and diagnose diseases.
2. They used the VGG19 classification model to process X-ray images from the NIH dataset and diagnose diseases, achieving over 60% accuracy for most diseases.
3. The system aims to assist radiologists by providing automated disease diagnoses from X-ray images to reduce their workload and enable diagnoses in remote areas.
A radiology report serves as an intermediary between a radiologist and referring clinician for suggesting appropriate treatment to the patients, aimed at better healthcare anagement. It is essentially a tool that assists radiologists in conveying their input to the patients and clinicians regarding positive or negative findings on a case. The objective of this paper is to discuss and propose Radiology Information & Reporting System (RIRS), highlight challenges governing its implementation and suggest way forwards towards its effective implementation across the public sector tertiary care institutions of Pakistan. In the end, it is concluded that the proposed RIRS would potentially offer enormous benefits in terms of cost
savings, reporting accuracy, faster processing and operational efficiency as opposed to the conventionally available manual radiology reporting procedures and systems.
Most Experienced MRI Scanning Services in Kotakkal.pptxshajismri
Our center takes pride in our team of highly skilled and experienced radiologists and technicians who specialize in MRI scanning. Our professionals have years of hands-on experience and are committed to staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in imaging technology. We are equipped to deliver accurate and comprehensive results
Assessing Radiation Protection Knowledge In Diagnostic Radiography In The Rep...Sheila Sinclair
This study assessed the radiation protection knowledge of radiographers in Cyprus through a questionnaire survey.
The results showed that radiographers had very good overall knowledge of radiation protection, but there is still room for improvement in some specific areas like dose limits and informing patients about radiation risks. Work experience, workplace, and type of license held affected participants' knowledge.
The study highlights the importance of ongoing education for radiographers about national radiation protection legislation and linking this knowledge to practice, in order to minimize unnecessary radiation exposure for patients and medical staff.
This is a much less visited and often less spoken of topic about MRI Imaging... Herein we present a compilation of the various aspects of MRI Safety regarding both the patient, precautions and any contraindications to better the understanding of magnetic resonance imaging.
This document provides information about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It begins with background on MRI, noting its wide range of medical applications and over 25,000 scanners in use worldwide. The document then covers MRI goals, definitions, functions, descriptions of how MRI works and the scanning process, precautions, preparations, benefits, disadvantages, risks, and parental concerns. Key points include that MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed soft tissue images without radiation. Precautions are taken for metal objects and certain implants. MRI is generally safe but may cause claustrophobia or reactions to contrast agents in rare cases.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities for implementing a unified Radiology Information and Reporting System (RIRS) in developing countries like Pakistan. It proposes a RIRS with four interconnected subsystems to streamline the radiology workflow and automate reporting. However, there are technical, financial, legal and regulatory challenges to overcome due to the decentralized healthcare system and lack of digital infrastructure. If successfully implemented, a RIRS could improve the efficiency, accuracy and accessibility of radiology services across Pakistan.
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images of the inside of the body. It is a medical imaging technique widely used in radiology to visualize anatomy and physiological processes. MRI has many medical uses and applications across different body systems. It is generally a safe technique but there are some risks needing consideration for things like implants, projectile effects, and claustrophobia. Guidelines and certifications aim to standardize roles and ensure safe MRI practices.
The document summarizes research on the potential health effects of mobile phone use. It discusses several studies that have investigated links between mobile phone use and brain tumors or cognitive effects. While some research has found increased tumor risks with long-term mobile phone use, other studies have not found a causal relationship between use and cancer. Studies on cognitive effects have also shown mixed results, with some finding declines in memory, attention and learning associated with radio frequency exposure, while others found no effects. The document outlines the methodology and conclusions of several such epidemiological and case-control studies, noting that the scientific community has yet to reach a definite consensus on the health impacts of mobile phone use.
Barrow_Quarterly_1997_Physical_Aspects_of_Stx_RadiosurgeryJeffrey A. Fiedler
This document discusses the role of medical physicists in stereotactic radiosurgery. It describes how medical physicists ensure safe and accurate radiation treatment through equipment testing, treatment planning, and monitoring treatment delivery. A medical physicist's duties include licensing and regulatory compliance for the radiosurgery equipment and treatment facility. The document provides an example of the licensing process for a Gamma Knife facility and outlines some of the acceptance testing and commissioning activities performed on new Gamma Knife equipment.
Evaluation of SVM performance in the detection of lung cancer in marked CT s...nooriasukmaningtyas
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of support vector machines (SVM) in detecting lung cancer using a new computed tomography (CT) scan dataset from Iraq. The dataset contains over 1,100 images from 110 cases classified as normal, benign, or malignant. A computer system was proposed that applied preprocessing techniques like enhancement, segmentation, and feature extraction before using SVM for classification. Different SVM kernels and feature extraction methods were evaluated. The best accuracy achieved on this dataset using this approach was 89.88%.
This paper explains new imaging techniques that show promising results in breast cancer detection. The
presented techniques use microwave-based methods, wavelet analyses, and neural networks to get a
suitable resolution for the breast image. One of the presented techniques (hybrid method) uses a
combination of microwaves and acoustic signals to improve the detection capability. Some promising
results are shown and explained.
This document summarizes techniques for pediatric MRI. It notes that children require specialized skills and equipment due to differences from adults in disease types, sensitivity to radiation, and physiology/behavior. Longer scan times are often needed for neonates due to tissue properties. Techniques to improve image quality include using restore pulses and optimized protocols. Safety is a primary concern, especially for heating risks in neonates/infants. Patient cooperation challenges can be addressed through explanation, mock scans, distraction techniques, and anesthesia if needed. Overall the goal is high quality diagnostic images while minimizing distress.
Dr. Ibraheem Sabry El Mogy is a radiologist in Egypt who is seeking opportunities to gain experience with advanced radiology techniques used in other countries. He has strong academic and clinical experience in Egypt and wishes to contribute his skills while also learning new procedures and technologies to bring back to help the people in his home country. He is confident that he can make significant contributions and complement international facilities with his skills and international perspective.
This document is a curriculum vitae for a radiographer. It includes personal details like date of birth and nationality. It outlines the applicant's educational background including a diploma in general radiology. Work experience is described at several hospitals over 12 years using various radiology equipment like MRI, CT scans, x-rays, and fluoroscopy. Training courses are listed covering areas like life support, imaging management, computer skills, and English. Duties and responsibilities are provided for areas like CT scanning, MRI, radiation safety, communication, and policy adherence. Languages known and interests are also included.
Similar to Investigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
2. Hussin / I nvestigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 7(4), 2023
Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijmpd/ 7
transmission coils. Most reported cases of MR-related
injuries and the few fatalities that have occurred have
been the result of failure to follow safety guidelines,
or of use of inappropriate or outdated information
related to the safety aspects of biomedical implants
and devices. All staff must be aware of and trained to
eliminate MR hazards. It is important to emphasize
that many safety investigations have been carried out
on 1.5T scanners, although in the last few years,
many centers install magnets of 3.0T and above.
Because of this, further investigations will be
regularly required to reassure staff and patients of
their safety Because of this, further investigations will
be regularly required to reassure staff and patients of
their safety (5)
The well-known risks of MRI scanners range
from the interaction of static magnetic fields (SMFs)
with humans and ferromagnetic equipment,
including exposure to radiofrequency fields (RF) and
implant interference (6) or the high acoustic noises
during MRI scans (7). There are additional risks
associated with the procedure, including the
potential for allergic reactions to the contrast agents,
pain from the patient's position, anxiety for
claustrophobic patients, risks associated with metals,
damage to hearing, and some uncommon risks like
seizures or thermal damage from the heating effects
of the magnetic field (8). Even though there has been
much written on patient safety in MRI treatments, it
is important to remember that there are also
significant hazards for the medical staff that help in
the procedure. Some of these risks may include
projectile accidents, whereby the powerful magnetic
field produced by the MRI machine can cause
metallic objects to fly into the air and possibly hurt
medical professionals, hearing damage, whereby the
loud noises produced by the equipment during the
scan may cause hearing damage if proper ear
protection is not worn, and radiofrequency radiation
(RF) exposure, which may be harmful if it exceeds
safe levels, can all occur. (9), ergonomic related injury
– healthcare worker may need to maintain static
postures for extended periods and psychological
stress as some may stay with the patient during the
procedure in a confined space dealing with an
anxious or claustrophobic patient. Sahu and Singh
(2012) recommended several measures for
minimizing these hazards, including the use of
proper screening methods, ensuring that workers are
wearing appropriate personal protective equipment,
and providing adequate training to workers to
ensure they are aware of the hazards and know how
to mitigate them (10). Furthermore, during the MR
scan, the patient is also required to remove all
metallic objects and change into a hospital gown (11).
It is important to highlight that patients with
implants and medical devices are only permitted to
undergo an MR scan if the implants are MR-safe or
compatible (11). Patients with implants should never
be considered MR-safe unless the device comes with
clear written documentation. It is reported that a
higher perception of safety is related to fewer
accidents and maintaining a safe diagnostic
environment (12).
Any diagnostic method involving ionizing
and nonionizing radiation places a high priority on
patient and medical personnel safety. Prior to the
execution of the MRI examination, the MR staffs are
crucial in patient screening and preparation. All
visitors to the MR area should have access to accurate
written MR information as well as plainly visible
labeling on the MR site. To prevent any MR mishaps,
non-imaging health professionals' (physicians,
nurses, and non-imaging technicians) understanding
of MR safety standards is crucial (13). The MRI
section of the King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC)
in Makkah, KSA, utilizes MRI machines from 1.5 to
3.0 Tesla. It caters to an average of 600 patients every
month. However, as with any medical procedure,
there are safety concerns that need to be considered
to ensure the well-being of patients. The purpose of
this research paper is to review the current state of
knowledge regarding MRI safety, including potential
risks, safety guidelines and procedures, and
strategies to minimize the risks of MRI among
healthcare workers. This paper aims to assess the
level of knowledge of MRI safety and to inform
healthcare providers about best practices for MRI
safety.
This study aimed to assess the level of
knowledge among KAMC healthcare workers on
MRI safety and to identify areas where further
education and training may be needed to promote
safe MRI practices. Further, the results will benefit
healthcare workers to ensure their safety during MRI
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exposure specifically Doctors, Nurses, Respiratory
Therapists, and Anesthesia Technician.
Statement of the Problem
This paper aimed to identify and explain the
basic knowledge and level of knowledge on MRI
safety among specific groups of healthcare workers.
This study specifically seeks to answer the
following questions:
1. What is the average basic knowledge of
MRI among respondents when grouped according to:
1.1 Profession
1.2 Years of experience
2. What is the level of knowledge on MRI
safety among respondents when grouped according
to:
2.1 Profession
2.2 Years of clinical experience
3. Is there a significant correlation between the
level of knowledge on MRI safety when grouped
according to:
3.1 Profession
3.2 Years of clinical experience
3.3 Level of education
4. Is there a significant difference in the basic
knowledge of MRI when grouped according to
the profession?
5. Is there a significant difference in the level of
knowledge on MRI safety when grouped according
to the profession?
6. Is there a correlation between basic
knowledge of MRI and the level of knowledge of
MRI safety?
II. LITERATURE
With the ongoing goal of consistently and effectively
minimizing risks, preventing unnecessary harm,
lowering the likelihood of errors, and mitigating their
effects whenever they do occur, patient safety
encompasses a structured set of actions aimed at
establishing cultures, systems, methods, conduct,
technologies, and settings within healthcare. (WHO).
However, healthcare professionals' concerns—who
face specific risks at work—rarely receive any
attention. Healthcare personnel can fully utilize the
diagnostic imaging capabilities of MRI by
implementing the advised safety measures, ensuring
the safety of both patients and them. Healthcare
personnel must receive training in MRI safety due to
the rising clinical demand for this technology in
order to protect patients from any potential risks (15).
In MRI, the word "magnetic" alludes to
magnetism's significant contribution to the imaging
process. Three different types of coils are used in
MRI scanners to produce distinct magnetic fields that
serve as the basis for images. First, there is the
primary magnet, which typically creates a strong
static magnetic field and is either a permanent
magnet or a superconducting electromagnet. A coil is
also used to create the radiofrequency
electromagnetic field (RF field), and imaging
gradient coils, also referred to as "the gradients,"
creating magnetic fields that encode spatial
information. These coils' interactions with matter are
essential to produce pictures, yet they can
occasionally pose major risks to human life and well-
being (16). A commercial MRI system's main magnet,
which distinguishes it from other devices, is its main
draw. But this magnet also carries the greatest risk.
The magnetic field it generates, which typically
ranges from 1.5 to 3.0T, is significantly stronger than
the magnetic fields we regularly come into contact
with. It is roughly 300 to 600 times more powerful
than a conventional refrigerator magnet and between
30,000 and 60,000 times stronger than the ordinary
magnetic field at the surface of the Earth.
There has been a rising correlation between
the occurrence of thermal injuries or burns in
individuals receiving MRI and specific garment
materials. More recently, ferromagnetic and/or
conductive compounds (such antibacterial silver and
copper) have been used in the production of clothes
and associated products, however these materials are
not always declared on product labels (17). Tattoos
on the skin, especially those with dark ink (black,
brown, and blue) and curved designs, can result in
conductive loops. (18). There was significant
underreporting of incidents related to MRI, and some
of these incidents had the potential for catastrophic
outcomes (19).
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In MRI, "zones" are utilized to categorize
various areas of the MRI suite depending on their
proximity to the magnetic field and the associated
risks. While specific definitions and guidelines for
these zones a widely adopted ACR guidelines and
framework is as follows: Zone I refers to the
outermost section of the MRI suite, often referred to
as the "unrestricted zone." It is the least restricted
area, and specific magnetic field precautions are not
required. This zone is accessible to individuals who
do not have any contraindications to MRI, such as
those without pacemakers or metallic implants. Zone
II, commonly known as the "controlled access zone,"
is situated closer to the MRI scanner. Access to this
zone is limited to authorized personnel who have
undergone proper screening for MRI safety and
received adequate training. It encompasses areas
where the magnetic field strength and associated
risks may be higher. Zone III, also known as the
"limited access zone" or "MRI examination room," is
located nearest to the MRI scanner. It is strictly
reserved for essential personnel directly involved in
the MRI procedure, including radiologists,
technologists, and necessary support staff. Access to
this zone is restricted to maintain a high level of
safety. Additional safety measures, such as controlled
access doors and warning signs, may be
implemented in this zone. Zone IV pertains to the
precise area within the MRI scanner's bore or tunnel,
where the patient receives the actual imaging
procedure. Only the patient and essential medical
personnel are granted access to this zone. Strict
adherence to safety protocols and guidelines is
imperative in Zone IV to safeguard the patient's well-
being and mitigate any potential risks associated
with the magnetic field. The primary objective of
these zone classifications is to implement suitable
safety measures, access limitations, and protocols
that align with the potential risks linked to the
magnetic field strength in various sections of the MRI
suite. This comprehensive approach ensures the
safety of patients, healthcare professionals, and
visitors in the MRI environment, promoting a secure
and protected atmosphere.
Identifying the 5-gauss line, putting access
control measures in place, providing lockers for both
MR and non-MR staff to store their personal items,
limiting worker exposure to MRI electromagnetic
fields, ensuring visibility of a health and safety
policy, using hearing protection during patient
examinations, carrying out extensive safety
screenings, and prominently displaying a red
illuminated sign indicating that the magnet is always
"ON" are all examples of ways to reduce worker
exposure to MRI electromagnetic fields (20) and are
just a few of the recommendations concerning MRI
safety. Guidelines have been established by the
American College of Radiology (ACR) to encourage
the effective and safe application of MRI technology.
These suggestions address a variety of MRI safety
issues, including the need to screen patients for
potential dangers, design MRI facilities and
equipment, train staff, and be ready for emergencies.
Healthcare institutions can lessen possible risks,
enhance patient safety, and promote a culture of
safety within MRI environments by following these
ACR MRI safety recommendations. The development
of standardized code management systems within
the MR setting requires collaboration with
anesthesiologists, the sedation team, radiology
nursing colleagues, and adherence to the American
College of Radiology (ACR) principles for safe
practice. In the end, this cooperative strategy reduces
potential dangers to both patients and staff,
improving overall safety in the MR environment (21).
In implementing the ACR MRI safety
guidelines, healthcare professionals must possess
adequate knowledge of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) safety to guarantee safety and maintain a
seamless workflow. According to Alelyani et al.'s (22)
study of healthcare professionals, rigorous health
education programs are required to raise their level
of comprehension and knowledge of MRI. The end
goal of promoting an MRI safety culture is to achieve
a thorough understanding of the MRI technology,
imaging principles, the use of contrast media,
adherence to safe practices, written guidelines, and
the implementation of standardized protocols that
can be used throughout the entire center (23).
III. METHODOLOGY
In this study, a quantitative descriptive-
cross sectional design was utilized to assess the
frequency, distribution, and relationships between
variables or sets of scores. Statistical methods such as
5. Hussin / I nvestigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
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t-tests and Pearson's r coefficient were employed to
quantify and explain the extent of differences and
associations.
The study was conducted to assess the
average basic knowledge of MRI and determine the
level of knowledge on MRI safety among healthcare
workers in KAMC specifically doctors, nurses,
respiratory therapists, and anesthesiology technicians
directly involved in MRI procedures. However, the
Radiology staff, particularly technologists and
technicians, were excluded from the study.
Research Instrument
This study adopted two questionnaires from
previously published research. One is from the study
of Magbool Alelyani et.al, 2021 (23) entitled “Saudi
Arabian Health Workers’ Perception and Attitudes
toward Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety”
published in the Journal of Radiology Nursing, and
the other one is from Nur Nadiah Syafawani et.al,
2021 (24) entitled “Assessment of Knowledge and
Perception towards MRI Safety Among Healthcare
Workers” distributed online. A total of 20 closed-
ended questions were used across two different
parts. In the first part, participants will explore their
demographic information and their basic concept of
MRI. The second part is the question on their level of
knowledge on MRI safety.
The first part of the questionnaire that
assessed the respondent's basic knowledge of MRI
was composed of 10 multiple-choice questions. The
scores were evaluated on the frequency of correct
answers by the respondents. On the other hand, there
were 10 questions to test the level of knowledge on
MRI safety. There was a five-response Likert scale to
choose from, ranging from Not at all knowledgeable
(1), Slightly knowledgeable (2), Moderately
knowledgeable (3) Very knowledgeable (4), and
Highly knowledgeable (5). The use of the Likert -
scale is important to achieve the most comprehensive
measurement possible, humans need to transform
abstract concepts into tangible representations. This
process is deeply intertwined and influenced by the
perspective and subjectivity of the researcher (25).
Ethical Consideration
Ethical approval was sought from the KAMC
Institutional Review Board (IRB) – IRB # 23-1083 and
received an exemption. Participants’ confidentiality
was always protected. Respondents provided their
consent willingly where it guarantees that they have
a clear understanding of the study's objectives,
methods, and the potential risks or benefits involved
in their participation.
Statistical Treatment of Data
In this study, the utilization of a percentage
frequency distribution allowed for the presentation
of survey responses and other collected data in
tabular or graphical formats, demonstrating the
relative frequency along with their corresponding
percentages. Also, a t-test and correlation statistics
were employed. Pearson-product moment
correlation coefficient was utilized to assess the
association and measure the extent to which two
variables are influenced by each other. It quantified
the impact of changes in one variable on changes in
the other variable.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There was a total of 72 responses retrieved
from the data collected online, of which 63 responses
qualified for the study. Male participants comprised
52% and 48% females. The participants came from
various fields of
study but since the inclusion criteria of target
respondents are very specific, researchers opt to
exclude responses from specialties not directly
involved in MRI procedures.
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17.50%
17.50%
60.32%
4.76%
0.00%20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
Doctor
Nurse
Respiratory Therapist
Anesthesiology…
Fig. 1: Distribution according to the profession
Figure 1 shows the distribution of respondents
according to the profession. Professionals who
participated in the study included doctors (11),
nurses (11), respiratory therapists (38),
anesthesiology technicians (3), and other
professionals including pharmacists, laboratory
specialists, QA specialists, and administrators. But
since this study focuses on patient safety related to
healthcare professionals directly involved in MRI
procedures, other professionals' responses were not
included in the study.
Table 1 shows the distribution according to the years
of experience among respondents. Many of the
respondents were between 4-8 years of service
(37.5%) and 9-11 years (23.61%) respectively. Data
also indicates the level of education among
respondents that include diploma (7), bachelor's
degree (48), master's degree (9), Ph.D. (2), Physician-
subspecialty (4), and Physician (2) respectively.
Table 1. Distribution according to years of experience.
Years of service Percentage
1-3 Years 12.5%
4-8 Years 37.5%
9-11 Years 23.61%
12-15 Years 16.67%
Above 16 years 9.72%
The questions introduced in the study are
categorized into 1) basic knowledge of MRI and 2)
level of knowledge of MRI safety. According to
Ghadimi and Sapra, 2022 (26), healthcare personnel
must receive MRI safety training to safeguard
patients from the possible dangers of MRI as clinical
demand for MRI has increased.
Table 2. Distribution of basic knowledge on MRI when grouped according to the profession.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF MRI DOCTOR NURSE RESPIRATORY
THERAPIST
ANESTHESIOLOGY
TECHNICIAN
Q1: What is MRI? 100% 66.64% 94.74% 33.33%
Q2: How does MRI work? 72.7% 45.45% 76.32% 33.33%
Q3: Which of the following body
structures are imaged in MRI?
100% 100% 97.4% 100%
Q4: Which of the following is not
the preparation for MRI?
0% 0% 2.63% 0%
Q5: What is the duration of an MRI
scan?
91% 63.6% 42% 0%
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Q6: Which is the route the dye is
administered during the procedure?
91% 100% 86.8% 100%
Q7: What is the pain level after the
MRI procedure?
91% 100% 86.8% 100%
Q8: How long the patient must take
rest after MRI?
81.8% 45.5% 76.3% 100%
Q9: What do you expect during an
MRI scan?
100% 45.5% 68.4% 66.67%
Q10: Which item is not
contraindicated in the MRI
procedure?
91% 91% 84.2% 100%
AVERAGE 81.85% 63% 70.5% 63%
Table 2 provides a visual representation of the
first part of the questionnaire using frequency and
distribution which describes the basic knowledge of
MRI among healthcare professionals. The adopted
10-items multiple-choice questions determine the
respondent's basic knowledge. Question 1: The
profession “Doctor" is 100% knowledgeable on the
question "What is MRI?, it is also observed that the
profession "Anesthesiology Technician” is 33.33%
knowledgeable. A complete grasp of the effects of the
magnetic field and the underlying concepts behind
the difficulties, restrictions, and even the placement
of MRI equipment is necessary for equipment design
and monitoring principles in the MRI environment
specifically for anesthesiology (27). Question 2:
Nurses are less knowledgeable when it comes to the
question on how MRI works at 45.45% compared to
Respiratory Therapists (76.32%). This result is
supported by a study by Alghamdi, et.al, 2021 (28)
where they concluded that nurses have limited
knowledge about MRI and moderate adherence to
MRI safety procedures. Question 3: Almost all the
respondents answered correctly on the question
regarding
body structures to be imaged or scanned. Although
MRI offers better resolution and image value
compared to other modalities, it is limited to specific
body structures. Question 4: Almost all respondents
failed to answer correctly the question related to
preparation. Although it is known that metallic
objects, voiding before the procedure, and
administration of anesthesia are common
preparations, the patient doesn't need to wear a
hospital gown. This misconception has led to the
failed responses related to question number 4.
Question 5: While 91% of the professional "Doctors"
answered the question correctly, data also revealed
that Anesthesiology technicians had no idea about
the duration of an MRI examination. An MRI scan
usually lasts between 30-60 minutes depending on
the area to be examined. Several variables, such as
the precise type of scan being performed, the area of
the body being examined, and the intricacy of the
investigation, can affect how long an MRI scan takes.
Both practical and physiological repercussions may
result from the length of an MRI scan, recent
improvements in MRI technology and methods aim
to shorten scan times while retaining image quality.
These include the employment of customized coils,
motion correction algorithms, and faster imaging
techniques. These advancements assist in addressing
some of the difficulties brought on by lengthier scan
times. Question 6: Professions "Nurse" and
"Anesthesiology Technician" perfectly answered the
question related to dye administration. Intravenous
(IV) contrast material is used extensively for CT and
MRI scans (29), it is crucial to remember that the
decision to use a contrast agent during an MRI scan
is dependent on the precise clinical indication and
the radiologist's or clinician's professional judgment.
Before deciding if contrast administration is required
and appropriate, elements including the diagnostic
advantages, potential hazards, and the specific
patient's medical history are to be considered.
Question 7: This question relates to the knowledge of
pain levels after MRI procedures. It is observed that
100% of the profession “Anesthesiology Technician”
and 76.3% of the profession “Respiratory Therapist”
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correctly answered the question respectively. It is
important to note that after an MRI procedure,
discomfort is often extremely little or nonexistent.
MRI does not directly harm tissue or cause
discomfort because it is a non-invasive imaging
technique that doesn't require any incisions or
intrusive procedures. Question 8. Data about this
question reveals that 100% of Anesthesiology
Technicians and 45.5% of respondents "Nurses"
answered the question correctly. There is typically no
set amount of time that must pass after an MRI
procedure. After the scan, most patients can resume
their regular activities right away. Since MRI is a
non-invasive imaging method that doesn't need any
physical effort or tissue harm, a lengthy time of rest
is often not required. Question 9. The professional
"Doctor" answered the question related to the
expectations during MRI procedures perfectly. On
the other hand, the profession “Nurse”(45.5%)
ranked last in this group. The choices given to
answer this question are hearing loud banging noise,
silence, alarming sound, and speaking loud
respectively. During the scan, the MRI machine
makes loud knocking, thumping, or buzzing noises.
To help reduce noise and improve the experience,
earplugs or headphones with music may be offered
to the patient. Several different things might generate
noise in MRI pictures, such as field strength, radio
receiver bandwidth, radio frequency wobble, and
frequency pulses. An MRI generates noise due to a
metal coil vibrating because of a rapid electric pulse.
Noise levels in MRIs can exceed 90 to 100 decibels or
vary between 65 and 135 decibels, requiring the
wearing of ear protection (27). Question 10: The
choices given to answer this question are: pacemaker,
vascular stent, cochlear implant, and hospital gown.
The hospital gown is not contraindicated for the MRI
procedure. The result suggests that 100% of
professionals "Anesthesiology Technician", Doctor”
(91%), “Nurse” (91%), and "Respiratory Technician"
(84.2%) respectively answered the question correctly.
The purpose of wearing a gown is to ensure that
there are no metallic objects or clothing with metal
components that could potentially affect the quality
of the MRI images or pose a safety risk. Metal objects
can cause artifacts in the images or heat up in the
magnetic field, leading to potential injury.
Table 3. Distribution of basic knowledge on MRI when grouped according to years of clinical experience.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF
MRI
1-3 Years 4-8 Years 9-11 Years 12-15 Years Above 16
Years
Q1: What is MRI? 88.89% 78.26% 100% 91% 85.7%
Q2: How does MRI work? 77.78% 78.26% 69.23% 54.54% 85.7%
Q3: Which of the
following body structures
are imaged in MRI?
100% 82.6% 100% 100% 100%
Q4: Which of the
following is not the
preparation for MRI?
0% 17.4% 0% 0% 0%
Q5: What is the duration
of an MRI scan?
33.33% 34.8% 61.5% 72.7% 85.7%
Q6: Which is the route the
dye is administered
during the procedure?
100% 4.35% 92.3% 72.7% 100%
Q7: What is the pain level
after the MRI procedure?
88.89% 56.5% 100% 100% 71.4%
Q8: How long the patient
must take rest after MRI?
55.56% 65.2% 77% 54.5% 28.6%
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Q9: What do you expect
during an MRI scan?
66.67% 21.7% 61.5% 91% 57.1%
Q10: Which item is not
contraindicated in the MRI
procedure?
88.9% 78.3% 84.6% 91% 71.4%
AVERAGE 70% 51.74% 74.6% 72.7% 68.6%
Table 3 reveals the respondent's basic knowledge of
MRI according to their years of clinical experience.
The respondents were grouped into 1-3 years. 4-8
years, 9-11 years, 12-15 years, and above 16 years
respectively. Q1: Data strongly suggests that “9-11
years” respondents answered the question perfectly,
while it is also noted that only 78.26% of the “4-
8years” respondents were able to do so. Often longer
clinical experience would allow healthcare workers
to possess a wide range of knowledge and
proficiency in their specialized disciplines. The
amount of knowledge and competence can, however,
differ amongst people, even those with similar years
of experience, depending on a variety of factors,
including continued education, specialty, and a
person's commitment to professional development.
Q2: Respondents with 12-15 years of clinical
experience were less able to answer the question
correctly at 54.54% compared to other groups. To
protect patients and improve the quality of the
pictures generated, healthcare professionals must
comprehend the MRI concepts. This includes
understanding the effects of the magnetic field,
situating patients and equipment correctly, and being
aware of the risks and safety measures for patients
who have specific medical implants or devices.
However, this result invalidates the study of Wu
et.al, 2018 (28) where they concluded that longer
years of clinical experience were related to scoring
higher on the long-term knowledge assessment. Q3:
Three groups were able to give perfect responses to
the question related to body structures to be scanned
by MRI, a result that is also supported by Table 2.
For correct diagnosis, ideal picture interpretation,
patient safety, and a solid understanding of bodily
structures are essential. It is essential for delivering
high-quality medical treatment and enhancing
patient outcomes. Q4. Contrary to Q3, this question
received negative responses. Regarding the patient's
readiness for the MRI procedure, none of the three
groups were able to provide a favorable reaction. To
ensure patient safety, improve picture quality,
increase patient comfort, facilitate an efficient
workflow, and enable precise diagnosis and
treatment planning, patient preparation for MRI
procedures is essential. Healthcare providers can
offer their patients effective MRI services and high-
quality care by following the right
preparation practice. Q5: Respondents with 1-3 and
4-8 years of clinical experience exhibited less
knowledge of the duration of MRI procedures
compared to other groups. It is also evident from the
results that the higher the years of clinical experience,
the higher the knowledge about the question of MRI
scan duration. Q6: Respondents with 1-3 (100%) and
above 16 (100%) years of clinical experience were
exemplary on this specific question. However, "4-8
years" respondents’ knowledge of dye administration
is minimal at 4.35%. Q7: This question pertains to the
knowledge of respondents regarding pain levels after
MRI procedures. Data reveals that respondents from
9-11 and 12-15 years of clinical experience were
highly knowledgeable on the topic, however only a
little more than half of respondents under 4-8 years
of clinical experience (56.5%) were knowledgeable. It
is known that MRI procedures are not painful
although they might cause discomfort due to lying
still for a length of time. Q8: Respondents who have
above 16 years of clinical experience (28.6%) were
less knowledgeable on the question regarding post-
MRI scan care compared to other groups. The MRI
imaging process itself is non-invasive, requiring no
physical effort or intrusive treatments. It rarely
results in considerable physical stress or exhaustion.
Therefore, prolonged periods of recovery or rest are
typically not required. Q9: Data suggests that only
21.7% of respondents with 4-8 years of clinical
experience answered “hearing loud banging noise”
while 91% of respondents under 12-15 years of
clinical experience answered the same. In an MRI
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exam, the hammering noise you hear is a typical
byproduct of the scanning procedure, resulting from
the MRI machine's magnetic field gradients turning
on and off. Detailed images produced by the MRI
scan require magnetic field gradients. The magnetic
field rapidly changes when these gradients are
engaged, creating the tapping, or pounding sound.
Throughout the scan, the noise may change in
frequency and intensity, depending on the imaging
sequences being employed. Louder or more frequent
noises may be made by some sequences than others.
Additionally, the volume of the sound may fluctuate
between different MRI machines. Q10: 91% of
respondents with 12-15 years of clinical experience
were knowledgeable that a hospital gown is an item
not contraindicated in MRI procedures. The choices
given to answer this question are pacemaker,
vascular stent, cochlear implant, and hospital gown
respectively. The primary reason for wearing a
hospital gown is to ensure that there are no metallic
objects or materials that could interfere with the MRI
imaging or pose a safety risk to the patient.
Table 4. Level of MRI knowledge on MRI safety when grouped according to the profession.
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
MRI SAFETY
DOCTOR
(WM)
NURSE
(WM)
RESPIRATORY
THERAPIST
(WM)
ANESTHESIOLOGY
TECHNICIAN
(WM)
Q1: Do you know that the MRI scanner
is always on even without a patient?
4.18 3.64 3.55 2.33
Q2: Do you know that an MRI
CONTRAST agent causes an adverse
reaction?
4.36 4.1 3.53 3.33
Q3: Do you know that patients
undergoing MRI with contrast agents
must have their creatinine levels
checked (GFR)?
4.82 3.91 3.08 3.33
Q4: Do you know that pregnant
patients can be scanned by MRI?
4.77 3.27 3.26 3.33
Q5: Do you know about the compatible
devices used in the MRI environment?
4.36 2.50 3.63 4.67
Q6: Do you know that running the
emergency code inside the MRI room
is prohibited?
2.82 2.55 2.95 1.67
Q7: Do you know that all MRI patients
will be screened for any metallic
implants before the procedure?
4.91 3.63 4.0 3.33
Q8; Do you know how to handle a
patient having an adverse reaction
from an MRI contrast agent?
4.27 3.09 2.66 2.0
Q9: Do you know of the different
ZONES in the MRI environment?
3.82 3.09 2.45 2.0
Q10: Do you know that the MRI
scanner is in ZONE-4?
2.73 1.45 2.43 2.0
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ACCUMULATED MEAN 4.10 3.12 3.15 2.8
Scale range:
1.0-1.75-Not at all knowledgeable; 1.76-2.5 Slightly knowledgeable
2.51-3.25-Moderately knowledgeable; 3.26-3.99 – Very knowledgeable; 4.00-5.00 Highly knowledgeable
The level of knowledge about MRI safety is
determined by the 10 questions displayed in Table 4.
Q1: Among the professions admitted in the study,
respondents “anesthesiology technician" expressed
that they are slightly knowledgeable that the MRI
scanner is always on even without a patient with a
weighted mean of 2.33, respondents “doctor”
however are highly knowledgeable (4.18) on the
matter. Respondents “nurse” (3.64) and “respiratory
therapist” (3.55) declared that they are very
knowledgeable respectively. MRIs do not instantly
shut down and start up again after being turned off,
unlike a lot of other pieces of medical imaging
equipment. Unless otherwise stated, magnetic fields
in MRI devices stay steady even when power is lost.
The MRI scanner needs a refrigerant system because
it must run continuously, seven days a week, for 24
hours, it is therefore preferable to keep an MRI
scanner operating continuously rather than turning it
on and off frequently because its magnetic field uses
so much energy. In terms of Q2, it is observed that
the respondent’s “doctor” (4.36) and “nurse” (4.1) are
highly knowledgeable when it comes to MRI contrast
agent adverse reactions. Positive (T1) or negative (T2)
contrast agents (CAs) are frequently injected
intravenously to increase the contrast between
healthy and abnormal parts of the human body
(Gallo, et.al, 2020), however, MRI contrast agents
including gadolinium are harmful to mitochondrial
respiratory function and cell viability and as an
agent's concentration rises and its kinetic stability
falls, toxicity rises as well (Bower, et.al, 2019). Q3: On
the other hand, respondents’ "doctor" (4.82)
expressed high knowledge when it comes to the
necessity of creatine level investigation before any
MRI procedure while “respiratory therapist”
respondents were moderately knowledgeable (3.08)
about it. Creatinine levels should frequently be
evaluated before an MRI that uses a contrast agent,
more specifically one that contains gadolinium
(GBCA). A byproduct of muscle metabolism called
creatinine will indicate how well the kidneys are
functioning. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are
mostly eliminated through the kidneys, and those
who are vulnerable to the condition of nephrogenic
systemic fibrosis (NSF) may be at a higher risk if
renal function is compromised. Gadolinium chelate-
related NSF poses a concern to patients with poor
renal function which is why it is important to
remember that before an MRI scan, patients with
known or suspected renal impairment should have
their renal function assessed. Q4: A weighted mean
of 4.77 suggests that respondent “doctor” is highly
knowledgeable when it comes to the question on
pregnant patients undergoing MRI examination. On
the other hand, all other respondents expressed that
they are very knowledgeable on this topic. According
to Lum and Tsiouris (2020), there are currently no
studies demonstrating any direct risks of MRI during
any trimester of pregnancy. Q5: When it comes to the
knowledge of compatible devices within the MRI
environment, "doctor" (4.36) and "anesthesiology
technician" (4.67) respondents made it known that
they are highly knowledgeable while respondent
“nurse” conveyed that they are slightly
knowledgeable on this topic. It's crucial to remember
that not all medical equipment or implants work
with MRIs. The presence of metallic parts or other
materials in some electronics makes them susceptible
to a high magnetic field, which might result in
malfunctions or safety hazards. Before performing
the treatment, healthcare professionals must be
informed of any implants or other equipment a
patient may be using and confirm their suitability for
MRI. Q6: All three groups of respondents namely the
doctor, nurse, and respiratory therapist conveyed
moderate knowledge regarding running an
emergency code inside the MRI room with weighted
means of 2.82, 2.55, and 2.95 respectively. However,
respondents "anesthesiology technician" (1.67)
expressed that they are not at all knowledgeable on
the matter. Running an emergency inside the MRI is
generally prohibited due to safety hazards, safety
risks are one of the main justifications for banning
12. Hussin / I nvestigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 7(4), 2023
Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijmpd/ 17
emergency codes inside the MRI room. Intense
magnetic fields can transform metal things into
deadly projectiles which are too risky and at the
same time running an emergency code while an MRI
is being performed may cause interference and can
disrupt signals that may affect an MRI scan's
precision and quality. Q7: Due to the intense
magnetic field present in the MRI setting, the
presence of metallic implants or devices may present
a safety risk. Certain implants might not be suitable
for MRI or might need to be treated differently,
therefore it is necessary to screen all patients before
the MRI procedure. Data reveals that respondent's
"doctor”, and “respiratory therapist” are highly
knowledgeable at a weighted mean of 4.91 and 4.0
respectively in terms of patient screening for metallic
implants. The screening procedure and determining
the safety of MRI for each patient are crucial tasks
that must be performed by medical professionals to
ensure MRI safety. Q8: To protect the patient's safety
and wellbeing, handling patients who are having an
adverse reaction to an MRI contrast agent
necessitates quick and appropriate intervention.
Among the professions, "doctors" (4.27) declared that
they are highly knowledgeable in handling events of
adverse MRI reactions. It is also observed that
professional "nurses" and “respiratory therapists" are
moderately knowledgeable and respondents
"anesthesiology technicians" are not at all
knowledgeable. Gadolinium chelates with varying
degrees of stability, viscosity, and osmolality are
used as MRI contrast agents. Although gadolinium is
a relatively extremely safe contrast, patients may
occasionally experience adverse responses to it (26).
Q9: A section within a medical facility known as the
"MRI zone" is allocated and created, particularly for
MRI scans. The removal of ferromagnetic materials
and things that might be impacted by the magnetic
field is one of the main factors in the MRI zone. This
guarantees that nothing will be drawn to the MRI
machine, avoiding potential risks, and preserving the
accuracy of the scan. Among the responses,
respondents ‘doctor” reveals high knowledge on the
topic with a weighted mean of 3.82, however,
respondents “anesthesiology technician” suggests
slightly knowledgeable on the topic. The bulk of
modern MR scanners are superconducting high-field
(1.5 T) devices, which means that after installation
and magnet ramping, the primary magnetic field (Bo)
is always present. Areas inside and surrounding the
MR scanner are constructed with safety zones to
reduce the danger of injury or death to humans or
damage to the MR scanner because of a projectile
incident. The literature provides detailed examples of
zoning maps that serve to demarcate and identify
areas within and around the MR suite in terms of
their respective safety risks and measures necessary
to ensure the safety of both staff and patients. Of the
four zones (I, II, III, & IV) as defined by the American
College of Radiology (ACR), Zone I is open to the
public and has the lowest risk of an MR-related
injury. Zone II is the transition zone between Zone I,
which is open to the public (i.e., uncontrolled), and
Zones III and IV, which are strictly restricted. While
Zone IV comprises the MR scanner chamber and is,
therefore, the area with the highest safety risk, Zone
III is the limited area outside of the MR scanner
where unscreened access by non-MR staff may have
negative impacts (29). Q10: Respondents “nurse”
(1.45) indicates that they are not at all knowledgeable
that Zone-4 houses the MRI scanner, while “doctor”(
2.73) is moderately knowledgeable. Data also
suggests that respondents "respiratory therapist" and
"anesthesiology technician" are slightly
knowledgeable regarding the location of the MRI
scanner. The ACR advises keeping Zone IV access
closed unless it is being used for patient care or
maintenance, and when it is open, they advise
utilizing a "caution" barrier to prevent unintentional
passage from Zone III to Zone IV (such as adjustable
straps or plastic chains) as mentioned by Greenberg,
et.al, 2019 (30).
13. Hussin / I nvestigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 7(4), 2023
Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijmpd/ 18
Table 5. Correlation of variables with the level of knowledge of MRI safety
Variable PROFESSION
YEARS OF
CLINICAL
EXPERIENCE
1. PROFESSION Pearson's r —
p-value —
2. YEARS OF CLINICAL
EXPERIENCE
Pearson's r 0.755 —
p-value 0.012 —
3. LEVEL OF
EDUCATION
Pearson's r -0.017 0.344
p-value 0.963 0.330
*Level of significance= 0.05
Table 5 shows the correlation of the level of
knowledge towards MRI safety with the variable
profession, years of clinical experience, and level of
education. Using Pearson’s correlation, data reveals
that variable profession and years of clinical
experience are not significantly correlated with a p-
value of 0.012, higher than the level of significance
(0.05). There is also a positive correlation (r= 0.755)
between the variables. It is further indicated that the
level of education and years of clinical experience are
not at all correlated when it comes to the level of
knowledge of MRI safety. The level of education and
variable profession are negatively correlated (-0.017),
which means that if one of the variables changes, the
other variable will also change in the opposite
direction. Years of clinical experience can
significantly affect a healthcare professional's degree
of knowledge and expertise. Through years of work,
healthcare professionals encounter a variety of
instances, settings, and difficulties as their experience
grows. They can have a broader awareness of
medical issues, procedures, and patient care thanks
to this exposure.
Table 6. Distribution of the significant difference in basic
Table 6. MRI knowledge when grouped according to profession.
PROFESSION t df p-value INTERPRETATION
Doctor 8.625 9 p ˂.001 Significant
Nurse 6.453 9 p ˂.001 Significant
Respiratory Therapist 7.460 9 p ˂.001 Significant
Anesthesiology
Technician
4.323 9 0.002 Significant
Doctor 8.625 9 p ˂.001 Significant
*Level of significance=0.05
Table 6 shows the significant difference
between the variables when grouped according to
profession. The t-test statistical analysis produced a
p-value of less than 0.001 and a degree of freedom of
9, suggesting a substantial difference in basic MRI
knowledge among the professions of "doctor,"
"nurse," and "respiratory therapist.". Further,
according to the statistical analysis, the role of
"anesthesiology technician" in the context under
investigation differs statistically significantly with a
p-value of 0.002, which is below the 0.05 crucial level
of significance.
14. Hussin / I nvestigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 7(4), 2023
Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijmpd/ 19
Table 7. Distribution of the difference in level of knowledge on MRI safety when grouped according to profession.
PROFESSION t df p-value INTERPRETATION
Doctor 16.822 9 p ˂.001 Significant
Nurse 17.066 9 p ˂.001 Significant
Respiratory Therapist 18.605 9 p ˂.001 Significant
Anesthesiology Technician 9.366 9 p ˂.001 Significant
*Level of significance=0.05
According to the t-statistical analysis
presented in Table 7, the findings show that,
depending on the respondents' different professions,
there is a substantial variance in the level of
knowledge towards MRI safety. The computed p-
value of 0.001 indicates that there is a statistically
significant difference in the variables. The difference
in knowledge levels between different professions
can be attributed to their training and awareness (31).
Table 8. Correlation between basic knowledge of MRI and
level of knowledge on MRI safety
Variable BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON MRI
LEVEL OF
KNOWLEDGE
ON MRI
SAFETY
Pearson’s r (-0.064)
p-value ( 0.861)
*Level of significance = 0.05
Based on the information provided in Table 8,
the correlation analysis using Pearson's correlation
coefficient (r) between basic MRI knowledge and the
level of knowledge on MRI safety among
respondents yielded a value of -0.064 which indicates
a negative correlation, the p-value of 0.861 however
suggests that this correlation is not statistically
significant. In statistical hypothesis testing, the p-
value is used to determine the significance of a
correlation. In this case, the p-value of 0.861 is higher
than the set level of significance of 0.05. This means
that there is no significant correlation between basic
MRI knowledge and the level of knowledge of MRI
safety. This result indicates that the findings do not
suggest a significant relationship or association
between respondents' level of knowledge about MRI
safety and their basic understanding of MRI. It
further suggests that having more general knowledge
about MRI does not necessarily equate to having
more information, especially about MRI safety.
V. CONCLUSION
The study revealed that doctors exhibited a
greater level of knowledge regarding the
fundamentals of MRI among the professions. Nurses
and anesthesiology technicians on the other hand
were found to have relatively lower levels of
knowledge in this area. The result also suggests that
it is essential for all professionals involved in MRI
procedures to actively acquaint themselves with the
necessary preparations for MRI procedures.
Additionally, individuals with 9-11 years of clinical
experience demonstrate a greater level of basic MRI
knowledge when compared to other groups. The
amount of clinical experience plays a role in shaping
one's level of knowledge, and there is a direct
relationship between the two. This result further
indicates that as individuals gain more years of
experience in a clinical setting, their knowledge tends
to grow proportionately.
Moreover, it is worth noting that
anesthesiology technicians displayed a moderate
level of knowledge regarding MRI safety, whereas
doctors exhibited a high level of knowledge in this
area. Anesthesiology technicians further
acknowledged their complete lack of knowledge
regarding the prohibition of running emergency
codes inside the MRI room. On the other hand,
nurses are not knowledgeable about the MRI Zones,
further indicating that they are clueless about MRI
scanners being inside Zone IV. When grouped
according to professions, it is further revealed that
there is a significant difference in their basic
knowledge of MRI. The study's results suggest a
possible intervention to improve MRI safety
15. Hussin / I nvestigating the MRI Safety Knowledge of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 7(4), 2023
Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijmpd/ 20
knowledge among anesthesiology technicians and
nurses: the implementation of customized
educational programs designed specifically for their
needs. These programs would aim to enhance their
understanding and awareness of MRI safety
protocols and procedures.
The study also concluded that there is no
correlation between profession, years of clinical
experience, and level of education in terms of the
level of knowledge on MRI safety. There is a negative
correlation between profession and the level of
education, which indicates that when one of the
variables changes, the other variable will also change
in the opposite direction. Furthermore, the study
suggests that there is a significant difference in the
level of knowledge on MRI safety when grouped
according to the profession. A conclusion section
must be included and should clearly indicate the
advantages, limitations, and possible applications of
the paper. Although a conclusion may review the
main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract
as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on
the importance of the work or suggest applications
and extensions.
Finally, the findings of this study indicated
that basic knowledge of MRI and level of knowledge
of MRI safety are not significantly correlated. In other
words, respondents who have a good grasp of the
basic principles and concepts of MRI may not
necessarily demonstrate a higher level of knowledge
in terms of safety protocols, precautions, and
potential risks involved in MRI scans. This finding
suggests that factors beyond basic knowledge, such
as specific training programs, ongoing education, or
dedicated safety training, may be necessary to ensure
a comprehensive understanding and adherence to
MRI safety guidelines.
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