Abstract: In this paperimproved spider algorithm (ISA) is projected to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) Problem. Stimulated by the societal spiders, we suggest a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA) to solve ORPD problem. The structure is chiefly based on the foraging approach of social spiders, which make use of the vibrations spread over the spider web to decide the position of preys. The simulation results demonstrate high-quality performance of ISA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The projected algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other specified algorithms. Results show that ISA is more efficient than other algorithms to reduce the real power loss and to enhance the voltage profile index.
Improved Spider Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problempaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paperimproved spider algorithm (ISA) is projected to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) Problem. Stimulated by the societal spiders, we suggest a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA) to solve ORPD problem. The structure is chiefly based on the foraging approach of social spiders, which make use of the vibrations spread over the spider web to decide the position of preys. The simulation results demonstrate high-quality performance of ISA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The projected algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other specified algorithms. Results show that ISA is more efficient than other algorithms to reduce the real power loss and to enhance the voltage profile index.
Keywords: spider algorithm, swarm intelligence, evolutionary computation, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Hybrid Quantum Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm For Solving Opti...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents hybrid particle swarm algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. In this paper, a framework of hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, called Hybrid quantum genetic particle swarm optimization (HQGPSO), is proposed by reasonably combining the Q-bit evolutionary search of quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm and binary bit evolutionary search of genetic particle swarm optimization (GPSO) in order to achieve better optimization performances. The proposed HQGPSO also can be viewed as a kind of hybridization of micro-space based search and macro-space based search, which enriches the searching behavior to enhance and balance the exploration and exploitation abilities in the whole searching space. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms.
Keywords: quantum particle swarm optimization, genetic particle swarm optimization, hybrid algorithm Optimization, Swarm Intelligence, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Vibrational Behaviour of Composite Beams Based on Fiber Orientation with Piez...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: A smart structure can sense the vibration and generate a controlled actuation, so that the vibration can be minimized. For this purpose, smart materials are used as actuators and sensors. Among all the smart materials Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is used as smart material and the smart structures are taken as carbon-epoxy cantilever beams. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of dimensions of PZT and position of PZT on the natural frequency of smart structure. In this work the simulation analysis and experimental analysis were carried out on the carbon epoxy cantilever beams for different fibre orientations like 00 ,300 and 600 with and without PZT patch at different positions. The simulation is carried out by using ANSYS and experimentation is carried out by using FFT analyser, accelerometer and impact hammer. Both the experimentation and simulation results show the effective control in the vibration of the structure, the required decrease in the natural frequency is observed with reference to the both patch dimension and position. Thus the results of this work conclude that the dimensions of the PZTand positioning of the PZT influences the natural frequency of the smart structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELLS FROM CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERIST...ijscai
This paper presents a method for calculating the light generated current, the series resistance, shun
resistance and the two components of the reverse saturation current usually encountered in the double
diode representation of the solar cell from the experimental values of the current-voltage characteristics
of the cell using genetic algorithm. The theory is able to regenerate the above mentioned parameters to
very good accuracy when applied to cell data that was generated from pre-defined parameters. The
method is applied to various types of space quality solar cells and sub cells. All parameters except the
light generated current are seen to be nearly the same in the case of a cell whose characteristics under
illumination and in dark were analyzed. The light generated current is nearly equal to the short- circuit
current in all cases. The parameters obtained by this method and another method are nearly equal
wherever applicable. The parameters are also shown to represent the current-voltage characteristics
well.
Good Parameters for PSO in Optimizing Laying Hen Diet IJECEIAES
Manual formulation of poultry diet by taking into account the fulfillment of all nutrients requirement with least cost is a difficult task. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) shows promising technique to solve this problem. However, there is a lack of studying a good parameter for PSO to solve feed formulation problem since PSO is sensitive to control parameter which depends on the problem. Therefore, this study investigates good swarm size, total iterations, acceleration coefficients, and inertia weight to produce a better formula. PSO with proposed good parameters is compared with other parameters. The obtained result shows that PSO with good parameters choice produces the highest fitness. Furthermore, good parameters of PSO can be used as a reference for a software developer and for further research to optimize poultry diet using PSO.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
TOMOGRAPHY OF HUMAN BODY USING EXACT SIMULTANEOUS ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION AL...cscpconf
In this paper an Exact Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm is developed and applied on a large semi human size normal biological model and a diseased model (liver region affected) to verify the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm is successfully reconstructed the normal model having 15%-20% perturbation i.e. change in permittivity during disease. In diseased case, reconstructed imaginary part of complex permittivity clearly detects the affected zone and it may help the medical diagnosis. Hence it may be a powerful tool for early detection of cancerous tumors as the interrogating wave is a noninvasive one at the ultra high frequency range. The resolution of this system is increased with the reduction of
wavelength by immersing the antenna system and the model in saline water region. The advantage of this algorithm is that the calculation of cofactor are done offline to save the computational time and cofactors are expressed as a function of distances irrespective of their positions
Improved Spider Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problempaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paperimproved spider algorithm (ISA) is projected to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) Problem. Stimulated by the societal spiders, we suggest a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA) to solve ORPD problem. The structure is chiefly based on the foraging approach of social spiders, which make use of the vibrations spread over the spider web to decide the position of preys. The simulation results demonstrate high-quality performance of ISA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The projected algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other specified algorithms. Results show that ISA is more efficient than other algorithms to reduce the real power loss and to enhance the voltage profile index.
Keywords: spider algorithm, swarm intelligence, evolutionary computation, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Hybrid Quantum Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm For Solving Opti...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents hybrid particle swarm algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. In this paper, a framework of hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, called Hybrid quantum genetic particle swarm optimization (HQGPSO), is proposed by reasonably combining the Q-bit evolutionary search of quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm and binary bit evolutionary search of genetic particle swarm optimization (GPSO) in order to achieve better optimization performances. The proposed HQGPSO also can be viewed as a kind of hybridization of micro-space based search and macro-space based search, which enriches the searching behavior to enhance and balance the exploration and exploitation abilities in the whole searching space. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms.
Keywords: quantum particle swarm optimization, genetic particle swarm optimization, hybrid algorithm Optimization, Swarm Intelligence, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Vibrational Behaviour of Composite Beams Based on Fiber Orientation with Piez...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: A smart structure can sense the vibration and generate a controlled actuation, so that the vibration can be minimized. For this purpose, smart materials are used as actuators and sensors. Among all the smart materials Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is used as smart material and the smart structures are taken as carbon-epoxy cantilever beams. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of dimensions of PZT and position of PZT on the natural frequency of smart structure. In this work the simulation analysis and experimental analysis were carried out on the carbon epoxy cantilever beams for different fibre orientations like 00 ,300 and 600 with and without PZT patch at different positions. The simulation is carried out by using ANSYS and experimentation is carried out by using FFT analyser, accelerometer and impact hammer. Both the experimentation and simulation results show the effective control in the vibration of the structure, the required decrease in the natural frequency is observed with reference to the both patch dimension and position. Thus the results of this work conclude that the dimensions of the PZTand positioning of the PZT influences the natural frequency of the smart structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELLS FROM CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERIST...ijscai
This paper presents a method for calculating the light generated current, the series resistance, shun
resistance and the two components of the reverse saturation current usually encountered in the double
diode representation of the solar cell from the experimental values of the current-voltage characteristics
of the cell using genetic algorithm. The theory is able to regenerate the above mentioned parameters to
very good accuracy when applied to cell data that was generated from pre-defined parameters. The
method is applied to various types of space quality solar cells and sub cells. All parameters except the
light generated current are seen to be nearly the same in the case of a cell whose characteristics under
illumination and in dark were analyzed. The light generated current is nearly equal to the short- circuit
current in all cases. The parameters obtained by this method and another method are nearly equal
wherever applicable. The parameters are also shown to represent the current-voltage characteristics
well.
Good Parameters for PSO in Optimizing Laying Hen Diet IJECEIAES
Manual formulation of poultry diet by taking into account the fulfillment of all nutrients requirement with least cost is a difficult task. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) shows promising technique to solve this problem. However, there is a lack of studying a good parameter for PSO to solve feed formulation problem since PSO is sensitive to control parameter which depends on the problem. Therefore, this study investigates good swarm size, total iterations, acceleration coefficients, and inertia weight to produce a better formula. PSO with proposed good parameters is compared with other parameters. The obtained result shows that PSO with good parameters choice produces the highest fitness. Furthermore, good parameters of PSO can be used as a reference for a software developer and for further research to optimize poultry diet using PSO.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
TOMOGRAPHY OF HUMAN BODY USING EXACT SIMULTANEOUS ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION AL...cscpconf
In this paper an Exact Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm is developed and applied on a large semi human size normal biological model and a diseased model (liver region affected) to verify the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm is successfully reconstructed the normal model having 15%-20% perturbation i.e. change in permittivity during disease. In diseased case, reconstructed imaginary part of complex permittivity clearly detects the affected zone and it may help the medical diagnosis. Hence it may be a powerful tool for early detection of cancerous tumors as the interrogating wave is a noninvasive one at the ultra high frequency range. The resolution of this system is increased with the reduction of
wavelength by immersing the antenna system and the model in saline water region. The advantage of this algorithm is that the calculation of cofactor are done offline to save the computational time and cofactors are expressed as a function of distances irrespective of their positions
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PROBLEMpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
TUNING OF GAINS IN BASIS WEIGHT USING FUZZY CONTROLLERSpaperpublications3
Abstract: new generation fuzzy logic controllers are based on the integration of conventional and fuzzy controllers. India being the fastest growing market for paper globally presents an exciting industry scenario. The main requirement concerns measured and controlled variable for paper including basis weight and moisture. This research is an effort to achieve better performance with nonlinear processes in servo applications. Three different structures on fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd and fuzzy-pd+i are studied for variable inputusing simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox. Analysis of four scaling gainsge, gce, gie and gu is done to obtain most appropriate output.
Source, Availability and Use of Agricultural Information by Extension Agents ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Assessment of the agricultural information systems and communication arrangement used by extension workers provided a framework to identify the strength and weaknesses of the current systems and led to recommendations to improve their performance. Structured interviews were used to collect data from a randomly selected twenty eight extension workers of the Sidama zone of SNNPRs. The data analysis was performed using SPSS. The responses indicated that Woreda agricultural office top rated (77.8%), followed by mass media (55.6%), news paper (51.9%) and mobile (37%) by delivering agricultural information regularly. The result of the study shows that all of the respondents (100%) have got agricultural information in the form of training and extension meeting. Similarly, 96.3% have got from local radio program and 88.9% from field visit, manual and national radio program. In addition to this, national television program, leaflets, and regional television program serves as source of agricultural information for 74.1, 74.1, and 70.4% of the respondents respectively whereas reports and websites provide agricultural information for 3.7 and7.4% respectively. Among the respondents, the majority (59.3%) have used notebook to file agricultural information obtained from different sources through different means. However, 3.7 and 29.6% of them have been used farmers training centers (FTC) and kept the original document to file the available agricultural information. Based on the result of the study most (74.04%) of the respondents were highly motivated on their work. However 22.2 and 3.7% of them were low and medium motivated on their work respectively. The study revealed that extension agents in the study area had adequate job autonomy. However the extension workers did not have an appropriate information management system. The finding of this research revealed that the governments need to frame sensitive policies to address the problem of the extension workers loyalty to their organization in order to increase their commitment in which they play vital roles in agricultural development.
THE CHALLENGE OF INFLATION AND ITS CONSUMPTION RELATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: Indian economy is a developing economy and it faces many challenges from all directions. It also faces some extra challenges not only economic but also from other sectors of society. In this paper the challenge of inflation and its consumption relation is explained. Many economic experts and political world leaders accused Indian consumers for the world inflation rise. Indian particularly middle and lower income families feet the heat of the inflation more intensively than higher income group peoples. Inflation is basically problem of demand and supply equation, but many other factors also involved in it. Some dilemma of the inflation is presented in this paper. Not only people of India but also the central and states governments are also afraid of inflation. Many economists we well as politicians assumed that inflation is affecting the consumption or the consumer is the cause of inflation.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL LOAD BY MATLAB SIMULATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a framework considering industrial loads for improvement of power factor of industrial load system. Most of loads in industries are inductive in nature and thus having low power factor. Low power factor is highly undesirable and it increases current and also increases losses of active power. This paper discusses how to calculate the correct value of capacitor to improve power factor to overcome above mentioned problems. Because improving power factor will give efficient utilization of electrical power.
Abstract: This paper presents an introduction to design a single-stage reluctance coilgun. An equivalent circuit for coilgun is analyzed and equation for current through the coil is derived. Main components while designing the coilgun selection like capacitor, IGBTs, projectile for coil design are discussed in detail and their effect on performance of the coilgun is studied. The circuit is designed for measuring speed of the projectile using IR based sensors.
An Overview of Different PWM Techniques to Reduce Total Harmonic Distortion o...paperpublications3
Abstract: There are three types of DC/AC inverters available on the market, which are classified by their output types: (1) in practice, DC/AC conversion is done with topologies of varying precision. It can be as simple as applying voltages of equal magnitude in opposite directions across a load to generate a square wave. It is a square wave inverter. (2) A more precise method of DC/AC conversion is the modified sine wave, which introduces a dead time in a normal square wave output so that higher peak voltage can be used to produce the same average voltage as a sinusoidal wall-outlet output. This method produces fewer harmonics than square wave generation, but it still is not quite the same as the AC power that comes from AC outlet. The harmonics that are still present in a modified sine wave makes this type of inverter unsuitable for use while electrical noise is a concern, such as in medical devices which monitor the vital signs of a human.(3)Pure sine wave DC/AC conversion will introduce the least amount of harmonics into an electrical device, but are also most expensive method. Since the AC sine wave must come from a DC source, switching must still take place. However, switching takes place with logic so that the energy delivered to a load approaches that of a pure sine wave. This means that extra components and design considerations are involved in the control circuitry of a pure sine wave inverter, driving up cost.
In this paper an overview is presented of different PWM techniques to control the output voltage as well as to reduce the total harmonic distortion of output voltage in an H-bridge inverter.
Design and Development of DVR model Using Fuzzy Logic Controller for Voltage ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, A fuzzy logic based DVR model is presented and Modelled with the help of simulink block. Since from inception, fuzzy logic has been utilized in almost all the field but its application is mostly found very efficient in control system engineering. In this work Fuzzy logic controller is designed for DVR (Dynamic Voltage restorer) for mitigating the voltage sag and voltage swell problem. Simulation Result shows the compensation ability of this DVR is very effective.
Abstract: In this paper circuit for coilgun is simulated and analyzed using SIMULINK. Behavior of the magnetic field due to the current carrying coil is analyzed. Also, the effect on the coilgun performance for different weights of projectiles is investigated. The speed profile for different positions of the projectile is observed which is a critical parameter for coilgun operation. A comparison is drawn between the simulated and experimental results.
Design of Compensator for Roll Control of Towing Air-Craftspaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a difficult task to make proper adjustment of towing vehicles, keeping the motion secured and predetermined. In older days the control was manual. Now-a-days automatic feedback control systems are used. The specifications are very stringent due to imposition of govt. and industrial rules. There are constraints on steady state accuracy, transient performance and stability margins. The requirements are contradictory. If the steady state accuracy is realized, the transient requirements and the stability margins cannot be maintained. It is difficult to fulfil the requirements by modifying the feedback or adding feed-forward. It is expedient to add a compensator in the forward or feedback path. In this paper, the design of a towing aircraft has been taken up. Its block diagram and transfer function are given. The gain has been fixed up to keep the steady state error within prescribed limits. The transient performance has been shaped and stability ensured by adding a lag compensator of chosen parameters.
Analysis of Voltage Sag on Power Distribution Networks with Different Transfo...paperpublications3
Abstract: In present era, power engineers need to plan the power system design in such a way that the system can sustain its Power Quality (PQ) even after facing all the above said problems. Along with that the system should also be compatible with the increasing demand of power supply. Quality of power depends on the system design, reliability and efficiency so study of PQD is important. PQD affects industrial as well as large commercial customers. Voltage sag is also referred as voltage dip. Voltage dip is the term given by IEC while the term "voltage sag" (VS) is used by North American power quality commission. VS creates disturbance in the pure sinusoidal waveform of voltage which in turn deteriorates the power quality of the system. VS occur for very short duration of 0.5 to 30 cycles. It is decrease in RMS voltage of about 90 % to 10 % of nominal voltage. Although VS occurs for very short duration but its effects deteriorates system with time decreases life period of the system. The present work is an attempt to analyse the voltage sag on power distribution network with different transformer connections. The field specifications obtained are used in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are discussed.
Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Wind Hybrid Systems for Off-Grid Rural...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study investigated the viability of using hybrid models of renewable power generation in certain geographical areas where the climate is suitable. A real model of the set-up was created and the data obtained was compared to simulated models to improve accuracy. The data from both the real set-up and the simulated model were then compared to climatic conditions in certain rural areas of India. As of submission of this report, wind is not a prevalent source of energy in the southern Indian state of Karnataka; this project aims to conclude whether such non-utilisation is justified or whether it would be beneficial if such hybrid models be used in certain areas of suitable conditions.
A Comparative Analysis of MPWM & SPWM Techniques to Reduce Harmonic Distortio...paperpublications3
Abstract: In the modern world, the demand of electricity is increasing day by day. The main reasons of increasing demand are the population, the economy growth and rapid depletion of fossil based energy reserve. Then it must research for an alternative source of power generation. One of the sources is a renewable energy which is not possibly harmful on environment. The need of power rating inverter is required to operate electrical and electronics appliances smoothly. Static UPS are virtually perfect electric generators. They are highly reliable and, by nature, ensure the uninterrupted availability of electric power. As regards electrical characteristics, the inverter (which constitutes the UPS generator) possesses from the point of view of frequency stability as well as voltage stability, performances superior to those of the mains. The only doubtful characteristic is, in the opinion of any engineer, its ability to deliver a sinusoidal voltage regardless of the shape of the current drawn by the load. Most of the available commercial uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) are actually square wave inverter or quasi square wave inverters. Electronic devices, managed by these inverters will be damaged due to content of harmonics.In this paper a comparative harmonic distortion analysis is presented between and square wave and sine wave i.e. (MSPWM & SPWM) inverters.
A Comparative Study of Various AC-DC Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harves...paperpublications3
Abstract: Electromagnetic microscale and mesoscale power generators with low voltage outputs are now widely used as kinetic energy harvesters. The extrinsic vibrations on the generator can excite the internal oscillations between the proof mass magnet and the electrical damper coils. These oscillations produce a periodically varying magnetic flux in coil, inducing a corresponding AC output voltage. This output can be converted to dc and can be used to supply power to electronic loads. The conventional AC-DC converters for energy harvesting system with diode rectifiers suffer considerable voltage drop resulting increase in power loss of circuitry and complexity. As a remedy various bridgeless boost converters were designed and implemented. Standard H bridge converter with 4 switch or 2 switch, dual polarity boost converters, parallel combination of boost and buck-boost converter, integrated boost and buck-boost combination bridgeless rectifier are some of these. These circuits are studied, simulated and compared. The simulation models are drawn and simulated using MATLAB R2010a.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
Bridgeless CUK Power Factor Corrector with Regulated Output Voltagepaperpublications3
Abstract:A single-phase, bridgeless Cuk AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier with regulated positive output voltage is proposed in this work. For low output voltage product applications, the rectifier is designed to convert high input voltage to low output voltage. This work presents bridgeless single-phase AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier based on Cuk topology. The topology does not possess input diode bridge and have only single semiconductor switches in the current owing path during each interval of the switching cycle, which resulting in less conduction losses and better thermal management. This topology is designed to work in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The advantages of Cuk converter are also available when bridgeless circuit topology is introduced. The operation is symmetrical in two half-line cycles of input voltage. In conventional, output voltage varies according to input voltage. A closed loop control technique is designed to regulate the output voltage in the desired level. Performance and applicability of this converter is presented on the basis of simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Sign Language Recognition Using Image Processing For Mute Peoplepaperpublications3
Abstract: Computer recognition of sign language is an important research problem for enabling communication with mute people. This project introduces an efficient and fast algorithm for identification of the number of fingers opened in a gesture representing an alphabet of the Binary Sign Language.
The system does not require the hand to be perfectly aligned to the camera. The project uses image processing system to identify, especially English alphabetic sign language used by the mute people to communicate. The basic objective of this project is to develop a computer based intelligent system that will enable mute people significantly to communicate with all other people using their natural hand gestures.
The idea consisted of designing and building up an intelligent system using image processing, machine learning and artificial intelligence concepts to take visual inputs of sign language’s hand gestures and generate easily recognizable form of outputs.
Hence the objective of this project is to develop an intelligent system which can act as a translator between the sign language and the spoken language dynamically and can make the communication between people with mute and normal people both effective and efficient. The system is we are implementing for Binary sign language but it can detect any sign language with prior image processing.
A Comparative Study of GA tuned and PSO tuned PI Controller Based Speed Contr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of Generic Algorithm (GA) and Partical Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for determining the optimal parameters of (PI) controller for speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) where the (BLDC) motor is modeled in simulink in MATLAB. The proposed technique was more efficient in improving the step response characteristics as well as reducing the steady-state error, rise time, settling time and maximum overshoot.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Keywords:PS2O, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm, Genetical Swarm Optimization, Reactive Power Optimization.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PROBLEMpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
TUNING OF GAINS IN BASIS WEIGHT USING FUZZY CONTROLLERSpaperpublications3
Abstract: new generation fuzzy logic controllers are based on the integration of conventional and fuzzy controllers. India being the fastest growing market for paper globally presents an exciting industry scenario. The main requirement concerns measured and controlled variable for paper including basis weight and moisture. This research is an effort to achieve better performance with nonlinear processes in servo applications. Three different structures on fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd and fuzzy-pd+i are studied for variable inputusing simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox. Analysis of four scaling gainsge, gce, gie and gu is done to obtain most appropriate output.
Source, Availability and Use of Agricultural Information by Extension Agents ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Assessment of the agricultural information systems and communication arrangement used by extension workers provided a framework to identify the strength and weaknesses of the current systems and led to recommendations to improve their performance. Structured interviews were used to collect data from a randomly selected twenty eight extension workers of the Sidama zone of SNNPRs. The data analysis was performed using SPSS. The responses indicated that Woreda agricultural office top rated (77.8%), followed by mass media (55.6%), news paper (51.9%) and mobile (37%) by delivering agricultural information regularly. The result of the study shows that all of the respondents (100%) have got agricultural information in the form of training and extension meeting. Similarly, 96.3% have got from local radio program and 88.9% from field visit, manual and national radio program. In addition to this, national television program, leaflets, and regional television program serves as source of agricultural information for 74.1, 74.1, and 70.4% of the respondents respectively whereas reports and websites provide agricultural information for 3.7 and7.4% respectively. Among the respondents, the majority (59.3%) have used notebook to file agricultural information obtained from different sources through different means. However, 3.7 and 29.6% of them have been used farmers training centers (FTC) and kept the original document to file the available agricultural information. Based on the result of the study most (74.04%) of the respondents were highly motivated on their work. However 22.2 and 3.7% of them were low and medium motivated on their work respectively. The study revealed that extension agents in the study area had adequate job autonomy. However the extension workers did not have an appropriate information management system. The finding of this research revealed that the governments need to frame sensitive policies to address the problem of the extension workers loyalty to their organization in order to increase their commitment in which they play vital roles in agricultural development.
THE CHALLENGE OF INFLATION AND ITS CONSUMPTION RELATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: Indian economy is a developing economy and it faces many challenges from all directions. It also faces some extra challenges not only economic but also from other sectors of society. In this paper the challenge of inflation and its consumption relation is explained. Many economic experts and political world leaders accused Indian consumers for the world inflation rise. Indian particularly middle and lower income families feet the heat of the inflation more intensively than higher income group peoples. Inflation is basically problem of demand and supply equation, but many other factors also involved in it. Some dilemma of the inflation is presented in this paper. Not only people of India but also the central and states governments are also afraid of inflation. Many economists we well as politicians assumed that inflation is affecting the consumption or the consumer is the cause of inflation.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL LOAD BY MATLAB SIMULATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a framework considering industrial loads for improvement of power factor of industrial load system. Most of loads in industries are inductive in nature and thus having low power factor. Low power factor is highly undesirable and it increases current and also increases losses of active power. This paper discusses how to calculate the correct value of capacitor to improve power factor to overcome above mentioned problems. Because improving power factor will give efficient utilization of electrical power.
Abstract: This paper presents an introduction to design a single-stage reluctance coilgun. An equivalent circuit for coilgun is analyzed and equation for current through the coil is derived. Main components while designing the coilgun selection like capacitor, IGBTs, projectile for coil design are discussed in detail and their effect on performance of the coilgun is studied. The circuit is designed for measuring speed of the projectile using IR based sensors.
An Overview of Different PWM Techniques to Reduce Total Harmonic Distortion o...paperpublications3
Abstract: There are three types of DC/AC inverters available on the market, which are classified by their output types: (1) in practice, DC/AC conversion is done with topologies of varying precision. It can be as simple as applying voltages of equal magnitude in opposite directions across a load to generate a square wave. It is a square wave inverter. (2) A more precise method of DC/AC conversion is the modified sine wave, which introduces a dead time in a normal square wave output so that higher peak voltage can be used to produce the same average voltage as a sinusoidal wall-outlet output. This method produces fewer harmonics than square wave generation, but it still is not quite the same as the AC power that comes from AC outlet. The harmonics that are still present in a modified sine wave makes this type of inverter unsuitable for use while electrical noise is a concern, such as in medical devices which monitor the vital signs of a human.(3)Pure sine wave DC/AC conversion will introduce the least amount of harmonics into an electrical device, but are also most expensive method. Since the AC sine wave must come from a DC source, switching must still take place. However, switching takes place with logic so that the energy delivered to a load approaches that of a pure sine wave. This means that extra components and design considerations are involved in the control circuitry of a pure sine wave inverter, driving up cost.
In this paper an overview is presented of different PWM techniques to control the output voltage as well as to reduce the total harmonic distortion of output voltage in an H-bridge inverter.
Design and Development of DVR model Using Fuzzy Logic Controller for Voltage ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, A fuzzy logic based DVR model is presented and Modelled with the help of simulink block. Since from inception, fuzzy logic has been utilized in almost all the field but its application is mostly found very efficient in control system engineering. In this work Fuzzy logic controller is designed for DVR (Dynamic Voltage restorer) for mitigating the voltage sag and voltage swell problem. Simulation Result shows the compensation ability of this DVR is very effective.
Abstract: In this paper circuit for coilgun is simulated and analyzed using SIMULINK. Behavior of the magnetic field due to the current carrying coil is analyzed. Also, the effect on the coilgun performance for different weights of projectiles is investigated. The speed profile for different positions of the projectile is observed which is a critical parameter for coilgun operation. A comparison is drawn between the simulated and experimental results.
Design of Compensator for Roll Control of Towing Air-Craftspaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a difficult task to make proper adjustment of towing vehicles, keeping the motion secured and predetermined. In older days the control was manual. Now-a-days automatic feedback control systems are used. The specifications are very stringent due to imposition of govt. and industrial rules. There are constraints on steady state accuracy, transient performance and stability margins. The requirements are contradictory. If the steady state accuracy is realized, the transient requirements and the stability margins cannot be maintained. It is difficult to fulfil the requirements by modifying the feedback or adding feed-forward. It is expedient to add a compensator in the forward or feedback path. In this paper, the design of a towing aircraft has been taken up. Its block diagram and transfer function are given. The gain has been fixed up to keep the steady state error within prescribed limits. The transient performance has been shaped and stability ensured by adding a lag compensator of chosen parameters.
Analysis of Voltage Sag on Power Distribution Networks with Different Transfo...paperpublications3
Abstract: In present era, power engineers need to plan the power system design in such a way that the system can sustain its Power Quality (PQ) even after facing all the above said problems. Along with that the system should also be compatible with the increasing demand of power supply. Quality of power depends on the system design, reliability and efficiency so study of PQD is important. PQD affects industrial as well as large commercial customers. Voltage sag is also referred as voltage dip. Voltage dip is the term given by IEC while the term "voltage sag" (VS) is used by North American power quality commission. VS creates disturbance in the pure sinusoidal waveform of voltage which in turn deteriorates the power quality of the system. VS occur for very short duration of 0.5 to 30 cycles. It is decrease in RMS voltage of about 90 % to 10 % of nominal voltage. Although VS occurs for very short duration but its effects deteriorates system with time decreases life period of the system. The present work is an attempt to analyse the voltage sag on power distribution network with different transformer connections. The field specifications obtained are used in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are discussed.
Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Wind Hybrid Systems for Off-Grid Rural...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study investigated the viability of using hybrid models of renewable power generation in certain geographical areas where the climate is suitable. A real model of the set-up was created and the data obtained was compared to simulated models to improve accuracy. The data from both the real set-up and the simulated model were then compared to climatic conditions in certain rural areas of India. As of submission of this report, wind is not a prevalent source of energy in the southern Indian state of Karnataka; this project aims to conclude whether such non-utilisation is justified or whether it would be beneficial if such hybrid models be used in certain areas of suitable conditions.
A Comparative Analysis of MPWM & SPWM Techniques to Reduce Harmonic Distortio...paperpublications3
Abstract: In the modern world, the demand of electricity is increasing day by day. The main reasons of increasing demand are the population, the economy growth and rapid depletion of fossil based energy reserve. Then it must research for an alternative source of power generation. One of the sources is a renewable energy which is not possibly harmful on environment. The need of power rating inverter is required to operate electrical and electronics appliances smoothly. Static UPS are virtually perfect electric generators. They are highly reliable and, by nature, ensure the uninterrupted availability of electric power. As regards electrical characteristics, the inverter (which constitutes the UPS generator) possesses from the point of view of frequency stability as well as voltage stability, performances superior to those of the mains. The only doubtful characteristic is, in the opinion of any engineer, its ability to deliver a sinusoidal voltage regardless of the shape of the current drawn by the load. Most of the available commercial uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) are actually square wave inverter or quasi square wave inverters. Electronic devices, managed by these inverters will be damaged due to content of harmonics.In this paper a comparative harmonic distortion analysis is presented between and square wave and sine wave i.e. (MSPWM & SPWM) inverters.
A Comparative Study of Various AC-DC Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harves...paperpublications3
Abstract: Electromagnetic microscale and mesoscale power generators with low voltage outputs are now widely used as kinetic energy harvesters. The extrinsic vibrations on the generator can excite the internal oscillations between the proof mass magnet and the electrical damper coils. These oscillations produce a periodically varying magnetic flux in coil, inducing a corresponding AC output voltage. This output can be converted to dc and can be used to supply power to electronic loads. The conventional AC-DC converters for energy harvesting system with diode rectifiers suffer considerable voltage drop resulting increase in power loss of circuitry and complexity. As a remedy various bridgeless boost converters were designed and implemented. Standard H bridge converter with 4 switch or 2 switch, dual polarity boost converters, parallel combination of boost and buck-boost converter, integrated boost and buck-boost combination bridgeless rectifier are some of these. These circuits are studied, simulated and compared. The simulation models are drawn and simulated using MATLAB R2010a.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
Bridgeless CUK Power Factor Corrector with Regulated Output Voltagepaperpublications3
Abstract:A single-phase, bridgeless Cuk AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier with regulated positive output voltage is proposed in this work. For low output voltage product applications, the rectifier is designed to convert high input voltage to low output voltage. This work presents bridgeless single-phase AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier based on Cuk topology. The topology does not possess input diode bridge and have only single semiconductor switches in the current owing path during each interval of the switching cycle, which resulting in less conduction losses and better thermal management. This topology is designed to work in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The advantages of Cuk converter are also available when bridgeless circuit topology is introduced. The operation is symmetrical in two half-line cycles of input voltage. In conventional, output voltage varies according to input voltage. A closed loop control technique is designed to regulate the output voltage in the desired level. Performance and applicability of this converter is presented on the basis of simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Sign Language Recognition Using Image Processing For Mute Peoplepaperpublications3
Abstract: Computer recognition of sign language is an important research problem for enabling communication with mute people. This project introduces an efficient and fast algorithm for identification of the number of fingers opened in a gesture representing an alphabet of the Binary Sign Language.
The system does not require the hand to be perfectly aligned to the camera. The project uses image processing system to identify, especially English alphabetic sign language used by the mute people to communicate. The basic objective of this project is to develop a computer based intelligent system that will enable mute people significantly to communicate with all other people using their natural hand gestures.
The idea consisted of designing and building up an intelligent system using image processing, machine learning and artificial intelligence concepts to take visual inputs of sign language’s hand gestures and generate easily recognizable form of outputs.
Hence the objective of this project is to develop an intelligent system which can act as a translator between the sign language and the spoken language dynamically and can make the communication between people with mute and normal people both effective and efficient. The system is we are implementing for Binary sign language but it can detect any sign language with prior image processing.
A Comparative Study of GA tuned and PSO tuned PI Controller Based Speed Contr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of Generic Algorithm (GA) and Partical Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for determining the optimal parameters of (PI) controller for speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) where the (BLDC) motor is modeled in simulink in MATLAB. The proposed technique was more efficient in improving the step response characteristics as well as reducing the steady-state error, rise time, settling time and maximum overshoot.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Keywords:PS2O, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm, Genetical Swarm Optimization, Reactive Power Optimization.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Hybrid Quantum Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm For Solving Opti...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents hybrid particle swarm algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. In this paper, a framework of hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, called Hybrid quantum genetic particle swarm optimization (HQGPSO), is proposed by reasonably combining the Q-bit evolutionary search of quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm and binary bit evolutionary search of genetic particle swarm optimization (GPSO) in order to achieve better optimization performances. The proposed HQGPSO also can be viewed as a kind of hybridization of micro-space based search and macro-space based search, which enriches the searching behavior to enhance and balance the exploration and exploitation abilities in the whole searching space. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms.
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm, inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search. The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Wolf Search Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problemijeei-iaes
This paper presents a new bio-inspired heuristic optimization algorithm called the Wolf Search Algorithm (WSA) for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Wolf Search algorithm is a new bio – inspired heuristic algorithm which based on wolf preying behaviour. The way wolves search for food and survive by avoiding their enemies has been imitated to formulate the algorithm for solving the reactive power dispatches. And the speciality of wolf is possessing both individual local searching ability and autonomous flocking movement and this special property has been utilized to formulate the search algorithm .The proposed (WSA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the good performance of the proposed algorithm .
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm, inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search. The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Keywords: Optimal Reactive Power, Transmission loss, honey bee, foraging behaviour, waggle dance, bee’s algorithm, swarm intelligence, swarm-based optimization, adaptive neighbourhood search, site abandonment, random search.
Embellished Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving Reactive Power ...ijeei-iaes
This paper proposes Embellished Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) algorithm for solving reactive power problem .The main concept of Embellished Particle Swarm Optimization is to extend the single population PSO to the interacting multi-swarm model. Through this multi-swarm cooperative approach, diversity in the whole swarm community can be upheld. Concurrently, the swarm-to-swarm mechanism drastically speeds up the swarm community to converge to the global near optimum. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested in standard IEEE 57,118 bus systems and results show that Embellished Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) is more efficient in reducing the Real power losses when compared to other standard reported algorithms.
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PRO...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Passerine swarm optimization algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dis...IJAAS Team
This paper presents Passerine Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. This algorithm is based on behaviour of social communications of Passerine bird. Basically, Passerine bird has three common behaviours: search behaviour, adherence behaviour and expedition behaviour. Through the shared communications Passerine bird will search for the food and also run away from hunters. By using the Passerine bird communications and behaviour, five basic rules have been created in the PSOA approach to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. Key aspect is to reduce the real power loss and also to keep the variables within the limits. Proposed Passerine Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulations results reveal about the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the static voltage stability margin.
Firefly Algorithm based Optimal Reactive Power Flowijceronline
The optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) helps to effectively utilize the existing reactive power sources for minimizing the network loss. Firefly Algorithm (FA), inspired by social flashing behavior of fireflies, is one of the evolutionary computing models for solving multimodal optimization problems. This paper attempts to obtain global best solution of ORPF using FA. The results of IEEE 57 bus system are presented to demonstrate its performance.
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch using Crow Search Algorithm IJECEIAES
The optimal reactive power dispatch is a kind of optimization problem that plays a very important role in the operation and control of the power system. This work presents a meta-heuristic based approach to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The proposed approach employs Crow Search algorithm to find the values for optimal setting of optimal reactive power dispatch control variables. The proposed way of approach is scrutinized and further being tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus, 57-bus and 118-bus test system with different objectives which includes the minimization of real power losses, total voltage deviation and also the enhancement of voltage stability. The simulation results procured thus indicates the supremacy of the proposed approach over the other approaches cited in the literature.
A Comparative Analysis of Intelligent Techniques to obtain MPPT by Metaheuris...IJMTST Journal
Main objective of this paper is to develop an intelligent and efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique. Most recently introduced of intelligent based algorithm Cuckoo search algorithm has been used in this study to develop a novel technique to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of a solar cell module. The performances of this algorithm has been compared with other evolutionary soft computing techniques like ABC, FA and PSO. Simulations were done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and simulation results show that proposed approach can obtain MPP to a good precision under different solar irradiance and environmental temperatures.
Discrete Time Prey-Predator Model With Generalized Holling Type Interaction Zac Darcy
We have introduced a discrete time prey-predator model with Generalized Holling type interaction.
Stability nature of the fixed points of the model are determined analytically. Phase diagrams are drawn
after solving the system numerically. Bifurcation analysis is done with respect to various parameters of the
system. It is shown that for modeling of non-chaotic prey predator ecological systems with Generalized
Holling type interaction may be more useful for better prediction and analysis.
Comparative study of methods for optimal reactive power dispatchelelijjournal
Reactive power dispatch plays a main role in order to provide good facility secure and economic operation
in the power system. In a power system optimal reactive power dispatch is supported to improve the voltage
profile, to reduce losses, to improve voltage stability, to reduce cost etc. This paper presents a brief literature survey of reactive power dispatch and also discusses a comparative study of conventional and evolutionary computation techniques applied for reactive power dispatch. The paper is useful for researchers for further research and study so that it can apply in the various areas of power system
Electric distribution network reconfiguration for power loss reduction based ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for solving the distribution network reconfiguration (NR) problem based on runner root algorithm (RRA) for reducing active power loss. The RRA is a recent developed metaheuristic algorithm inspired from runners and roots of plants to search water and minerals. RRA is equipped with four tools for searching the optimal solution. In which, the random jumps and the restart of population are used for exploring and the elite selection and random jumps around the current best solution are used for exploiting. The effectiveness of the RRA is evaluated on the 16 and 69-node system. The obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization and other methods. The numerical results show that the RRA is the potential method for the NR problem.
Discrete time prey predator model with generalized holling type interactionZac Darcy
We have introduced a discrete time prey-predator model with Generalized Holling type interaction. Stability nature of the fixed points of the model are determined analytically. Phase diagrams are drawn after solving the system numerically. Bifurcation analysis is done with respect to various parameters of the system. It is shown that for modeling of non-chaotic prey predator ecological systems with Generalized Holling type interaction may be more useful for better prediction and analysis.
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Improved Spider Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
1. International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (35-46), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 35
Paper Publications
Improved Spider Algorithm for Solving
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
1
K. Lenin, 2
Dr.B.Ravindhranath Reddy
1
Research Scholar, JNTU, Hyderabad, India.
2
Deputy Executive Engineer, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India
Abstract: In this paper improved spider algorithm (ISA) is projected to solve the optimal reactive power
dispatch (ORPD) Problem. Stimulated by the societal spiders, we suggest a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA)
to solve ORPD problem. The structure is chiefly based on the foraging approach of social spiders, which make use
of the vibrations spread over the spider web to decide the position of preys. The simulation results demonstrate
high-quality performance of ISA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The projected algorithm
has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other specified algorithms. Results show that ISA is more
efficient than other algorithms to reduce the real power loss and to enhance the voltage profile index.
Keywords: spider algorithm, swarm intelligence, evolutionary computation, optimal reactive power, Transmission
loss.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem has received huge attention as a result of the
enhancement on economy and security of power system operation. Solutions of ORPD problem intend to minimize object
functions such as fuel cost, power system loses, etc. while satisfying a number of constraints like limits of bus voltages,
tap settings of transformers, reactive and active power of power resources and transmission lines and a number of
controllable Variables [1, 2]. In the literature, many methods for solving the ORPD problem have been done up to now.
At the beginning, several classical methods such as gradient based [3], interior point [4], linear programming [5] and
quadratic programming [6] have been effectively used in order to solve the ORPD problem. However, these methods have
some disadvantages in the procedure of solving the complex ORPD problem. Drawbacks of these algorithms can be
declared insecure convergence properties, extended execution time, and algorithmic intricacy. In addition, the solution
can be trapped in local minima [1, 7]. In order to triumph over these disadvantages, researches have been effectively
applied evolutionary and heuristic algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) [2], Differential Evolution (DE) [8] and
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [9]. Voltage stability evaluation using modal analysis [10] is used as the indicator of
voltage stability. At present several types of Evolutionary algorithm (EA) have been extensively employed to solve real
world combinatorial problems. These algorithms reveal reasonable performance compared with conventional optimization
techniques, particularly when applied to solve non-convex optimization problems [11]. In the past decade, swarm
intelligence, a fresh kind of evolutionary computing technique, has fascinated much research interest [12]. Swarm
intelligence is chiefly concerned with the methodology to model the behaviour of social animals and insects for problem
solving. Researchers develop optimization algorithms by mimicking the behaviour of ants, bees, bacteria, fireflies and
other organisms. The thrust of creating such algorithms was provided by the rising needs to solve optimization problems
that were very complicated or even considered as obdurate. Among all spiders has been a chief research subject in bionic
engineering for several years. Conversely, the majority of research interrelated to spiders focused on the simulation of its
walking pattern to design robots [13]. A probable motive for this is that a majority of the spiders observed are lonely [14],
which means that they spend most of their lives without intermingle with others of their species. Conversely, among the
35 000 spider species observed and described by scientists, some species are societal. These spiders live in groups, e.g.
Mallos gregalis and Oecobius civitas. Based on these social spiders, this paper formulates a new global optimization
method to solve the ORPD problem. Spiders are air-breathing arthropods. They have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs.
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They use an extensive range of different strategies for foraging, and most of them sense prey by sensing vibrations.
Spiders have long been known to be very responsive to vibratory stimulation, as vibrations on their webs notify them of
the capture of prey. If the vibrations are in a defined range of frequency, spiders attack the vibration source. The social
spiders can also distinguish vibrations generated by the prey with ones generated by other spiders [15]. The social spiders
submissively receive the vibrations produced by other spiders on the same web to have an apparent view of the web. This
is one of the exclusive characteristics which differentiates the social spiders from other organisms as the latter habitually
exchange information actively, which decreases the information loss to some degree but augments the energy used for
contact [16]. In this paper, enthused by the social behaviour of the social spiders, particularly their foraging behavior, we
put forward a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA) to solve ORPD problem. The foraging behaviour of the social spider
can be explained as the mutual movement of the spiders towards the food source location. The spiders receive and
analyses the vibrations proliferated on the web to decide the potential direction of a food source [17]. In this procedure,
the spiders help each other to move towards the prey. We exploit this natural behaviour to perform optimization over the
search space in ISA. The crowd living phenomenon has been studied intensively in animal behaviour ecology. One of the
causes that animals congregate and live together are to augment the possibility of successful foraging and diminish the
energy cost in this process [18]. In order to smooth the progress of the analysis of social foraging behaviour, researchers
projected two foraging models: information sharing (IS) model [19] and producer-scrounger (PS) model [20]. The
individuals below the IS model execute individual searching and look for for opportunity to join other individuals
concurrently. In the PS model, the individuals are alienated into leaders and followers. Since there is no leader in social
spiders [21], it seems the IS model is more appropriate, and we use this model to manage the searching pattern of ISA.
Swarm intelligence algorithms imitate the methods in nature to drive a search for the optimal solution. The performance
of ISA has been evaluated in standard IEEE 30 bus test system and the results analysis shows that our proposed
approach outperforms all approaches investigated in this paper.
2. VOLTAGE STABILITY EVALUATION
2.1. Modal analysis for voltage stability evaluation
The linearized steady state system power flow equations are given by.
[ ] [ ] (1)
Where
ΔP = Incremental change in bus real power.
ΔQ = Incremental change in bus reactive
Power injection
Δ = incremental change in bus voltage angle.
ΔV = Incremental change in bus voltage Magnitude
Jp , J PV , J Q , J QV jacobian matrix are the sub-matrixes of the System voltage stability is affected by both P and
Q. However at each operating point we keep P constant and evaluate voltage stability by considering incremental
relationship between Q and V.
To reduce (1), let ΔP = 0 , then.
[ ] (2)
(3)
Where
( ) (4)
is called the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.
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A. Modes of Voltage instability:
Voltage Stability characteristics of the system can be identified by computing the eigen values and eigen vectors
Let
(5)
Where,
= right eigenvector matrix of JR
= left eigenvector matrix of JR
∧ = diagonal eigenvalue matrix of JR and
(6)
From (3) and (6), we have
(7)
or
∑ (8)
Where i is the ith column right eigenvector and the ith row left eigenvector of JR.
i is the ith eigen value of JR.
The ith modal reactive power variation is,
(9)
where,
∑ (10)
Where
ji is the jth element of i
The corresponding ith modal voltage variation is
[ ⁄ ] (11)
In (8), let ΔQ = ek where ek has all its elements zero except the kth one being 1. Then,
∑ (12)
k th element of
V –Q sensitivity at bus k
∑ ∑ (13)
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The objectives of the reactive power dispatch problem considered here is to minimize the system real power loss and
maximize the static voltage stability margins (SVSM).
3.1Minimization of Real Power Loss
Minimization of the real power loss (Ploss) in transmission lines of a power system is mathematically stated as follows.
∑ (14)
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Where n is the number of transmission lines, gk is the conductance of branch k, Vi and Vj are voltage magnitude at bus i
and bus j, and ij is the voltage angle difference between bus i and bus j.
3.2Minimization of Voltage Deviation
Minimization of the Deviations in voltage magnitudes (VD) at load buses is mathematically stated as follows.
Minimize VD = ∑ | | (15)
Where nl is the number of load busses and Vk is the voltage magnitude at bus k.
3.3System Constraints
In the minimization process of objective functions, some problem constraints which one is equality and others are
inequality had to be met. Objective functions are subjected to these constraints shown below.
Load flow equality constraints:
– ∑
[ ] (16)
∑
[ ] (17)
where, nb is the number of buses, PG and QG are the real and reactive power of the generator, PD and QD are the real and
reactive load of the generator, and Gij and Bij are the mutual conductance and susceptance between bus i and bus j.
Generator bus voltage (VGi) inequality constraint:
(18)
Load bus voltage (VLi) inequality constraint:
(19)
Switchable reactive power compensations (QCi) inequality constraint:
(20)
Reactive power generation (QGi) inequality constraint:
(21)
Transformers tap setting (Ti) inequality constraint:
(22)
Transmission line flow (SLi) inequality constraint:
(23)
Where, nc, ng and nt are numbers of the switchable reactive power sources, generators and transformers.
4. IMPROVED SPIDER ALGORITHM
In ISA, we formulate the explore space of the optimization problem as a hyper-dimensional spider web. Every position on
the web symbolizes a feasible solution to the optimization problem and all feasible solutions to the problem have
equivalent positions on this web. The web as well serves the transmission media of the vibrations created by the spiders.
Each spider on the web grasp a position and the quality of the solution is based on the objective function, and
characterized by the potential of finding a food source at the position. The spiders can move liberally on the web.
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However, they cannot go away from the web as the positions off the web represent infeasible solutions to the optimization
problem. When a spider shifts to a new position, it creates a vibration which is propagated over the web. Each vibration
holds the information of one spider and other spiders can get the information upon receiving the vibration.
A. Spider
The spiders are the agent of ISA to execute optimization. At the beginning of the algorithm, a pre-defined number of
spiders are placed on the web. Each spider (s) holds a memory, storing the following individual information:
1) The location of (s) on the web.
2) The fitness of the present position of (s).
3) The goal vibration of (s) in the previous iteration.
The first two types of information explain the individual situation of (s), while the third type of information is concerned
in directing (s) to new-fangled positions.
Based on observations, spiders are found to have very precise senses of vibration. In addition, they can divide different
vibrations promulgated on the same web and sense their relevant intensities [21]. In ISA, a spider will create a vibration
when it reaches a new-fangled position different from the previous one. The concentration of the vibration is connected
with the fitness of the position. The vibration will propagate over the web and other spiders can sense it. In such a way,
the spiders on the same web distribute their personal information with others to form a combined social knowledge.
B. Vibration
Vibration is a very significant concept in ISA. It is one of the key characteristics that distinguish ISA from other
algorithms. In ISA, we use two properties to describe a vibration, namely the source position and the source concentration
of the vibration. The source position is defined by the explore space of the optimization problem, and we define the
concentration of a vibration in the range [0, +∞]. Every time a spider moves to a new position, it produces a vibration at
its present position. We define the position of spider a at time t as Pa (t), or simply as Pa if the argument is t. We further
use I (Pa, Pb , t) to represent the vibration concentration sensed by a spider at position Pb at time t and the source of the
vibration is at position Pa. Thus I (Ps, Ps, t) defines the concentration of the vibration created by spider s at the source
position. This vibration concentration at the source position is associated with the fitness of this position f (Ps), and we
define the concentration value as follows:
{
( )⁄
⁄
(24)
Where Cmax is a confidently large constant selected such that all possible fitness values of the maximization problem are
smaller than Cmax, and Cmin is a assertively small constant such that all possible fitness values of the minimization problem
is larger than Cmin. Equation (24) guarantees that the probable vibration intensities of any optimization problem are all
positive values. It further assurance that a better fitness value, i.e. larger for maximization or smaller for minimization
problem, corresponds to larger vibration concentration.
C. Intensity Attenuation
As a form of energy, vibration attenuates over time and distance. This physical occurrence is accounted for in the design
of ISA by two equations.
1) Attenuation over Distance: We define the vibration attenuation over distance as follows. We describe the distance
between spider a and b as D (Pa,Pb), and the maximum distance between two points in the search space as Dmax. The
description of Dmax can be problem dependent, and we use the following equation for simplicity:
‖̅ ‖ (25)
Where̅ is the upper bound of the search space and is the lower bound of the search space. p indicates that we use p-
norm as the technique to compute the distance between spiders, i.e.,
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‖ ‖ (26)
In this paper we use 1-norm or Manhattan norm in distance calculation. If the search space is not constrained, ̅ and in
Eqn. (25) stand for the upper and lower bound of the initial solution generation space, respectively. With the above
definitions, we define the vibration attenuation over distance as follows:
( ) (27)
In the above formula we introduce a user-controlled parameter ra (0, 1). This parameter controls the attenuation rate of
the vibration concentration over distance. The larger ra is, the weaker the attenuation forced on the vibration.
2) Attenuation over Time: We also bring in an equation to model vibration attenuation over time. As the vibration biases
other spiders to move, a non-decaying vibration may potentially draw other spiders incessantly, causing the algorithm to
converge pre-maturely. So the power of previous vibrations shall be properly attenuated to prevent pre-mature
convergence. The vibration attenuation over time is defined as follows:
(28)
In each iteration, all vibrations created in the previous iteration are attenuated by the factor ra. We utilize the same
parameter ra introduced in the vibration attenuation over distance formula for ease of parameter tuning. At time t + 1, the
location of spider a may change to Pa(t + 1), but the source position of the vibration remains at Pa(t).
D. Search Pattern
Here we express the above thoughts in terms of an algorithm. There are three phases in ISA: initialize, iteration, and
conclusion. These three phases are executed successively. In every run of ISA, we begin with the initialize stage, then
execute searching in an iterative manner, and lastly stop the algorithm and output the solutions found. In the initialize
stage, the algorithm describes the objective function and its solution space. As the number of spiders remains unchanged
during the simulation of ISA, a fixed size memory is allocated to accumulate their information. The location of spiders is
arbitrarily created in the explore space, with their fitness values calculated and stored. The target vibration of each spider
in the population is set at its current position, and the vibration concentration is zero. This ends the initialize stage and the
algorithm starts the iteration stage, which execute the search with the artificial spiders produced. In the iteration phase, a
number of iterations are executed by the algorithm. In each iteration, all spiders on the web shift to a new position and
calculate their fitness values. The algorithm first computes the fitness values of all the artificial spiders on different
positions on the web. Then these spiders generate vibrations at their locations using Equation (24). After all the vibrations
are created, the algorithm simulates the propagation method of these vibrations using Equation (27). In this procedure,
each spider s will accept pop Size – 1 different vibrations created by other spiders. The received information of these
vibrations includes the source position of the vibration and its attenuated concentration. We use V to symbolize these pop
Size − 1 vibrations. Upon the receipt of V, s will select the strongest vibration vbest from V and compare its strength with
the concentration of the target vibration vtar stored in its memory. s will store vbest as vtar if the intensity of vbest is larger,
otherwise the original vtar is preserved.
(29)
Where denotes element-wise multiplication. Ptar is the vibration source location of the target vibration vtar. R is a vector
of arbitrary numbers generated from zero to one uniformly, whose length is weak, and 1 is a vector of one’s of length
weak. The algorithm repeats this process for all the spiders in pop. To avoid ISA getting stuck in a local optimum, we
initiate an artificial spider jump away process. Each spider in pop, right after the arbitrary walk step, has a small
probability to decide not to follow its present target and jump away from its current position. The probability is defined
using the following equation:
(30)
Where rj is a user-defined jump away rate parameter. If spider s is chosen to jump away, a new arbitrary position in the
explore space is generated and assigned as the new position of s. The last step of the algorithm is to attenuate the
concentration of the stored target vibration using Equation (28) and this end the iteration phase. The iteration phase loops
until the end criteria are matched. The stop criteria can be defined as the maximum iteration number reached, the
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maximum CPU time used, the error rate reached, the maximum number of iterations with no development on the best
fitness value. After the iteration phase, the algorithm outputs the best solution with the best fitness established.
The above three phases comprise the complete algorithm of ISA.
Algorithm - Improved Spider Algorithm for ORPD problem
1: Assign values to the parameters of ISA.
2: Create the population of spiders pop and allocate memory for them.
3: Initialize vtar for every spider.
4: while stopping criteria not met do
5: for every spider s in pop do
6: compute the fitness value of s.
7: create a vibration at the position of s.
8: end for
9: For every spider s in pop do
10: Compute the concentration of the vibrations V created by other spiders.
11: pick the strongest vibration vbest from V .
12: if the concentration of vbest is larger than vtar then
13: Gather vbest as vtar.
14: end if
15: Carry out a arbitrary walk towards vtar.
16: create a arbitrary number r from [0,1].
17: if r < pj then
18: allot an arbitrary position to s.
19: end if
20: alleviate the concentration of vtar.
21: end for
22: end while
23: Display Output – when best solution found.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The accurateness of the projected ISA method is demonstrated by testing it on standard IEEE-30 bus system. The IEEE-
30 bus system has 6 generator buses, 24 load buses and 41 transmission lines of which four branches are (6-9), (6-10) , (4-
12) and (28-27) - are with the tap setting transformers. The lower voltage magnitude limits at all buses are 0.95 p.u. and
the upper limits are 1.1 for all the PV buses and 1.05 p.u. for all the PQ buses and the reference bus. The simulation
results have been presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 &4. And in the Table 5 shows the proposed algorithm powerfully reduces the
real power losses when compared to other given algorithms. The optimal values of the control variables along with the
minimum loss obtained are given in Table 1. Corresponding to this control variable setting, it was found that there are no
limit violations in any of the state variables.
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Table 1. Results of ISA – ORPD optimal control variables
Control variables Variable setting
V1
V2
V5
V8
V11
V13
T11
T12
T15
T36
Qc10
Qc12
Qc15
Qc17
Qc20
Qc23
Qc24
Qc29
Real power loss
SVSM
1.042
1.040
1.040
1.030
1.004
1.040
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.02
4
2
4
0
4
3
3
3
4.3799
0.2462
ORPD together with voltage stability constraint problem was handled in this case as a multi-objective optimization
problem where both power loss and maximum voltage stability margin of the system were optimized concurrently. Table
2 indicates the optimal values of these control variables. Also it is found that there are no limit violations of the state
variables. It indicates the voltage stability index has increased from 0.2462 to 0.2472, an advance in the system voltage
stability. To determine the voltage security of the system, contingency analysis was conducted using the control variable
setting obtained in case 1 and case 2. The Eigen values equivalents to the four critical contingencies are given in Table 3.
From this result it is observed that the Eigen value has been improved considerably for all contingencies in the second
case.
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Table 2.Results of ISA -Voltage Stability Control Reactive Power Dispatch Optimal CONTROL VARIABLES
Control Variables Variable Setting
V1
V2
V5
V8
V11
V13
T11
T12
T15
T36
Qc10
Qc12
Qc15
Qc17
Qc20
Qc23
Qc24
Qc29
Real power loss
SVSM
1.044
1.043
1.041
1.030
1.004
1.033
0.090
0.090
0.090
0.090
3
4
4
2
0
4
2
4
4.9970
0.2472
Table 3. Voltage Stability under Contingency State
Sl.No Contigency ORPD Setting VSCRPD Setting
1 28-27 0.1410 0.1427
2 4-12 0.1658 0.1668
3 1-3 0.1774 0.1784
4 2-4 0.2032 0.2047
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6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, one of the recently developed stochastic algorithms ISA has been demonstrated and applied to solve
optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The problem has been formulated as a constrained optimization problem.
Different objective functions have been utilized to minimize real power loss and the voltage profile has been enhanced
within the limits. The proposed approach has been tested on the IEEE 30-bus power system and the simulation results
indicate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm to solve optimal reactive power dispatch problem.
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Author’s Biography:
Bhumanapally. Ravindhranath Reddy, Born on 3rd September, 1969. Got his B.Tech in Electrical
& Electronics Engineering from the J.N.T.U. College of Engg., Anantapur in the year 1991.
Completed his M.Tech in Energy Systems in IPGSR of J.N.T. University Hyderabad in the year
1997. Obtained his doctoral degree from JNTUA, Anantapur University in the field of Electrical
Power Systems. Published 12 Research Papers and presently guiding 6 Ph.D. Scholars. He was
specialized in Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Control Systems. His research
interests include Simulation studies on Transients of different power system equipment.
K.Lenin has received his B.E., Degree, electrical and electronics engineering in 1999 from
university of madras, Chennai, India and M.E., Degree in power systems in 2000 from Annamalai
University, TamilNadu, India. Presently pursuing Ph.D., degree at JNTU, Hyderabad,India.