This document provides an overview of wireless fading channels. It discusses various phenomena that cause signal attenuation over wireless channels including path loss, shadowing, and multipath fading. It describes Rayleigh fading that occurs when there are many reflected signals and no line-of-sight path. Time dispersion and delay spread are discussed as well as their effects on flat and frequency selective fading. Doppler spread due to mobility is also summarized, including its impact on coherence time and fast/slow fading conditions.
Hello everyone. This is a short presentation on path loss and shadowing. I have not covered all the topics but a brief idea is given on path loss and wireless channel propagation models.
Hope you find it useful.
Thanks
Hello everyone. This is a short presentation on path loss and shadowing. I have not covered all the topics but a brief idea is given on path loss and wireless channel propagation models.
Hope you find it useful.
Thanks
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
compare large and small scale fadingSolutionSmall Scale Fading.pdfarchanadesignfashion
compare large and small scale fading
Solution
Small Scale Fading- It is state that the rapid fluctuation of Received Signal strength over very
Short distance and short time is concerned as Small Scale Fading.It is a characteristic of Radio
propagation resulting from the presence of reflectors and scatterers that cause multiple versions
of the Transmitted signal to arrive at the receiver, each distorted in amplitude, phase and angle of
arrival.
Large Scale Fading- The Large Scale fading is related to Large Fluctuation. It is the result of
signal attenuation due to signal propagation over large distances and duffraction around large
objects in the propagation path.
The three most important effects:-
1) Rapid changess in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval.
2) Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals.
3) Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delay.
Factors affecting Small Scale Fading:-
a) Multiplepath propagation- Reflection Objects and scatterers.
b) Speed of the mobile- Doppler Shifts
c) Transmission bandwidth of the signal
d) The received signal will; be distorted if the transmission bandwidth is greater than the
bandwidth of the multipath channel.
e) Coherent Bandwidth- Bandwidth of the multiple Channel.
Cause of Large Scale Fading:-
a) Large scale fading is due to the shadowing effect of large size objects.
b) It is the main signal strength vs large distance between transmitter and receiver.
c) Power Loss and Power Gain:- The ratio of total transmitted power over the received power
and the path gain is 1 per path loss.
Types of Small Scale Fading:-
Small Scale Fading (Based on Multipath Time Delay Spread)
*Flat Fading:- Bandwidth signal is smaller than bandwidth of channel.
* Delay spread is smaller than symbol period.
Frequency Selective Fading:-
* Bandwidth is greater than Bandwidth of channel.
* Delay Spread is greater than Symbol Period.
Small Scale Fading(Based on Doppler Spread)
Fast Fading:-
* HIgh doppler spread with coherence time is less than symbol period.
* Channel variation is Faster than baseband signal variation
Slow Fading:-
* It has low doppler Spread with coherence time is greater than symbol period.
* Channel variation is smaller than baseband signal variation.
Large Scale Fading:-
* In free space, received power attenuates like 1/r2.
* With reflection and obstructions, can attenuate even more rapidly with distance.
* Time constants associated with variations are very long as mobile moves, many seconds or
minutes.
* More important for cell site planning, less for communication system design..
Fading Techniques in Wireless Communication and their Appropriate Solution A ...ijtsrd
In this paper, fading models are considered. Fading is deviation of the attenuation of signal affecting certain parameters and various components. In this paper, I represent the disadvantages of fading. Fading can cause poor performance in a communication system because it can result in a loss of signal power without reducing the power of the noise. This signal loss can be over all of the signal bandwidth. Furthermore this review paper also describes its appropriate solution OFDM that will reduce fading in some extent. Prof. Sukhjinder Singh | Dr. Hitanshu Kumar | Sarita Devi | Dr. Arashdeep Singh "Fading Techniques in Wireless Communication and their Appropriate Solution- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52381.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/52381/fading-techniques-in-wireless-communication-and-their-appropriate-solution-a-review/prof-sukhjinder-singh
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Contents
P
P
S
h y s ic a l P h e n o m e n o n
a t h lo s s m o d e l
h a d o w F a d in g
L a r g e a n d s m a ll s c a le f a d in g
M u lt ip a t h F a d in g
R a y le ig h F a d in g
T im e d is p e r s io n
D e la y s p r e a d
F la t a n d f r e q u e n c y s e le c t iv e f a d in g
T im e v a r ia n c e
D o p p le r f a d in g
S lo w a n d f a s t f a d in g
S u m m a r y o f F a d in g
R e f e r e n c e s
5. Physical Phenomena
Reflection - caused by smooth surface with very
large dimensions compared to wavelength
Diffraction- Obstruction caused by a dense body
with large dim. > wavelength. EM waves get bend
around objects. Reason for shadowing and RF
energy being present without LOS
Scattering- Large
wavelength
rough surface with dim. ~
6. Path Loss Model
If there are no objects which are between transmitter
receiver so that no reflection, refraction or
absorption/diffraction happens.
Atmosphere is a uniform and non absorbing medium.
Earth is treated as being infinitely far away from the
propagating signal (having a negligible reflection
coefficient ).
Under these conditions, RF power attenuates a s per
inverse square law. For an isotropic antenna, this
attenuation of Tx power is:
and
7. Wireless Propagation
Path loss inversely proportional to 1/dn,
2 to 4 for mobile channels: Large scale
attenuation in signal strength
n =
Shadowing - Terrain dependent, medium
scale variation in signal strength, comes
because of big obstacles like buildings, hills
Multipath Fading - Small scale or short term
variation on the order of λ/2
8. Path Loss Model
Different, often complicated,
for different environments.
models are used
A simple model for path loss, L, is
Path loss exponent
in free space and
in typical environments
10. Shadow Fading
As mentioned earlier, when the received signal is
shadowed by observations such as hills and buildings,
it results in variation of local mean received power,
Where
&
is received signal power due to path loss
implications:
Nonuniform coverage
Increases the required transmit power
12. Large, medium and small scale fading
Large Scale Fading: Average signal power attenuation/path
loss due to motion over large areas.
Medium scale fading: Local variation in the average signal
power around mean average power due to shadowing by
local obstructions
Small scale fading: large variation in the signal power due
to small changes in the distance between transmitter and
receiver (Also called Rayleigh fading when no LOS
available). It is called Rayleigh fading due to the fact that
various multipaths at the receiver with random amplitude
& delay add up together to render rayleigh PDF for total
signal.
13. Cause of Multipath Fading
Fading : Fluctuation in the received signal power
due to
Variations in the received singal amplitude
(Different objects present on radio signal path
produce attenuation of it’s power as they can
scatter or absorb part of the signal power, thus
producing
Variations
Variations
a variation of the amplitude
in the signal phase
in the received signal angle of arrival
(different paths travelling different distances
may have different phases & angle of arrival)
14. Causes of Multipath fading Cont..
Reflections and diffraction from object create many
different EM waves which are received in mobile
antenna. These waves usually come from many
different directions and delay varies.
In the receiver, the waves are added either
constructively or destructively and create a Rx signal
which may very rapidly in phase and amplitude
depending on the local objects and how mobile
moves
15. Practical examples of small scale
multipath fading
Common examples of multipath fading are
temporary failure of communication due to a
severe drop in the channel signal to noise ratio
(You may have also experienced this. And you
moved a steps away & noted that reception is
better
. It is due to small scale fading effects. )
FM radio transmission experiencing intermittent
loss of broadcast when away from station.
16. Multipath Fading- Most difficult
Fades of 40 dB or more below local average level
are frequent, with successive nulls occurring
every half wavelength or so
Referred to as Rayleigh Fading
17. Rayleigh Fading Mechanism
Rayleigh fading manifests in two mechanism
Time spreading due to multipath (time dispersion)
Time variant behaviour of the channel due to the
motion and subsequent changes in propagation
paths
Rayleigh PDF:
23. Delay Spread
h(t)
h(t)
time
time Excess delay spread
Excess delay spread
Multiple impulses of varying power correspond to various
multipaths. This time dispersion is also referred to as multipath
delay spread.
Delay between first significant path & last significant paths
loosely termed as channel excess delay spread.
Two totally different channels can have same excess delay
spread.
A better measure of delay spread is rms delay spread
L is the number of paths & is the amplitude of the path i arriving at time
is
is the second moment
25. Time spreading : Coherence Bandwidth
W
Freq
f0
W
Freq
Channel
frequency
response
Channel
frequency
response
26. More on
f0
flat fading
•
W
Freq
Condition f0 > W does not guarantee flat fading. As shown
above, frequency nulls (frequency selective fading) may be
there occasionally even though f0 > W.
Similarly, frequency selective fading channel may also show
flat fading sometimes.
Channel
frequency
28. Coherence Bandwidth and delay
spread
There is no exact relationship between Coherence bandwidth
and delay spread. For at least 0.9 correlation for channel’s
complex frequency transfer function, Coherence bandwidth f0 is
approximated by following relation:
Where is r.m.s. delay spread
For dense scatterer model which is useful for urban
surroundings, coherence bandwidth is defined as assuming at
least 0.5 correlation:
Another popular approximation assuming at least 0.5
correlation:
29. Effects of Flat & frequency selective
fading
Flat fading
Reduces SNR forcing various mitigation
techniques to handle that. Not such a bad
Frequency selecting fading
ISI distortion (need equalizer in receiver)
Pulse mutilation
Irreducible BER
thing.
30. Summary of Time dispersion
Small scale fading
( based on multipath delay spread)
Flat Fading
BW of signal < BW of
channel
Or
Delay Spread <
Symbol period
Frequency selective
Fading
BW of signal > BW of
channel
Or
Delay Spread >
Symbol period
31. Time variant behavior of the
h(t)
channel
Impulse
response
time
Excess delay spread
h(t)
Impulse
response time
Excess delay spread
Relative movement between transmitter and receiver or objects between those
causes variation in channel’s characteristics over time. This happens due to
propagation path change over time. Relative movement also creates frequency
spreading due to Doppler effect
32. Time Variance
Variance
important
in channel conditions over time
a
is an
factor when designing mobile
communication system.
If fast variations happen, it can lead to severe pulse
distortion and loss
irreducible BER.
of SNR subsequently causing
33. Basic Dopp
t)
ler effect
c is the light velocity and vm is the car
speed
Propagation time is a function of time due
to mobile car.
34. Doppler spread in Multipath
vm cos (θ1)
θ1
vm
θ2
vm cos (θ2)
|Y(f)|
|X(f)| After passing through
multipath channel f + f
c d
fc + fd1 fc + fd2 freq
fc freq
Due to multipaths, a single sinusoid by base station is perceived as
summation of 3 sinusioids fc+fd1, fc+fd2 and fc+fd , where fd is maximum
doppler frequency = fc*(vm/d). Due to different arrivals of angle due to
multipaths, perceived velocity is different for multipaths.
35. Doppler Spectrum
Imagine now multiple paths
with different angles of arrival
causing
various
amagamalation of
frequencies between
fc +fd & fc-fd.
A popular model assumes that
distribution of angle of arrival is
distributed uniformly between 0 &
2π which leads to following
spectrum
This is called classical Doppler spectrum & shows how a single sinusoid ends up
having a broad spectrum due to multipath & relative motion between Tx
and Rx.
36. Time variant Channel: Coherence Time
Maximum doppler frequency is an important measure of time
variance of channel characteristics. It depends on relative speed of
any movement between Tx & Rx and the carrier frequency
Coherence time: Approximate time duration
channel’s response remains invariant
over which the
Where is Maximum Doppler Frequency
37. Frequency Dual
Fourier
Transform
T0
Function denotes space time correlation for the
channel response to a sinusoid . So this indicates the
amount of correlation between two sinusoids sent at
different times t1 & t2 .
39. Time Variance : Fast Fading
Fast Fading :
Where Ts : Transmitted Symbol time
Or
Where W: Transmitted bandwidth
Above relationship means that channel changes drastically
times while a symbol is propagating;
many
Only highly mobile systems (~500 Km/Hr) will have fd ~1 kHz so
systems having signalling rate of that order will be fast fading.
Impact of fast fading:
Severe distortion of baseband pulse leading to detection
problems
Loss in SNR
Synchronization problems (e.g. Failure of PLL)
40. Time
Slow Fading :
where
Or
where
variance: Slow Fading
Ts : Transmitted Symbol time
W: Transmitted bandwidth
Above relationship means that channel does not change
drastically during symbol duration
Most of the modern communication systems are slow fading
channels
Impact of fast fading:
Loss in SNR
43. References
B Skalar. “Rayleigh fading channels in mobile digital
communication systems, Part I: characterization”. IEEE
communication magazine. July 1997, pp 90-100.