Socio-ecological systems: Moving beyond the Human Exemptionalist ParadigmMadhusudan Katti
A talk given by Dr. Andrew Jones on Sep 24, 2010, in the Biology Colloquium at California State University, Fresno. He presents a historical overview of how Sociology came to discover its place within a broader ecological context and began addressing the metabolic rift resulting from human activities on this planet. He also presents the conecptual framework for analysis being developed under the new Urban Long-Term Research Area - Fresno And Clovis Ecosocial Study (ULTRA-FACES) project.
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
Socio-ecological systems: Moving beyond the Human Exemptionalist ParadigmMadhusudan Katti
A talk given by Dr. Andrew Jones on Sep 24, 2010, in the Biology Colloquium at California State University, Fresno. He presents a historical overview of how Sociology came to discover its place within a broader ecological context and began addressing the metabolic rift resulting from human activities on this planet. He also presents the conecptual framework for analysis being developed under the new Urban Long-Term Research Area - Fresno And Clovis Ecosocial Study (ULTRA-FACES) project.
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Kebijakan Blue Carbon dalam operasionalisasi globalCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Alue Dohong, Vice Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia at "Blue Carbon Dialogue: From science-based policy to implementation" in Bogor, 20 February 2024.
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
These slides cover the purposes for ecosystem service valuation (ESV), methods for valuation, examples of valuation studies, and government regulation and program related to ESV.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
A presentation by John Gathenya at the Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands
1-4 September 2014, Addis Ababa
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Kebijakan Blue Carbon dalam operasionalisasi globalCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Alue Dohong, Vice Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia at "Blue Carbon Dialogue: From science-based policy to implementation" in Bogor, 20 February 2024.
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
These slides cover the purposes for ecosystem service valuation (ESV), methods for valuation, examples of valuation studies, and government regulation and program related to ESV.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
A presentation by John Gathenya at the Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands
1-4 September 2014, Addis Ababa
Cultivating ecosystem gardens of health and hope shareMichelle Merrill
Three different approaches are transforming humanity's relationship to the wider biosphere through innovative ecosystem stewardship, informed by our deepening understandings of ecology and complexity. Microbiome management promotes human health by cultivating the ecologies of microorganisms in, on and around our bodies, seeking to encourage beneficial symbionts and discourage invasive microbes that can trigger illness. Permaculture is a philosophy of gardening, food production and homestead management that fosters beneficial ecological interactions to cultivate healthy habitats for humans and other species. Rewilding is a strategy of landscape management that seeks to restore the balance and diversity of historic or prehistoric ecosystems by introducing species to fill trophic niches emptied by local extinctions. These approaches represent a radical shift of the post‐industrial human role in nature, from one of dominance, produce maximization and pest eradication to one of regenerative alliance and collaborative cultivation.
Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteersAnnaEvely
what are conservation projects that involve volunteers?
why look at conservation projects that involve volunteers?
choosing methods when crossing disciplines: taking an integrative approach
how might participation be linked to attitudes?
how might participation be linked to social learning?
CoevolutionOver the ages, many species have become irremediably .docxmary772
Coevolution
Over the ages, many species have become irremediably linked. Whether in the context of an arms race or cooperation to conquer new ecosystems, they have no choice but to evolve together . According to Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven, who introduced the term in 1964, "Coevolution is the evolution of two or more entities caused by the action between these entities of reciprocal selective factors. Organizations must therefore influence each other (Thompson, 1989). Coevolution relates to this week’s theme by the how natural selection affects the ecosystem. The book compares coevolution to an ecological arm race (Bensel & Turk, 2014). One example is a case of bats as stated in the book and their use of echolocation to be able to find insects. One insect that tries to outsmart it is a tiger moth which blocks out and jam’s the bats signal with a high frequency clicks and the bat fly’s erratically to confuse the moth. This is important in adaptation and of evolution of any new biological species. There are two kinds of interactions that happen that can lead to competitive coevolution. One interactions is predation in which one organism kills another organism. The second one is parasitism in which one organism benefits by damaging but not killing another organism.
This term affects living things and the physical world because if we didn’t have the natural selection all our ecosystem who would be extinct including human beings. Many recent studies state that environmental changes have messed with the balance between interacting species and leading to their extinction. When we use the three models of coevolution such as competition, predation, mutualism in organizing and synthesizing ways to modify species interaction when there is climate change in favoring one species over another. Coevolution reduces the effects of climate change and leads to lowering chances in extinction. By getting an understanding of our nature of coevolution in how they interact with different species and our communities interact and respond to the changing climate.
We as human kind must take action and not let our natural system and ecosystem suffer because of our greed for economic growth (Cairns, 2007). We must also be careful of our matriac consumption and forget about ecological and sustainability ethics. (Cairns, 2007). Humans need to take action to better take care of our ecosystem and environment. Morowitz (1992) stated in this journal, “Sustained life is a property of an ecological system rather than a single organism or species.” There are no species that can exist without the ecological life support system even humans (Cairns, 2007). We need to put more effort in taking care of our environment by creating more organizations in getting our communities involved. In achieving sustainability they must guide through ecological and sustainability ethics. There are many challenges that will come but with achieving sustainable use of our planet our environment will .
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Environmentalism for PS 240 introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on environmentalism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Similar to Introduction to social-ecological systems and their governance (20)
Conventional thinking: “human-wildlife conflict is a problem that needs to be controlled”. But this is only one frame.
Frames are “cognitive structures that help humans to make sense of the world by suggesting which component of a complex reality to consider” (Wilhelm-Rechmann et al. 2011).They influence thoughts, plans and practices.
Analysing frames raises awareness of different types of human-wildlife conflicts, situations & interventions; brings attention to research needs for human-wildlife coexistence strategies; challenges what is ‘obvious’; and seeks innovative solutions through dialogue.
A typology of frames provides the foundations for comparison.
Towards more resilient farming communities in lesothoChristo Fabricius
Supported by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) I conducted interviews with communities involved in FAO's Conservation Agriculture project http://www.lesothocsa.com/ to assess their resilience to extreme drought conditions. The interviews took place during January 2016 during an exceptionally dry summer, after most planted crops have failed. Farming communities in Lesotho are not very resilient to extreme droughts. But those that are resilient:
Work together
Are well-connected – share knowledge, learn
Have good leadership
Have rules, and a constitution
Plan ahead
Have many different livelihood strategies
Are patient
Are prepared to try new things – they help themselves.
Christo Fabricius: Ecological Infrastructure and its implications for catchme...Christo Fabricius
Ecological infrastructure: landscape features that support ecosystem services. Their functions: Buffering the system against disturbances, e.g. riparian and wetland vegetation;
soils; floodplains; coastal dunes. Nature’s infrastructure has a positive impact on human resilience by :
Protecting human lives
Protecting engineered infrastructure
Enabling multiple land uses
When EI is degraded, land use options reduced, resulting lock-ins into single land use options
Navigating a new, sustainable future for the catchment
Developing a shared vision with stakeholders
Supported by good science
Developing and implementing a local management plan
Collaborative governance through a Catchment Forum
Adaptive co-management: learning, experimentation, reflection, adaptation
“Getting our act together for sustainable catchment management for resilient ecological infrastructure”
Informal knowledge and adaptive co management of protected areas (Christo Fab...Christo Fabricius
Protected areas can be conceptualized as complex adaptive systems, with feedbacks between social and ecological processes inside and outside their boundaries. Understanding and managing these feedbacks requires as much information and knowledge as possible. Protected area managers on their own are seldom able to collect and process the full array of information required to adaptively manage protected areas, especially in the context of the broader social-ecological landscape. In that sense informal, local and traditional knowledge can be valuable in providing supplemental or even core information required to make complex management decisions. Involvement of local knowledge holders may also assist in building bridges between protected area managers and local stakeholders, and ignoring local knowledge often leads to conflict with subsequent demands on precious human and financial resources. In this presentation we provide a conceptual framework for the role of knowledge, learning and co-innovation in adaptive co-management. We provide examples of informal, local and traditional knowledge and its relevance for biodiversity conservation and protected area management, and of the lost opportunities and conflicts that come to the fore when such knowledge is ignored. We also discuss some of the pitfalls and share ideas of processes and methods that may promote the better use of informal, local and traditional knowledge in adaptive co-management of protected areas.
Resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems: the good, the ...Christo Fabricius
Social-ecological systems in emerging democracies are often in an untenable state. Under such conditions, building resilience is not appropriate and transformation is the way forward. In this presentation I briefly explain the theoretical underpinnings of resilience and transformation and provide examples of transformative strategies from communal areas in South Africa and Tajikistan to explain.
Public lecture delivered on 7 November to Garden Route stakeholders. The Garden Route is staring over a cliff and the choices we make now will determine our ability to respond to global uncertainties. Two factors: trends in the global economy, and government's commitment to implement the recommendations of the National Planning Commission, will make a huge difference to the Garden Route's future. Four scenarios: "Eish, missed the bus"; "Maverick's paradise"; "Local is Lekker" and "Carpe Diem" could emerge. Our ability to respond to these will depend on flexible yet proactive plannning, management of ecological infrastructure, closing the wealth gap and investing in education and technology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
11. “A social-ecological system does not consist of just one kind of cycle at one scale.
It func)ons as a nested, hierarchical structure, with processes clustered within
subsystems at several scales (e.g. the farm, region and state).
Par)cular aden)on needs to be paid to these cross-scale interac)ons”.
Ostrom & Jansen 2005. Mul)-Level Governance and Resilience of Social-Ecological
Systems, in M. Spoor, (ed). Globalisa7on, Poverty and Conflict. Springer Netherlands,
Dordrecht
39. Social capital
Governance
Social Capital
Social bonds or
norms (Pretty 2003)
• Trust
• Common rules or
norms
• common interest
• Support from higher
levels
• Security of tenure
Self organisation
Ability to mobilise
collectively (Olsson et
al 2004)
• Enabling legislation
• Funding
• information flow and
social networks
• Arenas for
collaborative learning
Adaptive capacity
Ability to evolve to
cope with
perturbations (Adger
2006)
Willingness to:
• Learn from mistakes
• Engage in
collaborative decision
making
• Accept a diversity of
institutions
Folke et al 2003;
Armitage 2005)
Process
LivelihoodsNatural
resources
Governance