The document provides an overview of the evolution of programming languages from machine language in the 1940s to fifth-generation languages focusing on artificial intelligence in the 1990s. It outlines the characteristics and purposes of each generation, emphasizing the advancements in efficiency, usability, and specificity in programming. Key concepts such as computer language translators and various programming paradigms are also introduced.

1. Introduction to programming
concepts

2. Instructions
TASK
SEQUENCE
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
Specific language
Programming
language
Programmer/ coder
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
LANGUAGE
First generation(
Machine language)
•Used in 1940`s
•Lowest level computer
language
•Machine /binary
language
•Code is executed faster
•Difficult

3. Second generation :
(Assembly language)
•Developed in mid 1950s
•Used mnemonic codes
•Translator is an
assembler
•Efficient in execution
time and main memory
usage
•Written for specific
processor

4. Third generation : (High
level language)
•Evolved in mid 1960s
and 1970s
•Instructions in form of
english
•Translators needed
•E.g Fortran , COBOL,
BASIC , C , C++
High level language: Programming
language in which programming
statements are not closely related to
internal characteristics of the computer.

5. Fourth generation : (Very
High level language)
•Programming language
designed with a specific
purpose of development
of commercial business .
•Instructions in form of
english like sentences
•Increases productivity
•E.g ACCESS, SQL

6. Fifth generation :
(Artificial intelligence)
•Developed in 1990s.
•Computer solves given
program without
programmer
•Used in artificial
intelligence research
•Mercury , Prolog, OPS5

7. Computer language translators
• A computer program that translates program
in computer language to another.
source code Target code

8. Assembler
Assembly
language
Machine
language

9. compiler
• Lots of disk space consumed to save
executable code
High level
language
Machine
language
Executable
code

10. Interpreter
• Every time a program is executed , the source
code has to be converted afresh.
Source code
Intermediate
code
Executes it line
by line

11. Important terms
• Modular
• Procedural
• Event Driven programming
• Object oriented programming
• Rapid application development