Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Mr. Krishnakant B. Bhelkar
Asst. Professor
Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur

Inside…..
□ Definition
□ Brief introduction to various types of microorganisms
□ Branches of Microbiology, scope and its importance.
□ History of microbiology
□ Father of Microbiology
□ Spontaneous Generation Theory
□ Germ Theory f Disease
□ Glden Era of Microbiology
□ Contribution of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich
□ Whittakers 5 Kingdom Concept
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Bhelkar K. B. Gurunanak College of Pharmacy,
Nagpur

INTRODUCTION
□ It is the study of living organisms of microscopic size
which include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and
viruses.
□ This term is introduced by a French chemist i.e. Louis
Pasteur
□ Micro-organisms can only be seen by magnifying their
image with microscope
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION: BACTERIA
□ Bacteria are small single-celled
organisms. Bacteria are found
almost everywhere on Earth and
are vital to the planet's
ecosystems. Some species can
live under extreme conditions of
temperature and pressure. The
human body is full of bacteria,
and in fact is estimated to
contain more bacterial cells than
human cells.
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INTRODUCTION: VIRUS
□ A virus is
a submicroscopic infectious
agent that replicates only
inside the living cells of an
organism.
□ Viruses infect all types
of life forms, from animals
and plants to
microorganisms including
bacteria and archaea.
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INTRODUCTION: FUNGI
□ A fungus (plural: fungi) is any member of the group
of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms
such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more
familiar mushrooms.
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INTRODUCTION: PROTOZOA
□ Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an
informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes,
either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic
matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues
and debris.
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INTRODUCTION: ALGAE
□ Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group
of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
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BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY
PURE SCIENCE
□ Bacteriology:-study of bacteria
□ Mycology :-study of fungi
□ Protozoalogy :-study of protozoa
□ Phycology/ Algology:- Study of algae
□ Virology: Study of Viruses
□ Nematology: Study of Nematodes such as roundworm or
threadworm
□ Parasitology:-study of parasites
□ Immunology : Study of mechanism in development of resistant
□ Microbial Cytology: Study of mcroscopic details of microorganisms
□ Microbial Ecology: Study of relationship between microorganisms
and their environment
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□ PURE SCIENCE (Continues)
□ Microbial Genetics: (Genetics: Study of variations and Hereditary)
□ Cellular Microbiology: Study of functions and properties of microbial
cells.
□ Evolutionary Microbiology: Study of the patterns (relationships
between genes and organisms) and processes (mechanisms
generating diversity and the selection operating on it) of evolution in
microbes.
□ Molecular Microbiology: Study of molecular mechanisms and
physiological processes of microbes and their utilization in
production of biotechnology products and medicines such as
vaccines, antibodies.
□ Phylogeny: Study of genetic relationship between different
microorganisms.
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□ APPLIED SCIENCE
□ Medical microbiology: Study of causative agents of infectious
disease.
□ Pharmaceutical microbiology: Study of Micro-microorganism which
is responsible for production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins,
vaccines and other pharmaceutical products.
□ Industrial microbiology: Study of Micro-organism which is
responsible for production of vitamins, amino acids, alcoholic
beverages .
□ Microbial Biotechnology: Biotechnology which involves the use of
microorganisms or their products.
□ Agricultural microbiology: Study of plant-associated microbes and
plant and animal diseases. It also deals with the microbiology of soil
fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil
nutrient transformations.
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□ APPLIED SCIENCE (Continues)
□ Food Microbiology:
□ Aquatic microbiology: Study of micro-organism and their activities
into fresh and marine water
□ Air microbiology: Study which deal with role of aerosporain
contamination and spoilage of food and determination of plant and
animal through air
□ Epidemiology: Study which deal with consult with monitoring and
spread of disease in community
□ Veterinary Microbiology:
□ Biotechnology and Recombinent DNA Technology:
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□ APPLIED SCIENCE (Continues)
□ Environmental Microbiology:
□ Geomicrobiology: Study of role of microbes on geological
and geochemical processes and effects of minerals and
metals to microbial growth, activity and survival.
□ Microbial Diversity: Study of range of different kinds of
unicellular organisms, bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi.
□ Bioremediation: Study f use of microorganisms to clean air,
water and soil
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FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
□ Antony van Leeuwenhoek: -(1632-1720)
□ He was a first to observe & accurately to describe the shape of
human RBCs as well as little agent of disease i.e. animalcule’s.
□ He observed the motility of bacteria.
□ In 1683 he described different shapes or morphological forms of
bacteria.
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FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
□ Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was one of the first people
to observe microorganisms, using a microscope of his own design,
and made one of the most important contributions to biology.
□ He had hobby of glass grinding and preparation of lenses and this
led him to assemble 250 single microscope.
□ He describe the inhibitory effect of acetic acid on Micro-organism
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SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
THEORY
□ The belief of spontaneous generation:
Living organisms can originate from non-living sources.
e.g. Pieces of cheese and bread wrapped in rags and left in a dark
corner, for example, were thus thought to produce mice
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THEORY
□ Microorganism Exists
□ Lucretious (about 98-55 BC)
□ Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
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THEORY
□ Francesco Redi(1668)
□ Italian physician
□ Carried out a series of experiment on
decaying meat and its ability to produce
maggots spontaneously
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THEORY
□ Francesco Redi(1668)
□ Conclusion:
□ Generation of maggots resulted from the
presence of fly eggs,
□ Meat did not spontaneously generated
maggots as previously believed.
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THEORY
□ John Needham (1748)
□ English priest & botanist.
□ He concluded: organic matter contain vital
forces that could confer the properties of
life on non-living matter
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THEORY
□ Lazzaro Spallanzani(1769)
□ Italian priest
□ Improved Needham’s experiment
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Spallanzani concluded:
Air carried germs to the culture medium,
External air might be required for the growth of animals already in the
medium.

THEORY
□ critics
□ On Spallanzani experiment critics stated:
□ “Heating the air in sealed flask destroyed its ability to
support life”
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THEORY
□ Franz Schulze and Theoder Schwann worked for the theory
of Biogenesis.
□ H. Schroder and T. Von Dusch performed more convincing
experiment for the establishment of Theory of Biogenesis.
□ Though many of the scientists had worked for Spontaneous
generation and Biogenesis no convincing fact had been
established
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THEORY
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THEORY
□ Louis Pasteur
□ A French biologist, microbiologist
and chemist renowned for his
discoveries of the principles of
vaccination, microbial fermentation
and pasteurization.
□ In his famous experiment, he took a
Swan Neck Flask and boiled
nutrient rich broth inside it. He
pointed that no growth took place in
the flask as dust and germs had
been trapped on the walls of the
curved neck.
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THEORY
□ Louis Pasteur
□ Sterile liquid could be exposed only to the
□ Airbut no outside particles (dust or bacteria)
□ Could get past the curve in the flask’s neck
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LOUIS PASTEUR
□ Contribution of Louis Pasteur
□ In 1897,he suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30
minutes rather than boiling was enough to destroy the
undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of product, the
process is called Pasteurization.
□ Coined the term ‘microbiology’.
□ Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
□ Demonstrated that anthrax was caused by bacteria and also
proved the vaccine for disease.
□ Developed live attenuated vaccine for the disease
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GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
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Girolamo
Fracastoro
(1478-1553)
Diseases might be due to invisible
organisms transmitted from ne
person to another person
Von Plenciz
1762
Different germs are responsible for
different diseases
Jonathan
Swift
1667-1745
‘Big bugs have little bugs
On their back to bit them
And little bugs have smaller one
And so ad infinitum’
Oliver
Wendell
Holmes
1809-1894
Puerperal fever transmitted from one
mother to another by midwives and
physician
Girolamo Fracastoro
Jonathan Swift

□ Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
□ Ignaz Semmelweis was an obstetrician in the mid 1800’s who noted
a high mortality rate caused by puerperal fever in women giving birth
later in the day with the aid of doctors and medical students
compared to women who gave birth in the morning and with the aid
of midwives. Through his investigation, he noted that the doctors
and medical students helping women to give birth had come from
conducting autopsies. Semmelweis asserted that the puerperal fever
was caused by a disease spread to the pregnant women via the
cadavers in the autopsy rooms. Following this realization,
Semmelweis implemented mandatory handwashing in a
chlorinated solution of lime water prior to assisting with births, and
reduced the childbirth mortality rate from 18% to 2.2%.
Despite the success of mandatory hand washing,
Semmelweis’s theory was rejected by society during this time.
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□ Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
Pioneer of antiseptic procedures
He started use of antiseptics in
obstetrical practice
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□ Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Demonstrated importance of
antisepsis

□ Louis Pasteur
Isolated parasite in pebrine (A silk
worm disease)
After that he concentrated on
cattles disease: Anthrax
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□ Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Discovered bacteria from animals
suffering from Anthrax
Stated Koch’s Postulates

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□ Koch’s Postulates
A. A specific organism can be found in association with a
given disease
B. The organism can be isolated and grown in pure
culture in the laboratory
C. The pure culture will produce a disease when
inoculated into a susceptible animal
D. It is possible to recover the organism in pure culture
from experimentally infected animal
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ROBERT KOCH
□ German physician and microbiologist
□ Received Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905
□ He identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis,
cholera, and anthrax. Based on this he formulated Koch’s
postulates that is a series of four generalized principles linking
specific microorganisms to specific diseases that proved
influential on subsequent epidemiological principles.
□ Koch’s postulates helped a lot in identifying various infectious
organisms and related diseases.
□ He gave experimental support for the concept of infectious
disease
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PAUL EHRLICH (1854-1915)
□ Known as Father of Chemotherapy
□ German medical scientist known for his pioneering work in
hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy and for his discovery of
the first effective treatment for syphilis.
□ Coined the term "magic bullet": for such chemicals that could bind to
and kill specific microbes or tumor cells.
□ Received Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1908 for his
discovery of arsphenamine (Salvarsan). The scientist discovered the
compound that acted like an antibiotic by accident, while working on
finding a cure for Trypanosoma brucei.
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THE GOLDEN AGE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
1857-1914
□ 1857 -Pasteur described fermentation.
□ 1861-Disproved spontaneous generation.
□ 1867-Lister publishes on antiseptic surgery.
□ 1876-Telephone
□ 1877-Koch‟s postulates. (germ theory)
□ 1879-Bulb
□ 1880-Laveran discovered Plasmodium (malaria)
□ 1881-Anthrax vaccine by Pasteur.
□ 1882-Koch discovered cause of TB.
□ 1884-Autoclave& Gram Stain.
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THE GOLDEN AGE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
1857-1914
□ 1885-Rabies vaccine by Pasteur,
□ Escherich discovered E. coli
□ 1887-Richard Julius Petri
□ 1889-Beijerinickisolates root nodule bacteria & in1899-
proves virus causes tobacco mosaic disease.
□ 1903-Antibodies
□ 1911-Rous (Viruses can cause cancer)
□ 1915-17 -bacterial viruses by D‟Herelle& Twort
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THE GOLDEN AGE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
1857-1914
□ 1923: 1st edition of David Bergey‟s Manual (used to classify
bacteria based on their structural and functional attributes)
□ 1928: Griffith‟s transformation
□ 1931: Photosynthetic bacteria
□ 1933: Ruska‟s electron microscope
□ 1953: DNA double helix
□ 1955: F factor plasmid (Jacod& Wollman)
□ 1961: lac-operon (Jacob & Monad)
□ 1970: Amber & Smith (RE)
□ 1977: Woese divided Procaryotes into Bacteria &
Archaea
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WHITTAKER’S 5 KINGDOM CONCEPT
□ In Linnaeus' time a Two Kingdom system of classification
with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that
included all plants and animals respectively.
□ This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes
and prokaryotes,
□ R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom
Classification. The kingdoms defined by him were named
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main
criteria for classification used by him include cell
structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition,
reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
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Characters Five Kingdoms
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell wall Noncellulosic
(Polysaccharid
e + amino acid)
Present in
some
Present
(without
cellulose)
Present
(cellulose)
Absent
Nuclear
membrane
Absent Present Present Present Present
Body
organisation
Cellular Cellular Multiceullar/
loose tissue
Tissue/ organ Tissue/organ/
organ system
Mode of
nutrition
Autotrophic
(chemosynthetic
and
photosynthetic)
and
Heterotrophic
(saprophytic/pa
rasitic)
Autotrophic
(Photosynthetic)
and Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
(Saprophytic/
Parasitic)
Autotrophic
(Photosynthetic)
Heterotrophic
(Holozoic/
Saprophytic
etc.)

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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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