1) The document describes an experiment to isolate bacteria from tropical soils in Puerto Rico and test their ability to produce antibiotics.
2) Bacteria were isolated from soil samples through serial dilution and cultured on growth media. Colonies were purified through repeated subculture.
3) The purified bacteria were characterized through gram staining, testing for inhibition of E. coli and M. luteus, DNA extraction, and PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene for identification.
4) Two isolated bacteria, S15UPRCRISENRE30M01 and S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A, showed positive results for antibiotic production against M. luteus.
Isolation and characterization of bacteria from tropical soilsJessica Cristina
The document describes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Five bacteria were isolated from soils in Caguas, Santa Isabel, and Comerío. All five isolates were gram-positive bacilli. Two isolates showed resistance to tetracycline. One isolate had endospores and showed decreasing resistance when tested with bacterial clusters closer to antibiotics. Another isolate changed color from white to red with time, and also showed decreasing resistance with bacterial clusters. The isolates did not produce antibiotics against E. coli or M. luteus, though one was able to coexist with E. coli. Further experiments are needed to determine the causes of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.
This document describes an experiment to isolate and characterize mycobacteriophages from soil samples in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were enriched with hosts Mycobacterium smegmatis or Bacillus cereus, and the enriched samples were filtered and plated. A mycobacteriophage, named Musamodel, was discovered in the seventh soil sample from Caguas, Puerto Rico. The isolated phage was purified four times and appears to have a lytic life cycle. While the investigation was not fully completed, it demonstrates that mycobacteriophages can be isolated from Puerto Rican soils.
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
The researchers isolated a novel bacteriophage from tropical soil samples in Brazil and named it Gêmeos. Through enrichment culture and purification techniques, they isolated the phage that infected Bacillus cereus. Initial observations indicated Gêmeos was a lysogenic phage. Electrophoresis of the phage's proteins showed migration, indicating successful separation. Further experiments like genome sequencing could provide more details about Gêmeos.
This document summarizes the discovery and properties of the antibiotic Teixobactin. Teixobactin was isolated from a previously uncultured soil bacterium using a new cultivation method called iChip that allowed bacteria to grow in conditions simulating their natural environment. Teixobactin showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus but not Gram-negatives. It demonstrated a novel mechanism of action inhibiting cell wall synthesis and no resistant strains were obtained in the lab. Teixobactin was effective in mouse models of MRSA and pneumonia infections. While promising, more testing is still needed to develop Teixobactin into a clinical drug.
A bacteriophage was isolated from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico and named Figaro. Soil samples were enriched with Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to allow any bacteriophages present to replicate. A "plaque" or clear spot indicating bacteriophage growth was detected on an agar plate streaked with one enriched soil sample. The isolated bacteriophage was purified through three rounds of plating and named Figaro. Characterization of Figaro's capsid proteins was conducted through staining. The successful isolation of a bacteriophage from Puerto Rican soil supports the hypothesis that bacteriophages can be found in tropical environments. Further characterization of Figaro's genome is warranted.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
Isolation and characterization of bacteria from tropical soilsJessica Cristina
The document describes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Five bacteria were isolated from soils in Caguas, Santa Isabel, and Comerío. All five isolates were gram-positive bacilli. Two isolates showed resistance to tetracycline. One isolate had endospores and showed decreasing resistance when tested with bacterial clusters closer to antibiotics. Another isolate changed color from white to red with time, and also showed decreasing resistance with bacterial clusters. The isolates did not produce antibiotics against E. coli or M. luteus, though one was able to coexist with E. coli. Further experiments are needed to determine the causes of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.
This document describes an experiment to isolate and characterize mycobacteriophages from soil samples in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were enriched with hosts Mycobacterium smegmatis or Bacillus cereus, and the enriched samples were filtered and plated. A mycobacteriophage, named Musamodel, was discovered in the seventh soil sample from Caguas, Puerto Rico. The isolated phage was purified four times and appears to have a lytic life cycle. While the investigation was not fully completed, it demonstrates that mycobacteriophages can be isolated from Puerto Rican soils.
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
The researchers isolated a novel bacteriophage from tropical soil samples in Brazil and named it Gêmeos. Through enrichment culture and purification techniques, they isolated the phage that infected Bacillus cereus. Initial observations indicated Gêmeos was a lysogenic phage. Electrophoresis of the phage's proteins showed migration, indicating successful separation. Further experiments like genome sequencing could provide more details about Gêmeos.
This document summarizes the discovery and properties of the antibiotic Teixobactin. Teixobactin was isolated from a previously uncultured soil bacterium using a new cultivation method called iChip that allowed bacteria to grow in conditions simulating their natural environment. Teixobactin showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus but not Gram-negatives. It demonstrated a novel mechanism of action inhibiting cell wall synthesis and no resistant strains were obtained in the lab. Teixobactin was effective in mouse models of MRSA and pneumonia infections. While promising, more testing is still needed to develop Teixobactin into a clinical drug.
A bacteriophage was isolated from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico and named Figaro. Soil samples were enriched with Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to allow any bacteriophages present to replicate. A "plaque" or clear spot indicating bacteriophage growth was detected on an agar plate streaked with one enriched soil sample. The isolated bacteriophage was purified through three rounds of plating and named Figaro. Characterization of Figaro's capsid proteins was conducted through staining. The successful isolation of a bacteriophage from Puerto Rican soil supports the hypothesis that bacteriophages can be found in tropical environments. Further characterization of Figaro's genome is warranted.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
1) Maggot excretions have potent bactericidal properties that can destroy important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in as little as 5 minutes when exposed to various densities of the bacteria. Even resistant broth cultures were killed within 60 minutes of exposure.
3) Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots demonstrated bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent. The active bactericidal principle may be present in maggot feces and able to be isolated in a dried powder form.
Teixobactin is a newly discovered antibiotic found in the soil bacteria Efetheria Terrae. It was originally thought to be a detergent but experiments showed it did not damage human cells. Teixobactin was very effective at killing gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains like MRSA, and improved outcomes in mouse infection models. However, it was not effective against gram-negative bacteria. While promising, more research is still needed to understand Teixobactin's effects on humans and potential long-term side effects.
A new antibiotic called teixobactin was discovered in January 2015 using a new technology called iCHIP. iCHIP allows single bacteria species to be isolated from soil samples and grown individually in lab conditions. This overcomes the challenge that only 1% of soil microbes can be cultured traditionally. Using iCHIP, researchers discovered teixobactin produced by the bacteria Eleftheria terrae. Teixobactin is effective against gram-positive bacteria and works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. While further clinical trials are still needed, teixobactin has shown promise in mice. The development of iCHIP is as significant an achievement as the discovery of teixobactin, as it enables many more new antibiotics
Bio lab - Final Soil Presentation Poster, PDFLinda Zheng
This study analyzed soil samples from around the University of Pittsburgh campus to isolate bacteria with potential antibiotic properties against drug-resistant pathogens. Two isolates were found to produce zones of inhibition against specific pathogens - Bacillus funiculus inhibited E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, while Paenibacillus xylanexedens inhibited Staphylococcus epidermis. Both isolates were characterized through biochemical tests and DNA analysis. While the antibiotic compounds themselves could not be extracted, the study showed soil contains diverse microbes with potential for developing new antibiotics.
The objective of this study was to examine the antiviral activity of native lactoferrin against Potato virus x, the most important virus that severely affects potato crop and productivity in Egypt, using tissue culture technique and spraying the plants in greenhouse by the aqueous solution of lactoferrin.
1) The document examines the bactericidal properties of excretions from surgical maggots.
2) It finds that a potent bactericide is present in maggot excretions that is able to destroy important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
3) Testing was conducted on seven bacterial species, finding that maggot excretions were able to eliminate bacteria from infected wounds, likely accounting for the sterility often achieved with maggot therapy.
This document outlines an experiment to determine the effect of temperature, humidity, and incubation time on the decomposition of organic compounds by soil microorganisms. Students will incubate soil with carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids at different temperatures and humidity levels for varying durations. They will then test for the presence of these compounds to see which are most decomposed under each condition. The experiment aims to show how environmental factors influence the activity of soil microbes and the carbon cycle of organic matter decomposition.
The document discusses the discovery of the antibiotic Teixobactin. It begins by providing context on the growing issue of antibiotic resistance and the challenges in discovering new antibiotics. It then describes the development of the Isolation Chip (I-chip) by researchers at Northeastern University, which allows for the isolated cultivation of previously uncultivable environmental bacteria. The I-chip led to the isolation and characterization of a new bacterium, Eleftheria terrae, which produces the potent antibiotic Teixobactin. Early studies found Teixobactin to have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against many gram-positive pathogens, including MRSA, with high efficacy and low toxicity in mouse models. Teixobactin represents a promising new
The word MICROBIOLOGY describes exactly what the discipline is: the study of small living things. MICRO = small, BIO = living, and LOGY = to study. Microbiology (or specifically, bacteriology) is still a very young science and not yet completely understood.
This document discusses the field of pharmaceutical microbiology. It begins by defining microbiology and describing pure and applied microbiology, including pharmaceutical microbiology. The objectives of pharmaceutical microbiology are to ensure safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products through techniques like validation of disinfectants and protocols for clean rooms. The history of microbiology is reviewed, focusing on early pioneers like Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. Finally, the document discusses various important applications and scopes of pharmaceutical microbiology, such as production of antibiotics and enzymes, sterilization techniques, and testing of pharmaceutical products, water, and preservatives.
The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts of microbiology. It discusses how microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Some of the pioneers discussed include Anton van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under a microscope in the 1670s, Louis Pasteur who developed pasteurization and vaccines, and Robert Koch who developed techniques for growing pure cultures of bacteria and demonstrated that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogenic microbes through his postulates. The document also discusses the classification of microorganisms and provides examples of bacteria cell structure.
Contributions of Various scientist for the development of Microbiology field.
1. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
2. Edwerd Jenner
3. Louis Pasteur
4. Joseph Lister
5. Robert Koch
6. Paul Ehrlich
7. Alexander Fleming
This research paper evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and nano-Beauvericin against two tomato pests, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, as well as their impact on the predator Coccinella undecimpunctata. Laboratory experiments found nano-Beauvericin and B. bassiana achieved 50% mortality against B. tabaci and M. persicae at concentrations of 65.3x104 and 51.4x104 conidia/ml, respectively. Field tests showed applications of the fungi significantly reduced pest populations compared to the control after 50-120 days. The fungi also decreased
Blue Team MCDB 150AL-Poster Presentation (2)Hung Dang
The document summarizes a study that isolated bacteria from soil in the Mojave Desert to identify microbes that could help plants grow under arid conditions. Thirty unique bacterial colonies were characterized through assays testing for plant growth promoting traits like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, antibiotic production, and cellulase activity. Many isolates exhibited siderophore production while fewer showed phosphate solubilization or cellulase activity. One isolate produced antibiotics. A trapping experiment found that soil samples effectively nodulated legume plants, indicating nitrogen fixation. The results suggest that the desert microbial community can help native plants survive harsh environments.
Gut microflora and their role in susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to baci...Prema Latha
The document discusses the role of gut microflora in the susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis. It provides background on the diversity of gut microbes in different insect orders. Case studies show that certain gut bacteria can promote the insecticidal activity of Bt by cleaving Bt crystal proteins or having synergistic effects with Bt. The toxicity of Bt towards cotton bollworm was reduced when the insects were pre-treated with antibiotics, indicating that gut microflora influence Bt susceptibility.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a microbiology course. It introduces microbiology and microorganisms, describes the history of microbiology including key figures like van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Jenner. It discusses spontaneous generation versus biogenesis and germ theory of disease. It also covers classification of microbes, major groups of bacteria, and microbes' role in human health and disease.
This document summarizes research that isolated and characterized antibiotic-producing microorganisms from waste soil samples collected from various industrial areas in India. Soil samples were collected and microbes were isolated using serial dilution and spread plating techniques. Isolates were screened for antibiotic production against other microbes using agar streak and plug methods. Two Bacillus isolates (R29 and B81) showed strong antifungal activity and were selected for further characterization. Biochemical and genetic tests identified R29 as Bacillus subtilis and B81 as likely Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis. The research aims to discover new antibiotics and contributes to understanding antibiotic-producing microbes isolated from industrial waste soils.
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
1) Maggot excretions have potent bactericidal properties that can destroy important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in as little as 5 minutes when exposed to various densities of the bacteria. Even resistant broth cultures were killed within 60 minutes of exposure.
3) Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots demonstrated bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent. The active bactericidal principle may be present in maggot feces and able to be isolated in a dried powder form.
Teixobactin is a newly discovered antibiotic found in the soil bacteria Efetheria Terrae. It was originally thought to be a detergent but experiments showed it did not damage human cells. Teixobactin was very effective at killing gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains like MRSA, and improved outcomes in mouse infection models. However, it was not effective against gram-negative bacteria. While promising, more research is still needed to understand Teixobactin's effects on humans and potential long-term side effects.
A new antibiotic called teixobactin was discovered in January 2015 using a new technology called iCHIP. iCHIP allows single bacteria species to be isolated from soil samples and grown individually in lab conditions. This overcomes the challenge that only 1% of soil microbes can be cultured traditionally. Using iCHIP, researchers discovered teixobactin produced by the bacteria Eleftheria terrae. Teixobactin is effective against gram-positive bacteria and works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. While further clinical trials are still needed, teixobactin has shown promise in mice. The development of iCHIP is as significant an achievement as the discovery of teixobactin, as it enables many more new antibiotics
Bio lab - Final Soil Presentation Poster, PDFLinda Zheng
This study analyzed soil samples from around the University of Pittsburgh campus to isolate bacteria with potential antibiotic properties against drug-resistant pathogens. Two isolates were found to produce zones of inhibition against specific pathogens - Bacillus funiculus inhibited E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, while Paenibacillus xylanexedens inhibited Staphylococcus epidermis. Both isolates were characterized through biochemical tests and DNA analysis. While the antibiotic compounds themselves could not be extracted, the study showed soil contains diverse microbes with potential for developing new antibiotics.
The objective of this study was to examine the antiviral activity of native lactoferrin against Potato virus x, the most important virus that severely affects potato crop and productivity in Egypt, using tissue culture technique and spraying the plants in greenhouse by the aqueous solution of lactoferrin.
1) The document examines the bactericidal properties of excretions from surgical maggots.
2) It finds that a potent bactericide is present in maggot excretions that is able to destroy important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
3) Testing was conducted on seven bacterial species, finding that maggot excretions were able to eliminate bacteria from infected wounds, likely accounting for the sterility often achieved with maggot therapy.
This document outlines an experiment to determine the effect of temperature, humidity, and incubation time on the decomposition of organic compounds by soil microorganisms. Students will incubate soil with carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids at different temperatures and humidity levels for varying durations. They will then test for the presence of these compounds to see which are most decomposed under each condition. The experiment aims to show how environmental factors influence the activity of soil microbes and the carbon cycle of organic matter decomposition.
The document discusses the discovery of the antibiotic Teixobactin. It begins by providing context on the growing issue of antibiotic resistance and the challenges in discovering new antibiotics. It then describes the development of the Isolation Chip (I-chip) by researchers at Northeastern University, which allows for the isolated cultivation of previously uncultivable environmental bacteria. The I-chip led to the isolation and characterization of a new bacterium, Eleftheria terrae, which produces the potent antibiotic Teixobactin. Early studies found Teixobactin to have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against many gram-positive pathogens, including MRSA, with high efficacy and low toxicity in mouse models. Teixobactin represents a promising new
The word MICROBIOLOGY describes exactly what the discipline is: the study of small living things. MICRO = small, BIO = living, and LOGY = to study. Microbiology (or specifically, bacteriology) is still a very young science and not yet completely understood.
This document discusses the field of pharmaceutical microbiology. It begins by defining microbiology and describing pure and applied microbiology, including pharmaceutical microbiology. The objectives of pharmaceutical microbiology are to ensure safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products through techniques like validation of disinfectants and protocols for clean rooms. The history of microbiology is reviewed, focusing on early pioneers like Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. Finally, the document discusses various important applications and scopes of pharmaceutical microbiology, such as production of antibiotics and enzymes, sterilization techniques, and testing of pharmaceutical products, water, and preservatives.
The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts of microbiology. It discusses how microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Some of the pioneers discussed include Anton van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under a microscope in the 1670s, Louis Pasteur who developed pasteurization and vaccines, and Robert Koch who developed techniques for growing pure cultures of bacteria and demonstrated that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogenic microbes through his postulates. The document also discusses the classification of microorganisms and provides examples of bacteria cell structure.
Contributions of Various scientist for the development of Microbiology field.
1. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
2. Edwerd Jenner
3. Louis Pasteur
4. Joseph Lister
5. Robert Koch
6. Paul Ehrlich
7. Alexander Fleming
This research paper evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and nano-Beauvericin against two tomato pests, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, as well as their impact on the predator Coccinella undecimpunctata. Laboratory experiments found nano-Beauvericin and B. bassiana achieved 50% mortality against B. tabaci and M. persicae at concentrations of 65.3x104 and 51.4x104 conidia/ml, respectively. Field tests showed applications of the fungi significantly reduced pest populations compared to the control after 50-120 days. The fungi also decreased
Blue Team MCDB 150AL-Poster Presentation (2)Hung Dang
The document summarizes a study that isolated bacteria from soil in the Mojave Desert to identify microbes that could help plants grow under arid conditions. Thirty unique bacterial colonies were characterized through assays testing for plant growth promoting traits like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, antibiotic production, and cellulase activity. Many isolates exhibited siderophore production while fewer showed phosphate solubilization or cellulase activity. One isolate produced antibiotics. A trapping experiment found that soil samples effectively nodulated legume plants, indicating nitrogen fixation. The results suggest that the desert microbial community can help native plants survive harsh environments.
Gut microflora and their role in susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to baci...Prema Latha
The document discusses the role of gut microflora in the susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis. It provides background on the diversity of gut microbes in different insect orders. Case studies show that certain gut bacteria can promote the insecticidal activity of Bt by cleaving Bt crystal proteins or having synergistic effects with Bt. The toxicity of Bt towards cotton bollworm was reduced when the insects were pre-treated with antibiotics, indicating that gut microflora influence Bt susceptibility.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a microbiology course. It introduces microbiology and microorganisms, describes the history of microbiology including key figures like van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Jenner. It discusses spontaneous generation versus biogenesis and germ theory of disease. It also covers classification of microbes, major groups of bacteria, and microbes' role in human health and disease.
This document summarizes research that isolated and characterized antibiotic-producing microorganisms from waste soil samples collected from various industrial areas in India. Soil samples were collected and microbes were isolated using serial dilution and spread plating techniques. Isolates were screened for antibiotic production against other microbes using agar streak and plug methods. Two Bacillus isolates (R29 and B81) showed strong antifungal activity and were selected for further characterization. Biochemical and genetic tests identified R29 as Bacillus subtilis and B81 as likely Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis. The research aims to discover new antibiotics and contributes to understanding antibiotic-producing microbes isolated from industrial waste soils.
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
This document describes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil-collected bacteria that could produce novel antibiotic compounds. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies showing growth were purified and analyzed using gram staining, freezing, electrophoresis, and tests for antibiotic resistance and production. Initial results identified distinct colony morphologies from the soil samples and showed growth from the undiluted, but not highly diluted, samples. Further analysis of purified colonies is planned to characterize the bacteria and determine their antibiotic properties.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
This research aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected and various tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, DNA purification and amplification, and testing for antibiotic production. One isolated bacterium (S15UPRC-RISEAMGP30SP01A1) was identified as a gram-positive cocci resembling Staphylococcus and did not produce antibiotics. The other (S15UPRC-RISERBCR30P01A2) was a gram-positive Bacillus but did not produce antibiotics. Neither bacterium could be fully characterized due to negative PCR results, failing to confirm the hypothesis of positive antibiotic production. Further tests are needed to fully characterize the
Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Soils of Puerto Rico ramoncolon7
This document summarizes a student research project that aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were collected and bacteria were isolated on agar plates before being purified through restreaking. Gram staining identified the bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. However, when tested on indicator plates, the isolated bacteria did not show any antibiotic production against E. coli or M. luteus as hypothesized. While full characterization was not completed due to time constraints, the student plans future work identifying the bacteria through DNA sequencing.
A mycobacteriophage was isolated from a soil sample collected in Puerto Rico and named Serotinus. The soil sample was enriched with Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to encourage phage growth. Plaques were observed, indicating the presence of phages, and three rounds of plaque purification were performed to isolate a pure phage population. Clear plaques formed after the third purification, suggesting Serotinus is a lytic phage. Future work will characterize Serotinus to contribute to the Mycobacteriophage Database.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria from Tropical SoilCarolina Ayala
Nine bacteria were isolated from tropical soils in Puerto Rico. All bacteria were gram positive and seven were bacilli. Four bacteria produced antibiotics and two showed antibiotic resistance to tetracycline. Bacteria with antibiotic resistance and production capabilities were found, supporting the hypothesis that tropical soils contain bacteria with these properties.
Presentation: Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria from Tropical SoilsNicole Rivera
The purpose of this experiment is to encounter bacteria from tropical soils that have the capability of producing antibiotic. In order to do so, it was necessary to isolate the bacteria, purify it five times and freeze it at a temperature of -80˚C. After purification, gram staining was performed to classify the bacteria as gram positive or negative. The bacteria were characterized by doing purification of genomic DNA and then, a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with the primers 16sRNA, 16S_1510R and 16S_8F. An electrophoresis was conducted to see if the PCR process went well. The PCR product was purified and analyzed by using Bioinformatics. Finally, both bacteria’s S15UPRCRISENRE30M01 and S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A had positive results as antibiotic producers for M.luteus.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
This document provides details of a study on screening, characterization, and antibiotic resistance testing of pathogens from various clinical specimens. Over 6,000 samples, including urine, blood, pus, sputum, and others, were collected and analyzed using microbiological techniques. Isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion methods. Multiple drug-resistant organisms were detected. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogens from different specimens to help guide treatment of infectious diseases.
Mycobacteriophage Isolation from Tropical Soil Sample: SerotinusKenko95
1. Researchers isolated and purified a mycobacteriophage named Serotinus from a soil sample in Puerto Rico using Mycobacterium smegmatis as the host bacterium.
2. They performed three rounds of plaque purification to obtain a pure phage population, which was then stored at 4°C.
3. Future work will include identifying the phage's genetic information and characteristics, which may lead to important discoveries in modern medicine such as alternative treatments to antibiotic resistant bacteria.
This document discusses methods for analyzing microbial diversity in soil without culturing. It notes that while culturing methods have provided access to some microbes, they represent only about 1% of soil microbes due to physiological constraints. Molecular methods like 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveal far greater phylogenetic diversity in soil. The document reviews various culture-independent methods like DNA-DNA hybridization, PCR amplification, and gene expression cloning that provide insights into the phylogenetic and functional diversity of uncultured soil microbes, opening possibilities for discovering novel products. It suggests both culturable and unculturable microbes likely contribute to untapped natural product resources.
Monica c. del moral and felix valles phages manuscript official draftfelixjvalles
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a mycobacteriophage (Musamodel) from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. After screening six soil samples without success, a phage was isolated from the seventh sample collected near a plantain plant. The phage was purified through three rounds of plating and was found to infect Mycobacterium smegmatis. Initial characterization suggests the phage has a lytic life cycle based on clear plaque formation. Future work will further characterize the phage through empirical testing, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolite extracts from three soil-inhabiting fungi - Trichoderma koningii, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Fusarium oxysporum. The fungi were cultured individually in Sabouraud broth for 21 days, after which ethyl acetate was used to extract secondary metabolites from the broth. Thin layer chromatography analysis indicated the extracts contained multiple compounds. The extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against four microorganisms using a broth microdilution assay. The extracts displayed variable but low antimicrobial activity compared to standard antimicrobial drugs. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the antimicrobial potential of extracts from these under-explored
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TWO METHODS (DISC DIFFUSION AND WELL DIFFUSION)...SoumikRoychowdhury5
Bacterial infection can cause a wide number of diseases in the human body and these microscopic organisms can be found almost everywhere and can enter the human body in multiple ways.
Among various bacterial species present in the environment, this study is going to focus on three major types including Strep. Spp.Lactobacilli, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Streptococcus genus has more than 50 species and among them only five can cause disease in the human body (Stokes et al. 2019).
Lactobacillus is another type of Gram positive bacteria which is rod shaped and belongs to the type of non-spore-forming bacteria.
Several antibiotics have been designed and implemented for treating the diseases caused by bacteria.
In the present study, five antibiotics have been used to check the sensitivity against three bacterial species.
These antibiotics are streptomycin, penicillin, Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol, and erythromycin.
Here are some key microorganisms that co-exist with life on Earth:
- Bacteria - Bacteria are found virtually everywhere and play important roles in ecosystems. Many bacteria form symbiotic relationships with plants and animals, helping break down nutrients and produce vitamins. Some examples include nitrogen-fixing bacteria that support plant growth.
- Archaea - Archaea are microbes that thrive in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes. Though different from bacteria, archaea also play roles in nutrient cycling. Methanogenic archaea produce methane in wetlands.
- Fungi - Fungi form mutually beneficial relationships with plants through mycorrhizal associations. Mycorrhizal fungi absorb water and nutrients from
The document describes a lab experiment that tests how the addition of a pGLO plasmid affects the growth and characteristics of E. coli bacteria. The experiment involves transforming E. coli bacteria with the pGLO plasmid by adding it to a solution containing the bacteria. One solution receives the pGLO plasmid (+pGLO) while the other does not (-pGLO). The bacteria are then observed under UV light and incubated under various conditions to analyze effects on growth and gene expression.
The document summarizes an experiment to identify mycobacteriophages from soil samples. Soil samples were taken from different locations and enriched with bacteria to isolate any phages present. However, the testing of samples did not pass the enrichment phase due to issues with the bacteria. One sample from Gurabo was retested successfully, allowing the experiment to progress to plaque purification. The identification process is currently in the third purification step. The experiment highlights the challenges of phage identification but the potential benefits of understanding phage behavior and using phages in applications like phage therapy.
The document discusses a student's experience in a laboratory course that involved isolating and characterizing bacteria from tropical soils. The student conducted multiple isolation experiments with the help of a lab technician and obtained results. The student also attended workshops on microscopy, epidemiology models, and solid state synthesis. At the end, the student thanked their colleagues, professors, and mentors for their support and guidance during the course, which helped the RISE program family for 2014-2015.
This document discusses epidemiological compartmental models for modeling the spread of diseases. It begins with an overview of epidemiology and the basic reproductive number R0. It then discusses specific compartmental models like SIS, SIR, and SEIR and shows simulations of these models. It also discusses applying these types of models to real epidemics like H1N1 influenza in Mexico and considers how transportation between cities can influence disease spread. The document emphasizes that interdisciplinary work is needed to apply mathematical modeling to epidemiology.
The document discusses Tillandsia trichomes, which are hair-like structures on air plants. Photos were taken of Tillandsia trichomes using darkfield microscopy at 40x magnification. The photos show the central disc cell, ring cell, and wing of the trichomes. Additional photos of trichomes were taken using phase contrast microscopy at 40x.
This document discusses how to revise a personal statement. It defines revision as rethinking a document from beginning to end at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, revision focuses on the subject, purpose, structure, and audience. The document provides guidance on revising these elements, such as defining the subject in the introduction, ensuring the purpose is to convince the reader, and structuring the essay with a coherent body and conclusion. It also notes the importance of assessing personal statements using criteria and practicing assessment on sample essays. The goal of revision is to incorporate feedback to improve the quality of the personal statement.
This document provides guidance on six important proofreading checkpoints for improving writing at the micro level: grammar, punctuation, voice, syntax, redundancy, and use of transitional devices. It offers specific guidelines and resources for ensuring proper grammar, including verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and subject-pronoun agreement. Resources are also provided on punctuation, identifying and correcting run-on sentences and passive voice, eliminating redundant language, and effectively employing transitional devices to improve writing. The document advises re-reading work five times to check for these six elements of strong proofreading.
3. copyright essay sample for assessmentNicole Rivera
The document is a personal statement from a Puerto Rican woman applying to a PhD program in chemistry at Stanford University. She discusses her passion for science from a young age through hands-on experiments. As an undergraduate, she gained research experience in organic chemistry, nanowire synthesis, and epitaxial oxide growth. Her goal is to pursue interdisciplinary research using chemistry to understand diseases like fibromyalgia that affect her family. She is interested in specific research groups at Stanford focusing on protein biomarkers, drug discovery, and plasmonic films for medical applications.
Poppa, a talking bear, was best friends with a lonely caveman who suffered from constant mood swings. Poppa tried many things to cheer up his friend when he became sad, but nothing worked. One winter night, as the caveman cried inside their cave, Poppa discovered how to make fire by rubbing two sticks together outside. When Poppa showed the caveman the fire's warm, orange flames, his mood immediately lifted and he smiled. Poppa realized that darkness was what made his friend sad, while light cheered him up. From then on, Poppa would light fires at night to keep his caveman friend happy.
Poppa, a talking bear, was best friends with a lonely caveman who suffered from constant mood swings. Poppa tried many things to cheer up his friend when he became sad, but nothing worked. One winter night, as the caveman cried inside their cave, Poppa discovered how to make fire by rubbing two sticks together. When Poppa showed the caveman the fire's warm, orange flames, his mood immediately lifted and he smiled. Poppa realized that darkness was what made his friend sad, while light cheered him up. From then on, Poppa would light fires at night to keep his caveman friend happy.
1. creative writing workshop april 2015 finalNicole Rivera
This document summarizes the objectives and content of a creative writing workshop for science students. The workshop aims to:
1) Familiarize students with recent articles on creativity in science and define the creative process and characteristics of creative people.
2) Introduce the Creativity Assessment Scale for evaluating creative works.
3) Motivate students to participate in a creative writing competition by having them select a prompt and write a creative text.
This document summarizes the winners of the Royal Society of New Zealand Manhire Prize for Creative Science Writing from 2007 to 2010. The annual competition challenges writers to submit short stories that incorporate that year's chosen science theme in a fictional or non-fictional format. The two winning entries each year have been published in the New Zealand Listener. Themes covered in the winning submissions included climate change, evolution, the edge of the universe, and the mind.
The document invites students in the RISE program and other science students to participate in a creative writing competition. Participants are asked to write a 2-5 page creative work in any nonfiction or fiction genre based on one of the RISE seminars from the semester. The goal is to inspire students to communicate scientific ideas creatively and make them accessible to broad audiences. Winners will receive a certificate of recognition and can list the award in their CV. The deadline to submit entries by email is May 1st and winners will be announced on May 8th.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria from Tropical SoilsNicole Rivera
This document describes a study that aimed to isolate bacteria from tropical soils in Puerto Rico that have the potential to produce antibiotics. Soil samples were collected and bacteria were isolated through serial dilution and culturing. Four isolated bacteria were purified and characterized through gram staining, testing for antibiotic production against E. coli and M. luteus, PCR amplification with 16S rRNA primers, and DNA sequencing. Two of the bacteria showed potential as antibiotic producers against M. luteus. The isolation and characterization of soil bacteria with antibiotic properties could help address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.
Este documento presenta las herramientas para desarrollar un portafolio estudiantil electrónico usando Wordpress. Explica qué es un portafolio, sus tipos y beneficios. Luego detalla cómo crear una cuenta en Wordpress, construir la estructura de menús y páginas, y agregar contenido multimedial. Finalmente, revisa cómo incorporar presentaciones de SlideShare y Calameo en el portafolio de Wordpress.
This document contains three annotated bibliographies summarizing research articles:
The first summarizes a study finding that intracellular gold nanoparticles increase neuronal excitability and seizure activity in mice brains. The second describes research using an automated maze to assess hippocampus-sensitive memory in mice. The third summarizes a study using magnetic resonance imaging to find age-dependent axonal transport deficits in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia.
This document discusses various health topics such as cancer, hepatitis, diabetes and also mentions a student paper presentation. It references a walk for cancer patients, a team informing about hepatitis, pre-initiation of something called BBB, and a friend wearing blue for diabetes awareness. A group of students will be reviewing papers in a presentation.
This document contains sample responses to questions on the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship application. The sample response discusses the applicant's belief that a career as a research professor will allow them to share their passion for science and discovery with future generations. It describes the applicant's experiences volunteering with the Biomedical Engineering Society to promote their field and support outreach activities. The response also outlines the applicant's honors thesis research and opportunities to present their findings. The overall summary emphasizes a commitment to education, outreach, and benefiting society through research.
1. The document summarizes three research papers on the effects of nanoparticles, memory tests in mice, and axonal transport deficits.
2. One study found that intracellular gold nanoparticles can increase neuronal excitability and aggravate seizures. Another developed an automated maze to assess hippocampus-dependent memory without human interference.
3. The third study used MRI to show age-dependent axonal transport deficits in a mouse model of tauopathy, linking the deficits to hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain.
This document provides guidance on preparing for and conducting a phone interview for an internship program in biomedical research. It emphasizes the importance of thorough preparation, including researching the position and organization, developing a list of accomplishments and strengths, and practicing answers to common interview questions. During the phone interview, the applicant should speak clearly and enthusiastically, ask relevant questions, and send a follow up thank you note after the call. The goal is to make the best possible impression over the phone and move closer to securing the internship opportunity.
Handout #2 paraphrasing and documentingNicole Rivera
The document provides guidance on proper documentation and paraphrasing for research papers. It includes examples of APA reference and in-text citation formats, as well as examples of direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. The document also contains exercises for students to practice paraphrasing passages while avoiding plagiarism.
Margaret Colón is a PhD student at Michigan State University studying comparative medicine and integrative biology. She received her bachelor's degree in applied microbiology from Universidad del Este. Her research focuses on the effects of postnatal mercury exposure on nerve membrane proteins. She has worked as a graduate assistant studying this topic since 2010 under Dr. William Atchison. She has presented her research at several conferences and received multiple awards and fellowships.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
1. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria from Tropical Soils
Nicole Rivera- Espinal1, Alejandra Ferrer-Díaz1
1Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey. Both authors contributed equally to
this project.
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to encounter bacteria from tropical soils that have the
capability of producing antibiotic. In order to do so, it was necessary to isolate the bacteria,
purify it five times and freeze it at a temperature of -80˚C. After purification, gram staining was
performed to classify the bacteria as gram positive or negative. The bacteria were characterized
by doing purification of genomic DNA and then, a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with the
primers 16sRNA, 16S_1510R and 16S_8F. An electrophoresis was conducted to see if the PCR
process went well. The PCR product was purified and analyzed by using Bioinformatics. Finally,
both bacteria’s S15UPRCRISENRE30M01 and S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A had positive results
as antibiotic producers for M.luteus.
Introduction:
In the beginning of Earth history, the
first thing considered as organisms were
bacteria. Even though the first ones found
were photosynthetic they functioned as a
fundamental base to the understanding of
life and evolution (Evert and Eichhorn
2013). Bacteria are prokaryotic
microorganisms that can be found
practically everywhere, for example, in the
soil, water and even in the human body.
These can have different types of
morphology, and they are classified as:
cocci, bacillus, spirillum and spirochetes.
Also, bacteria can be differentiated by their
peptidoglycan layer located in the cell wall
that classifies them as gram-positive or
gram-negative. The gram-positive ones are
characterized by the thickness of their wall.
On the contrary, gram-negative bacteria
possess a thinner wall (Beveridge 2001).
Due to the properties of these
microorganisms, scientists were currently
searching for beneficial ways in which
bacteria can contribute to human welfare.
The discovery of penicillin in 1928
by Alexander Fleming indicated that a new
transcendental and significant era was about
to start (ACS 2015). Since 1940’s scientists,
using Fleming’s research as a source, have
been studying and developing antibiotics in
order to reduce illness and death from
infectious diseases (CDC 2014). For
example, Rene Dubos of the Rockefeller
Institute for Medical Research, in the late
1930’s, discovered and isolated an
antibacterial compound—tyrothricin, from
the soil microbe Bacillus brevis—capable of
destroying Gram-positive bacteria. This
discovery revived the stalled interest in
2. penicillin and launched the era of antibiotics
(Van Epps 2006). All these contributions
have led to a substantial control of powerful
diseases that plays an adverse role in human
health. Despite all the important facts
discovered about antibiotics, it is essential to
know that right now these types of
medications are playing an ineffective role
on bacteria due to bacterial antibiotics
resistance.
Antibiotic resistance is produced
when the capability of killing or inhibiting
bacterial growth is vanished; in other words,
the bacteria are strong enough in comparison
to the antibiotic and, as a consequence, they
continue to multiply in the presence of
therapeutic levels of an antibiotic (APUA
2014). Antibiotic resistance is a natural
incident. When an antibiotic is used, bacteria
that can confront that antibiotic have a
higher chance of survival than those that are
"susceptible." Although this effect is natural,
the accelerated and worldwide spread of
antimicrobial-resistant organisms in recent
years has been unparalleled (Vasoo et al.
2014). As a result, the scientific community
has been looking for an effective alternative
that can counteract bacterial resistance in
order to control infectious diseases and its
spread. Recent studies have indicated that it
is possible to diminish bacterial resistance
by manipulating the environment in which
the bacteria has been cultured. For example,
scientists discovered a new antibiotic which
named Teixobactin that can disrupt
peptidoglycans located in the cell wall of
gram-positive bacteria’s (Ling et al. 2015).
The importance of this experiment is the
way by which the scientists discovered the
antibiotic. They used an apparatus named
ichip whose function is to isolate uncultured
bacteria by in vivo techniques. This
discovery was a major breakthrough because
it is virtually certain to be effective for the
multiresistant strains that are now all but
impossible to treat (The scientist 2015).
Since their discovery, bacteria have
had an important economic and bio
sustainable role. These microorganisms are
used in some industries for the production of
tobacco, tanning leather, hides, cheese,
yogurt, buttermilk, vinegar, and sauerkraut.
Also, they are used in the development of
antibiotics. Given that bacteria are evolving
and creating resistance to many common
antibiotics used today, people are suffering
strongly from infectious diseases. In this
study, the main purpose is to find different
types of soil bacteria and characterize them,
in order to see if they are capable of
producing antibiotics that battle the new
strains of infections that are affecting us.
Studies have showed that tropical soils are
more likely to contain major nutrient
availability than other types of soils (Xenos
2014). Due to that fact, we have formulated
the following problem: Is it possible to find
bacteria with antibiotic properties in the soil
of Puerto Rico? Our hypothesis is: Bacteria
from tropical soils are capable of developing
properties such as antibiotic production. Our
hypothesis is sustained by several studies
such as the one developed by Dubinsky et
al.2010. This investigation attempts to prove
how soils in Puerto Rico can provide
abundance and activity of microbes varied
across the landscape. The significance of
this study is that it is determined to
3. encounter bacteria with antibacterial
properties, in order to counteract antibiotic
resistance. Finally, this investigation
attempts to respond an antibiotic worldwide
concern by using in vitro techniques.
Materials and Methods
Isolation and purification of the Bacteria:
Soil samples were collected from the
tropical soils of Puerto Rico in order to
obtain a range of bacteria. Important data of
the soil and the place were noted such as
temperature, soil composition, texture, and
living organisms, percent of humidity, and
GPS coordinates from the place. Brief
description of the surroundings of the soil
was included. After collecting a significant
amount of soil, just one gram diluted. The
soil was added to a test tube with 8.5 mL of
sterile H2O and 90µL of NaCl. The pH of
the sample was measured with a strip that
has a qualitative and quantitative range that
specifies the acidity of the soil. Ninety
microliters of Sodium Chloride were added
to six micro tubes that were already labeled
with numbers 0 to -5. Ten microliters of the
soil mix was added to the micro tube marked
as zero. In order to finish the dilution
process, 30µL of the zero micro tube were
collected and poured into the -1 micro tube;
this step was followed in a chain action until
the -5 micro tubes. Different medium plates
were selected to cultivate bacteria from the 0
and -5 micro tubes; these were Rhizobium
Medium (RDM) and ISP4. A drop of 30µL
was added to the center of the medium
plates and spread all over it in the form of a
cross. The plates were stored in the
incubator at 37˚C.
To obtain one specific colony of
bacteria, it is necessary to perform the
purification process that consists of the
recollection of isolated bacteria and their
cultivation in the mediums that facilitated
their reproduction. This process is repeated
at least three times. The streak plates with
the bacteria were saved in the incubator at
37˚C for a period of 24 hours.
Observational data at the macro level, a
plate of bacterial culture was taken and
observed under the dissecting light
microscope to analyze its morphology. After
bacteria were completely purified, a
cryogenic freezing was completed to store
them in the fridge at minimum temperatures.
Bacteria Characterization:
In order to assure that the isolated
bacteria were not contaminated and
additionally to comprehend the bacteria, the
gram staining technique was performed. In
the Gram stain, crystal violet, Iodine,
alcohol and safranin were used for bacterial
classification.
Bacteria were tested with E. coli and M.
luteus to see if they could serve as an
antibiotic agent. E. coli and M. luteus were
grown in dish plates that were already
divided into two portions, to analyze the
antibiotic properties of the follow bacteria
S15UPRCRISENRE30M01,
S15UPRCRISENRE30P01,
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A, and
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01B. Then, two
paper disks were immersed in the micro tube
4. that contained the supernatant of the bacteria
found in tropical soils. After that, the paper
disks were placed into each of the portions
of the dish plates. This process was
performed in a period of 24 hours to see if
the bacteria inhibited E.coli and M.luteus.
Isolation of DNA:
For a large concentration of isolated
bacteria, it is necessary to complete a
bacterial enrichment. This step consists in
the mixture of 4.0 ml of RDM broth for the
bacteria that are cultured in rhizobium
medium and TSB broth for the bacteria that
grew in the ISP4 medium. This mixture is
saved in a semi-opened test tube for 24
hours in a shaker incubator at a temperature
of 37°.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) is a process commonly used in
Genetics and Molecular Biology that
consists of amplifying specific DNA and
producing several copies of it. Before
performing this process, it is required to
purify the genomic DNA. In order to do so,
300µL of the mixture, that was previously
prepared, were transferred to a micro
centrifuge tube. Then, the sample was
heated at 100˚C for 10 minutes followed by
an ice bath for another 10 minutes. To
separate the DNA supernatant from the
pellet, the micro centrifuge tubes were
placed in the centrifuge at 10K RPM for 10
minutes, Then, 150µl of the DNA
supernatant was added to a micro tube. Only
6µl of the DNA supernatant was transferred
to a PCR tube. Twenty five microliters of
master mix, 2µl of forward primer and
reverse primer and 15µl of nuclease free
water were also added to the PCR tube. The
PCR tubes were put in a thermal cycler
machine in order to start the PCR process.
The first step was denaturalization at 95˚C
in order to break the DNA double helix. The
second step was annealing at 48˚C that
consists of primer attaching. The last one
was extension at 72˚C. The first and third
step took one minute; the second one is 30
seconds. To test the samples of the PCR
process, the agarose electrophoresis was run.
Once the PCR process yielded positive
results, DNA purification process was
carried out by using a “QIAquick PCR
Purification Kit”.
Based on the amount of PCR product
used the volume of buffer needed was
calculated. To start this protocol, the
calculated amount of Buffer PB was added
to 1 volume of the PCR reaction; this
concoction was mixed in the centrifuge until
it turned yellow. It was then centrifuged to
allow for the separation of the products by
passing the samples through the column.
The flow-through was discarded and the
column was placed in the same tube. Next,
750µl of Buffer PE was added to wash the
QIAquick column. After that, QIAquick was
centrifuged one more time to remove the
residual wash buffer. In order to elute the
DNA, pure H2O (pH 7.0-8.5) was added to
the center of the QIAquick membrane and it
was centrifuged for 1 minute. Because the
purified DNA was going to be analyzed on a
gel, 1 volume of Loading Dye was added to
5 volumes of purified DNA.
Results:
5. A. Gram staining
Upon the completion of this process
it was noticed that all four of the bacteria
stained purple, indicating they were gram
positive. Likewise, it was noted that two of
the bacteria namely,
S15UPRCRISENRE30M01(figure 3) and
S15UPRCRISENRE30P01(figure 4), were
shaped in the form of bacillus. Moreover,
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A (figure 2) had
the form of a cocci bacteria while
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01B (figure 1) was
shaped in the form of a streptobacillus.
Fig 1. Gram stain of bacteria S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01B
Fig 2. Gram stain of S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A
Fig 3. Gram stain of bacteria: S15UPRCRISENRE30M01
Fig 4. Gram stain of bacteria: S15UPRCRISENRE30P01
Antibiotic producer with M. luteus and E.
Coli:
As shown in figure 5 Bacteria
S15UPRCRISENRE30M01 had a positive
result as an antibiotic producer with M.
luteus. A circular edge was underlying the
disk plate, which means that the bacteria
inhibited the reproduction of M. luteus. The
width of the circular edge observed was
broad, but that does not determine the
antibiotic strength of
S15UPRCRISENRE30M01. This bacterium
had negative results when it was tested with
E. coli because no edge was observed
around the disk plate.
Both bacteria
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01B and
S15UPRCRISENRE30P01 presented
negative results with bacteria E.coli and
M.luteus. As visible in Fig. 5, bacteria
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A presented an
edge around the disk plate giving a positive
result as an antibiotic producer for M.
Luteus. When bacteria
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A was tested
with E.coli, inhibition was not observed
signifying it is not an antibiotic producer for
this bacterium. This information is
summarized in table 3.
Fig 5. Positive result for
bacteriaS15UPRCRISENRE30M01
6. Fig 6. Minimal positive result for bacteria
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A
PCR product:
After completing the PCR process
for the first time with the primer 16sRNA,
the results were negative. As shown in
figure 8, it was not possible to appreciate the
DNA amplification bands in comparison to
the KB ladder rail. After repeating the
procedure with alternative primers, the DNA
amplification appeared positive in bacteria
S15UPRCRISENRE30P01 and
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A. Conversely,
it was not possible to observe the DNA
amplification bands in bacteria
S15UPRCRISEAFD30 and
S15UPRCRISENRE30M01M01B, The
results from these bacteria were considered
negative. These results are shown in table 3.
Fig 7. Rail #1 and #4 represents the
amplification of bacteria’s S15UPRCRISENRE30P01
and S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A, respectively.
Fig 8. Negative results for bacterial DNA
amplification with primer 16sRNA
Table 1: Soil collection
Date of
Collection
Site of Collection Air
temperature
Moisture Coordinates pH of
soil
January 28,
2015
Aguas Buenas
Caverns
82˚F Moist 18° 25' 86" N66° 01' 32''
W
5.5
February 1,
2015
Aguas Buenas
Caverns
82˚F Moist 18° 25' 86" N66° 01' 32''
W
5.5
February , 2015 Aibonito shooting
club
75° F Moist Latitude: 18° 8’ 38.6” N
Longitude: 66° 14’ 45.8”
W
6.0
February 1,
2015
Aibonito shooting
club
75° F Moist Latitude: 18° 8’ 38.6” N
Longitude: 66° 14’ 45.8”
W
6.0
7. Table 2: Bacteria Isolated
Bacterial Designator Soil Number of
purificatio
ns
Form Surfac
e
Elevatio
n
Color
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M
01A
“dots”
Aguas Buenas 5 Circular Smoot
h
Raised White
S15UPRCRISEAFD30
M01B
Aguas Buenas 5 lines with
projectio
ns
Rough Flat White
S15UPRCRISENRE30M
01
Aibonito shooti
ng club
5 Punctifor
m
Rough Flat Cream with
a cover of
dense white
S15UPRCRISENRE30P0
1
Aibonito shooting
club
5 Circular Smoot
h
Raised Cream and
yellowish
Table 3: Results to multiple testes
Bacterial Designator Gram Staining Antibiotic
Resistance
Antibiotic
Production
PCR Product
S15UPRCRISEAFD30M01A Cocci, Gram Positive Not determined Positive,
M.luteus
Positive
S15UPRCRISEAFD30
M01B
Streptobacillus, Gram
Positive
Not determined Negative Negative
S15UPRCRISENRE30M01 Bacillus, Gram
Positive
Not determined Positive,
M.luteus
First time:
negative
Positive
S15UPRCRISENRE30P01 Bacillus, Gram
Positive
Not determined Negative Negative
2nd
time:
negative
8. Discussion:
Due to the results obtained during the
completion of this research it is concluded that
the hypothesis established was correct. The
hypothesis was proven because the bacteria
obtained from tropical soils had antibacterial
properties. From the four bacteria encountered
from different environments, two developed
antibacterial properties. These two represent
50% of the bacteria examined. It is important
to emphasize that the bacteria that did not
developed antibiotic properties, for either
M.luteus or E.coli, are not discarded from
developing these properties with another
bacteria. Also, 50% of the bacteria had
positive results on the PCR product which
means that bacteria from tropical soils can be
characterized and tested in Bioinformatics.
For further studies, bacteria are going
to be tested with cellulose to determine if they
have the potential to break it down into
monomers and ingest it. Also, an endospore
stain can be performed to observe if bacteria
exhibit a prolonged dormancy stage. This is
relevant to the study because it implies that the
bacteria encountered can live and reproduce in
a hostile environment.
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Acknowledgments
RISE Program
University of Puerto Rico at Cayey
Dr. Michael Rubin
Department of Biology, University of Puerto
Rico at Cayey
Lizbeth Pérez
RISE Student, University of Puerto Rico at
Cayey
Mr. Giovanni Cruz
RISE lab technician
Dr. Eneida Díaz
Department of Biology, University of Puerto
Rico at Cayey
Dr. Elena González
Department of English, University of Puerto
Rico at Cayey