Arduino for beginners- Introduction to Arduino (presentation) - codewithgauriGaurav Pandey
Arduino for beginners- Introduction to Arduino presentation
Learn Arduino basics in easy steps. Arduino for beginners course series.Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. All Arduino boards have a microcontroller.
A microcontroller is basically a really small computer.
Arduino for beginners- Introduction to Arduino (presentation) - codewithgauriGaurav Pandey
Arduino for beginners- Introduction to Arduino presentation
Learn Arduino basics in easy steps. Arduino for beginners course series.Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. All Arduino boards have a microcontroller.
A microcontroller is basically a really small computer.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
Getting started with Arduino Programming can be daunting. These are slides I used in my classes which introduced programming concepts to non-engineers, non-programmers, but totally people who wanted to learn more about electronics.
The Modulation technique to control steady actions like DC motors in Embedded Systems. the fastness and slowness of the speed is not swiftly rich at peak state, so this is done by PWM
Data loggers are devices that record data over time.Data loggers have slower sample rates
Data loggers are implicitly stand-alone devices.Data loggers are extremely reliable.They are generally small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor,internal memory for data storage,and sensors.Data loggers can be deployed in a variety of environments to record measurements at set intervals for up to years at a time, unattended. Depending on the particular data logger, measurements can include air temperature, relative humidity, AC/DC current and voltage, differential pressure, time-of-use (lights, motors, etc.) ...
Embedded system, basic structure, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages of Embedded system, open source Embedded platforms and its benefits, sensors, actuators, DAS.
Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.
Communication protocols in Embedded Systems. This presentation focused mainly on lower level protocols. Ideal for the beginner to build understanding on these protocols like I2C, USB, SPI etc.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
Getting started with Arduino Programming can be daunting. These are slides I used in my classes which introduced programming concepts to non-engineers, non-programmers, but totally people who wanted to learn more about electronics.
The Modulation technique to control steady actions like DC motors in Embedded Systems. the fastness and slowness of the speed is not swiftly rich at peak state, so this is done by PWM
Data loggers are devices that record data over time.Data loggers have slower sample rates
Data loggers are implicitly stand-alone devices.Data loggers are extremely reliable.They are generally small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor,internal memory for data storage,and sensors.Data loggers can be deployed in a variety of environments to record measurements at set intervals for up to years at a time, unattended. Depending on the particular data logger, measurements can include air temperature, relative humidity, AC/DC current and voltage, differential pressure, time-of-use (lights, motors, etc.) ...
Embedded system, basic structure, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages of Embedded system, open source Embedded platforms and its benefits, sensors, actuators, DAS.
Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.
Communication protocols in Embedded Systems. This presentation focused mainly on lower level protocols. Ideal for the beginner to build understanding on these protocols like I2C, USB, SPI etc.
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6. 1 Enumerate the.pdfaienterpresses
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6. 1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each. 6.4 Assume
the system described in Problem 6.1 is lo be fed from a 4.0V. 2A00 mAh lithium battery.
Estimate the expected battery life, assuming LEDs are driven dynamically at 30% duty cycle.
What would be the regulator efficiency?? Determine the MCU thermal dissipation for the given
loading conditions and verify if it is operating within a safe temperature range.
Solution
An interface is either Input device, or output device, or a storage device, or processing device.
Input devices are used to provide some data to the microcontroller.
e.g. Switch, 4x4 Keypad Matrix, Infrared sensor, Temperature sensor, Light Sensor etc. These
devices provide some input to the microcontroller, and this input is called as data.
Output devices are used to present the processed data to user or other equipment.
e.g. LED, LCD, Buzzer, Relay driver, DC Motor Driver, Stepper Motor driver, 7-Segment
Display etc. These devices convert the processed data to such a format, which is understandable
by human or other equipment.
Storage Devices are used to store the data, normally it is expected to store the data even if the
power is switched off. Some of the storage devices are SD/MMC card, EEPROM, DataFlash,
Real Time Clock, etc. These interfaces are used retain the data and this data can be used as and
when required by the microcontroller for further processing
Processing Devices are those interfaces most important as they reduce product development time
and provides out of box solution. E.g. Ethernet Controller interface, USB to TTL interface, SPI
to SD/MMC interface, Digital to analog module, etc. These interface circuits are flexible to
connect with any microcontroller which can talk in their language (sequence of commands).
A simple LED normally requires 0 or 5V to on / off. This is called as digital signal.
A buzzer beep similar to LED but can be beeped even with intermediate voltage levels between 0
to 5V. This variable voltage input is called as analog signal.
A temperature sensor LM35 generates analog voltage in proportion to the temperature. This
analog voltage needs to be connected to Analog Port pin of a microcontroller for processing
temperature data.
Ethernet controller module requires SPI data format to interface with any microcontroller. SPI is
a complex digital communication format.
Thus every interface is unique in its interfacing standards, but they are same at par with all
microcontrollers..
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the .pdfaienterpresses
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each.
Solution
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A
microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A microcontroller is
available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit
microcontrollers are available today).
Microcontroller Chip
You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of electronic devices these days. Any device that
measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information must have a microcontroller chip
inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in automobile industry (microcontrollers
widely used for controlling engines and power controls in automobiles). You can also find
microcontrollers inside keyboards, mouse, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test
equipments, microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms.
Consumer products that use microcontrollers include digital camcorders, optical players,
LCD/LED display units, etc. And these are just a few examples.
1) A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components:
2) A microcontroller internally consists of all features required for a computing system and
functions as a computer without adding any external digital parts in it.
3) Most of the pins in the microcontroller chip can be made programmable by the user.
4) A microcontroller has many bit handling instructions that can be easily understood by the
programmer.
5) A microcontroller is capable of handling Boolean functions.
6) Higher speed and performance.
7) On-chip ROM structure in a microcontroller provides better firmware security.
8 ) Easy to design with low cost and small size.
Microcontroller structure
The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller is shown in the fig (1.1).
Microcontroller Structure
Image Taken From
CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction, decodes it,
then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single system. The
primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched from program
memory must be decoded by the CPU.
The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to store data
and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM (EEPROM,
EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.
Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such as LCD’S,
LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller.
Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcont.
IoT Cyber+Physical+Social Engineering Attack Security (v0.1.6 / sep2020)mike parks
Work-in-Progress!
IoT Cyber+Physical+Social Security
An encyclopedic compendium of tools, techniques, and practices to defend systems that sit at the intersection of the cyber and physical domains; chiefly building automation systems and the Internet of Things.
A quick overview of how to use MIT App Inventor and an inexpensive HC-05 Bluetooth UART serial transceiver to let an Android device wirelessly control an Arduino project.
Welcome to the Program Your Destiny course. In this course, we will be learning the technology of personal transformation, neuroassociative conditioning (NAC) as pioneered by Tony Robbins. NAC is used to deprogram negative neuroassociations that are causing approach avoidance and instead reprogram yourself with positive neuroassociations that lead to being approach automatic. In doing so, you change your destiny, moving towards unlocking the hypersocial self within, the true self free from fear and operating from a place of personal power and love.
https://bit.ly/BabeSideDoll4u Babeside is a company that specializes in creating handcrafted reborn dolls. These dolls are designed to be incredibly lifelike, with realistic skin tones and hair, and they have become increasingly popular among collectors and those who use them for therapeutic purposes. At Babeside, we believe that our reborn dolls can provide comfort and healing to anyone who needs it.
The Healing Power of Babeside's Handcrafted Creations
Our reborn dolls are more than just beautiful pieces of art - they can also help alleviate stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Studies have shown that holding or cuddling a soft object like a stuffed animal or a reborn doll can release oxytocin, which is often referred to as the "love hormone." This hormone helps us feel calm and relaxed, reducing feelings of stress and anxiety.
In addition to their physical benefits, reborn dolls can also offer emotional support. For many people, having something to care for and nurture can bring a sense of purpose and fulfillment. Reborn dolls can also serve as a reminder of happy memories or loved ones who have passed away.
2. what is a
microcontroller?
A tiny computer that is programmable to run one
program, typically in a continuous manner.
Serves as a bridge between the physical world and
the computer world.
Interacts with the “real world” through transducers
such as sensors, actuators, motors, lights, etc.
4 Functions: Input, Process, Output, Communicate
Abbreviated MCU, uC, μC
2
3. what can it do?
In a nutshell, anything you want it do.
a. Two-way interaction with the real-world
b. Hardware and software needed for your design
Some examples I have done:
a. RFID controlled lighting
b. Motion controlled lighting
c. Range detector
d. Laser light game
Input from Output to
Process data via Real-World via
Real-Word
software running Transducers
via Transducers (Actuators,
on MCU hardware
(Sensors) Indicators)
3
4. choosing the right
microcontroller.
Development environment usability
Analog input
Number of digital I/O pins
Speed of execution
Price
Amount of memory
Power
Complexity level based on knowledge and project goals
a. High-Level: Teleo System, I-Cubed, Lego Mindstorms
b. Medium-level: Parallax BASIC Stamp, Arduino
c. Low-level: PIC chips, SX chips, Atmel (AVR) chips
4
5. the Arduino.
Open Source Hardware running the open source
programming language Wiring.
Can interact with a PC through many languages,
most popular is Processing.
5
6. anatomy of a
microcontroller.
UART DIGITAL I/O
INTERRUPT
CPU
CONTROLLER
INTERNAL PULSE WIDTH
TIMERS MODULATION
DATA MEMORY
A/D
PROGRAM CONVERTER
MEMORY
6
7. anatomy of a
microcontroller.
UART DIGITAL I/O
INTERRUPT
CPU
CONTROLLER
INTERNAL PULSE WIDTH
TIMERS MODULATION
DATA MEMORY
A/D
PROGRAM CONVERTER
MEMORY
6
8. anatomy of a
microcontroller.
UART DIGITAL I/O
INTERRUPT
CPU
CONTROLLER
INTERNAL PULSE WIDTH
TIMERS MODULATION
DATA MEMORY
A/D
PROGRAM CONVERTER
MEMORY
6
9. anatomy of a
microcontroller.
UART DIGITAL I/O
INTERRUPT
CPU
CONTROLLER
INTERNAL PULSE WIDTH
TIMERS MODULATION
DATA MEMORY
A/D
PROGRAM CONVERTER
MEMORY
6
10. anatomy of a
microcontroller.
UART DIGITAL I/O
INTERRUPT
CPU
CONTROLLER
INTERNAL PULSE WIDTH
TIMERS MODULATION
DATA MEMORY
A/D
PROGRAM CONVERTER
MEMORY
6
12. microcontroller guts.
Central Processing
Unit (CPU):
CPU does all the
arithmetic and logic
operations.
It controls the flow of
execution of
instructions.
7
13. microcontroller guts.
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (RAM):
RAM holds the set
of instructions
(program), i.e. being
executed by the
CPU.
It holds important
data required by the
program.
It holds some
important data
structures like
ʻstackʼ.
It is volatile.
7
14. microcontroller guts.
FLASH MEMORY:
Flash memory is
basically EEPROM.
It holds the program
written by the user.
The program can be
erased or written
here many times.
WATCHDOG:
Circuitry to prevent
behaviors that would
have negative
impacts to
microcontroller.
7
15. microcontroller guts.
I/O PORTS:
Each port is made
up of n-pins ( mostly
8 pins).
Each pin can be
configured as either
input pin or output.
If a pin is input pin, it
accepts data from
the device it is
connected to.
If a pin is output pin,
it sends the data to
the device it is
connected to.
7
16. microcontroller guts.
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERTER (DAC):
Most of the real world
signals are analog in
nature.
But a microcontroller is
a digital device, thus it
cannot process analog
signals.
ADC digitizes an analog
signal and gives it to the
microcontroller for
further processing.
7
17. microcontroller guts.
TIMERS:
In many
applications, time
keeping is a must.
Microcontrollers
have timers to
measure time.
SERIAL PORT:
Microcontrollers can
speak to computers
or other digital
equipment via a
serial port.
7
18. Arduino “Duemilanove”
specs.
Built around the ATmega168 microcontroller
14 digital I/O pins (6 provide PWM output)
6 analog inputs (ADC provides quantization)
5 V DC, 40 mA per I/O pin
16 KB of flash memory
1 KB of SRAM
512 bytes of EEPROM
16 MHz clock speed
2 interrupt pins
Supports SPI, I2C, UART 5V TTL serial
8
20. computer science 101.
DATA TYPES
a. Variables (local and global)
i. Numbers: integer, long, float , double
ii. Digital: bit, byte, word
iii. Logic: Boolean
iv. Array
v. Text: char, string
b. Signed versus unsigned
c. Static variables and Constants
d. Keywords or reserved words
e. Converting between data types
f. Structures (C user defined data type)
CONTROL STRUCTURES
a. Operators: arithmetic, comparison, boolean, bitwise, compound
b. if...then...else (conditional statements)
c. Loops
i. main or event loop (infinite loop)
ii. while
iii. do..while
iv. for
v. continue, break, return
d. Recursion
e. Switch case
f. Functions (math and trig) / procedures / subroutine / commands
10
21. computer science 201.
OTHER CONCEPTS
a. Comments
b. Libraries (#include)
c. Flags
d. Pointers
e. Interrupts
f. Random number generator
PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
a. Syntax (proper combination of words) versus semantics (meaning of those words)
b. Object-oriented programming versus sequential
- class, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, virtual functions
c. Psuedocode before you code
d. Rapid Development and SCRUM
e. Types of Testing: Black Box, White Box, Unit, Integration, Regression, System,
Usability, Acceptance, Alpha, Beta, Security, Stress, Compatibility.
MICROCONTROLLER SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
a. Digital I/O
b. Analog I/O
c. Advanced I/O: tone, pulses
d. Time
e. Serial Communications
11
22. debugging tips.
writing software is an iterative process.
a. code, verify, debug, compile, upload, reset, and run.
b. Results of a run used to inform next coding cycle.
c. 1/10th of time is coding, 9/10th of time is debugging
keep the program small.
a. add new functionality in small increments.
b. key functions first, nice-to-haves last
save different versions
know every line of code (LOC or SLOC)
look at all variables
use debug statements and a debugger tool
12
23. “Wiring” programming
overview.
Arduino programs are known as “sketches”
Every program has at least two routines
a. setup( )
b. loop( )
digital and analog input / output
serial communications
13
24. Arduino sketch.
// set pin numbers:
Declare global
const int buttonPin = 2;
const int ledPin = 13;
// the number of the pushbutton pin
// the number of the LED pin
variables and
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status
constants
void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:
}
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
Setup pins and
baud rate
void loop(){
// read the state of the pushbutton value:
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// check if the pushbutton is pressed.
// if it is, the buttonState is HIGH:
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
// turn LED on:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Loop
}
else {
continuously
// turn LED off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
14
26. “Processing”
programming language.
Combination of programming language and
development environment that runs on personal
computer (Windows, Linux, or Mac).
Can listen for packets from MCU and process
using the power of the PC.
Can use more powerful software such as Flash,
Visual Basic, C#, Java to manipulate/display/
interact with the data from the MCU.
Export to applets for the Web or desktop app.
16
27. more on “Processing”
Every piece of software written in Processing has:
a. setup( )
b. draw( )
Import libraries
a. import processing.serial.*;
b. Serial myPort;
Draw and Redraw
Easy to interface with graphics, video, sound, mouse,
keyboard, web, text files
17
28. “Processing” sketch.
void setup() {
size(400, 400); Declare
stroke(255); variables and
}
screen
void draw() { characteristics
background(192, 64, 0);
line(150, 25, mouseX, mouseY);
}
draw is the main
loop that runs
continuously
18
29. understanding
data packets.
Create packet of data, based on sensor inputs and
computed values to be transmitted on a repetitive
or as needed basis.
System
Header Sensor1 Sensor2 Status Trailer
(8 bits) (32 bits) (32 bits) Flags (8 bits)
(8 bits)
88 BIT DATA PACKET
19
30. understanding
data packets.
Create packet of data, based on sensor inputs and
computed values to be transmitted on a repetitive
or as needed basis.
System
Header Sensor1 Sensor2 Status Trailer
(8 bits) (32 bits) (32 bits) Flags (8 bits)
(8 bits)
88 BIT DATA PACKET
Alarm Status Operating Mode Comm Mode Failure
(2 bits) (3 bits) (2 bits) (1 bit)
19
31. understanding
data packets.
Bitwise logic operations
Bitmasking
Checksum
Parity Bits
Start Bit / Stop Bit
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
ASCII versus Raw Byte (Raw limited 0 -> 255)
Message Handling
a. Punctuation using delimiting character
b. Call and Response (Handshaking)
20
32. other software skills.
Get to know Hypertext Markup Language (HTML),
mySQL (Standard Query Language), and Hypertext
Preprocessor (PHP). Will be useful for writing apps that
interact over the Internet.
Get some web space that supports PHP and mySQL.
Use a good Serial Communication app such as PuTTY.
Also try Gobetwtino (Windows only).
Always check to see if someone has written a library
before writing your own code. No need to reinvent the
wheel. Give credit though!
21
34. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital)
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
35. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) RESISTOR
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
36. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) CAPACITOR
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
37. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital)LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
38. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) DIODE
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
39. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) INDUCTOR
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
40. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
41. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) PHOTOCELL
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
42. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital) TRANSISTOR
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
43. electrical engineering 101.
Voltage (volts): electrical potential
- 5V = ‘1’, true, on. 0V = ‘0’, false, off (Digital)
Current (amps): rate of electron flow
Resistance (ohms, Ω): opposition of flow of current
Ground: 0V potential, where current wants to flow to
Power (Watt): The rate at which energy is consumed
Capacitance (farads): Ability to store electrical charge.
Digital versus Analog: Discrete versus Continuous
Conventional current flows high potential to low potential. in reality,
electrons are repelled from negative and attracted to the positive.
Components: resistor, capacitor, 555 timer, op-amps, LED,
photocell, thermistor, inductor, diode, transistor, H-bridge, battery,
speaker, transformer, mic, piezo buzzer
23
44. nodes and loops.
Circuit must be a
continuous loop.
Sum of all voltage
drops and gains
around a loop is 0V.
Current into a node
equals current out of a
node.
24
45. limiting current.
Ohm’s Law: V=I*R
5V = 3V + (Imax * R)
5V = 3V + 7mA * R
0.007A * R = 2V
Imax 3V
R = 286Ω
5V
P = I2R
P = (.007A)2 * 286Ω
P = 0.014W = 14mW
300Ω, 1/8W resistor will suffice.
To be safe, pick components that
have slightly larger values then
calculated requirements.
25
46. signals theory.
An electrical signal has 3 key
attributes that vary with time:
a. Frequency
b. Amplitude
c. Phase
Communications
Baud rate: bits per second, two
devices must “talk” at same
baud rate
Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full-
Duplex comm channels
Overall comms speed based on
Bandwidth (bits per second) and
Latency (milliseconds)
26
47. digital logic gates.
Floating gate: A digital
device gets confused if it
doesn’t see ground or 5V.
Causes of confusion: RF
noise, static electricity.
Typically a problem with
switches.
Need a pull-up or pull-down
resistor to eliminate high
problems resulting from
floating gates.
Other issue: Switch
bounce. “Debounce” can
be done in hardware or
software
27
48. digital logic gates.
Floating gate: A digital
device gets confused if it
doesn’t see ground or 5V.
Causes of confusion: RF
noise, static electricity.
Typically a problem with
switches.
Need a pull-up or pull-down
resistor to eliminate high
problems resulting from
floating gates.
Other issue: Switch
bounce. “Debounce” can
be done in hardware or
software
27
49. digital logic gates.
Floating gate: A digital
device gets confused if it
doesn’t see ground or 5V.
Causes of confusion: RF
noise, static electricity.
Typically a problem with
switches.
Need a pull-up or pull-down
resistor to eliminate high
problems resulting from
floating gates.
Other issue: Switch
bounce. “Debounce” can
be done in hardware or
software
27
50. digital logic gates.
Floating gate: A digital
device gets confused if it
doesn’t see ground or 5V.
Causes of confusion: RF
noise, static electricity.
Typically a problem with
switches.
Need a pull-up or pull-down
resistor to eliminate high
problems resulting from
floating gates.
Other issue: Switch
bounce. “Debounce” can
be done in hardware or
software
27
51. feedback loops.
The output of the
system is fed back to
the system as an
additional input.
Adds complexity.
Timing becomes
crucial when multiple
objects are linked.
28
52. analog to digital.
MCU can “deal” with analog
only after analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) digitizes or
quantizes the analog signal.
Resolution is based on
number of bits and
sensitivity of ADC.
Example: ADC with 10V
reference voltage and 12-bit
resolution. 2^12 = 4096.
Number of steps:
2#bits - 1
10V/4096 means MCU can
read between at at 2.44 mV Resolution:
resolution. Voltage Range / 2#bits
29
53. voltage dividers.
Voltage Divider
Used to drop voltage to
required level.
Input to microcontroller if you
replace R1 with a sensor that is
based on variable resistance.
Vout = Vin * [R2 / (R1+R2) ]
- R1 -> 0, then Vout = Vin
- R1 -> Infininity, Vout = 0
What happens if variable
resistor is on bottom?
30
54. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
55. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
56. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
57. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
58. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
59. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
60. transistors and gates.
Sourcing versus Sinking
a. Source current to device
b. Sink current from device to ground.
Common Anode / Common Cathode
Gate Fan-In / Fan-Out
Serial versus Parallel
CMOS-TTL interfacing
Bipolar Power Supply
31
61. amplifiers and filters.
Amplifier Circuits built using
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
a. Inverting (Av = -Rf / Rin)
b. Non-Inverting (Av = 1+Rf/Rin)
c. Differentiating
d. Integrating
e. Summing
f. Subtractor
Filters
a. High-pass
b. Low-pass
c. Bandpass
d. Bandstop (Notch)
32
62. amplifiers and filters.
Amplifier Circuits built using
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
a. Inverting (Av = -Rf / Rin)
b. Non-Inverting (Av = 1+Rf/Rin)
c. Differentiating
d. Integrating
e. Summing
f. Subtractor
Filters
a. High-pass
b. Low-pass
c. Bandpass
d. Bandstop (Notch)
32
63. amplifiers and filters.
Amplifier Circuits built using
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
a. Inverting (Av = -Rf / Rin)
b. Non-Inverting (Av = 1+Rf/Rin)
c. Differentiating
d. Integrating
e. Summing
f. Subtractor
Filters
a. High-pass
b. Low-pass
c. Bandpass
d. Bandstop (Notch)
32
64. amplifiers and filters.
Amplifier Circuits built using
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
a. Inverting (Av = -Rf / Rin)
b. Non-Inverting (Av = 1+Rf/Rin)
c. Differentiating
d. Integrating
e. Summing
f. Subtractor
Filters
a. High-pass
b. Low-pass
c. Bandpass
d. Bandstop (Notch)
32
65. amplifiers and filters.
Amplifier Circuits built using
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
a. Inverting (Av = -Rf / Rin)
b. Non-Inverting (Av = 1+Rf/Rin)
c. Differentiating
d. Integrating
e. Summing
f. Subtractor
Filters
a. High-pass
b. Low-pass
c. Bandpass
d. Bandstop (Notch)
32
66. amplifiers and filters.
Amplifier Circuits built using
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps):
a. Inverting (Av = -Rf / Rin)
b. Non-Inverting (Av = 1+Rf/Rin)
c. Differentiating
d. Integrating
e. Summing
f. Subtractor
Filters
a. High-pass
b. Low-pass
c. Bandpass
d. Bandstop (Notch)
32
67. inductive loads and
decoupling capacitors.
Inductive vs. Resistive Loads
Blowback Voltage
a. When transistor turns off,
motion of magnets in motor
decelerating will induce back
voltage across coils.
b. Flywheel or Snubber diode
allows voltage to dissipate safely.
Always put diode in parallel to
inductive load.
Can also be in parallel to Collector-
Emitter of transistor.
Need decoupling capacitors
across Vdd and GND of all ICs and
Voltage Regulators when you have
inductive loads.
33
68. inductive loads and
decoupling capacitors.
Inductive vs. Resistive Loads
Blowback Voltage
a. When transistor turns off,
motion of magnets in motor
decelerating will induce back
voltage across coils.
b. Flywheel or Snubber diode
allows voltage to dissipate safely.
Always put diode in parallel to
inductive load.
Can also be in parallel to Collector-
Emitter of transistor.
Need decoupling capacitors
across Vdd and GND of all ICs and
Voltage Regulators when you have
inductive loads.
33
69. inductive loads and
decoupling capacitors.
Inductive vs. Resistive Loads
Blowback Voltage
a. When transistor turns off,
motion of magnets in motor
decelerating will induce back
voltage across coils.
b. Flywheel or Snubber diode
allows voltage to dissipate safely.
Always put diode in parallel to
inductive load.
Can also be in parallel to Collector-
Emitter of transistor.
Need decoupling capacitors
across Vdd and GND of all ICs and
Voltage Regulators when you have
inductive loads.
33
70. pulse width modulation.
Pulse Width Modulation,
abbreviated PWM.
“Faking” an analog output
signal by adjusting the
on / off cycle (aka duty
cycle) of a digital signal.
Equivalent power to
20% YIELDS 2.4V
continuous voltage. 50% YIELDS 6V
80% YIELDS 9.6V
Vout = (Ton/Toff) * Vdigital 100% YIELDS 12V (ALWAYS ON)
34
71. hysteresis
Systems where inputs fluctuate rapidly near a
threshold value result in noisy output.
Hysteresis can be used to filter signals so that the
output reacts slowly by taking recent history into
account.
For example, a thermostat controlling a heater may
turn the heater on when the temperature drops
below A degrees, but not turn it off until the
temperature rises above B degrees. This prevents
rapid switching on and off as the temperature drifts
around the set point. Resulting in less voltage
spikes and wear-and-tear on equipment.
A Schmitt trigger is a simple electronic circuit that
also exhibits this property. Often, some amount of
hysteresis is intentionally added to an electronic
circuit (or digital algorithm) to prevent unwanted
rapid switching. This and similar techniques are
used to compensate for contact bounce in
switches, or noise in an electrical signal.
35
72. scaling functions.
Sometimes the range of your inputs doesn’t match
the values of your outputs.
Need a scaling function to adjust for variances in
the two.
OUTPUT DEVICE INPUT SENSOR
2000 500
Output Pulsewidth =
(sensorValue - min. sensorValue) x Output pulseRange
_______________________________________________ + min. Output
Input sensorRange pulseWidth
sensor Value
Pulsewidth
Output Input
Range: Range:
1000 470
1000 30
36
73. other electrical concepts.
Smoothing, Sampling, Averaging
Sometimes noise is added by the environment, sensor imperfections, or supporting
circuit.
Need to reduce that noise for performance.
a. Smoothing: If sensor output, at rests, continuously bounces by 3, then divide
output by 3 before using in computations. Cost of smoothed sensor reading is
loss of resolution. Useful if output has small, finite states.
b. Averaging: Take mean of last X sensor readings. Or keep array and sort each
new reading, then take median.
c. Sampling: Read sensors at twice the highest frequency component of observed
phenomenon to reduce ambiguity. See Nyquist Criterion.
Threshold, Edge, Peak
a. Threshold: Detect is signal goes above/drops below certain value. May need to build in
hysteresis for signals the hover around the threshold to eliminate constant fluctuations.
b. Edge Detection: Detect a rising or falling edge of a signal. Use hysteresis to detect when
signal hits the 10% and 90% mark of the final value.
c. Peak detection: Ensure signal is above/below threshold value. Constantly measure
signal input and compare to previous value. When new reading is less than previous
reading, then peak has been reached.
d. Signal Skew: Output signal slow to respond to change in input signal. Measure at 50%.
e. Signal Slew: Slow rise or fall time of signal. Measure between 10% and 90%.
37
74. more about electronics.
Tools you will need:
a. Variable temperature soldering iron, solder (60/40 .32”), flux,
solder braid, solder sucker
b. Digital multimeter
c. USB oscilloscope
d. Wire strippers, needle nose pliers
e. Magnifying class
f. Anti-static pad and wrist strap
g. Alligator clips
h. Breadboards (various sizes)
i. Long reach tweezers
j. Precision screwdriver set
k. IC chip extractor / inserter
l. “Third hand” tool
m.Calipers
38
75. types of sensors and actuators.
Sensors (input transducers, from the real-world to the computer)
Beware of sensor drift, use redundant and independent sensors.
a. infrared
b. pressure
c. temperature
d. magnetic
e. microphone
f. RFID reader
g. photodiode
h. strain gauge
i. accelerometers
Output transducers or indicators (from the computer to real-world)
a. radios / antenna
b. light bulb / LED
c. speaker / buzzer
d. screens / monitors
Actuators (creating motion)
a. dc motor
b. servo
c. piezoelectric motor
39
76. using a multimeter.
Analog versus digital
Auto-ranging
Polarity check
Continuity check
Measure current, voltage, resistance, capacitance
Diode and transistor check
40
77. using an oscilloscope.
Measure voltage over time.
Watch electrical signal over time
as waveform.
Can be digital, analog, or PC-
based (USB).
Measure in both time and
frequency domains (via a Fast
Fourier Transform or FFT)
Other useful equipment:
Function generator
DC power supply
Logic analyzer
41
78. soldering techniques.
Use soldering iron with adjustable temperature, let soldering iron get hot.
Heat the joint, not the solder.
Clean component leads and PCB before.
Usually used .32” 60/40 solder.
Smaller joints are better joints.
Keep tip clean, tin your tip smoothly.
Side of tip gets hotter than the very tip of the soldering iron (larger surface area).
Keep moist sponge.
Use flux, desoldering vacuum, solder wick, helping hands tool, tweezers, heat
sinks.
Ensure room is well ventilated as solder contains lead.
Turn soldering iron off when done.
42
79. other hardware skills.
RF and IR wireless links.
Want to do home automation? Try X10 hardware.
There is an Wiring library to interface with X10.
XBee radios do the “dirty” work of controlling RF
communications between microcontrollers.
43
80. thermal management with heat sinks
High current and high frequency devices can generate a lot of
heat which can damage components, especially ICs.
Dissipate heat through the device (radiation), heat sinks
(conduction), and fans (convection).
Thermal Resistance (θja) is the measure of how efficiently heat
is transferred across the boundary between two different
mediums. Measured in °C/W
θja: Overall thermal resistance
θcs: Thermal resistance of thermal paste
θjc: Thermal resistance of the package
θsa: Thermal resistance of heat sink
TJ: Temperature of device/package junction
TA: Temperature of ambient air
TS: Temperature of heat sink
TC: Temperature of device case
P: Power (Watts, P = IV)
θja (with heat sink) = θcs + θjc + θsa = (TJ - TA) / P
θja (without heat sink) = θjc + θca = (TJ - TA) / P
Lower thermal resistance means better heat sink. Heat sinks
with large surface area and good air circulation gives best heat
dissipation. Don’t forget the thermal paste!
44
81. sizing the heat sink
Given: Find heatsink with θsa <= 6.8°C/W
θja = 8°C/W θjc = 0.2°C/W
θcs = 0.5°C/W TJmax = 85°C Ex. Part# 240-12.7B has θsa = 6°C/W and
TAmax = 70°C Vmax = 3.3V Imax = .6A meets dimensional requirements.
P = IV = .6A x 3.3V = 1.98W to dissipate Verify it will work.
P <= (TJ - TA) / θja = (85°C - 70°C) / 8°C/W TJ = [ (θcs + θjc + θsa) x P ] + TA
TJ = 78.7°C
P <= 1.85W
TJmax = 85°C
1.98W is NOT less than 1.85W, therefore
78.7°C < 85°C, therefore good to use.
heat sink is required. Use 10%-15%
safety factor in actual application.
NOTE: If 15% safety margin was used...
θja = (TJ - TA) / P = (85°C - 70°C) / 1.98W
78.7°C x 1.15 = 90.5°C
θja = 7.5°C/W 90.5°C is NOT less than 85°C, therefore
heat sink 240-12.7B is not a good choice.
θja = θcs + θjc + θsa
7.5°C/W = 0.2°C/W + θsa + 0.5°C/W
θsa <= 6.8°C/W
45
82. Putting hardware and
software together.
It is an irrelevant argument as to whether software or
hardware is “better”. Both are necessary, and you will be
the master when you know when to use each.
46
83. a complete design from
concept to product.
Concept: A system that reads an RFID tag,
validates identity, and adjust lights to user’s
preferences.
First outline and diagram what needs to be
designed.
Simulate hardware design.
Write code, stub in hardware interaction
Validate user
Read RFID tag Control lights
Recall preferences
47
84. a complete design from
concept to product.
Determine what components are required.
a. Which microcontroller, sensor, actuator, etc?
b.What will be done in hardware and what will be
done in software?
Validate user
Read RFID tag Control lights
Recall preferences
RFID MICROCONTROLLER X10
TAG 48 CONTROL
READER UNIT
85. a complete design from
concept to product.
Determine what components are required.
a. Which microcontroller, sensor, actuator, etc?
b.What will be done in hardware and what will be
done in software? FUNCTIONAL
Validate user
Read RFID tag Control lights
Recall preferences
RFID MICROCONTROLLER X10
TAG 48 CONTROL
READER UNIT
86. a complete design from
concept to product.
Determine what components are required.
a. Which microcontroller, sensor, actuator, etc?
b.What will be done in hardware and what will be
done in software? PHYSICAL
Validate user
Read RFID tag Control lights
Recall preferences
RFID MICROCONTROLLER X10
TAG 48 CONTROL
READER UNIT
87. when to use hardware
versus software.
When to “do it” in hardware
a. Speed is a concern.
b. PCB real estate is not a concern.
c. Recurring per unit costs.
d. If it is easier to do in hardware than
software, such as CRC circuit.
When to “do it” in software
a. Adaptable, quick/easy changes.
b. Data that varies from user to user.
c. Once implemented/tested, no more per
unit costs.
d. If there are fast, simple, powerful libraries
available to perform certain functions.
Both have advantages/disadvantages!
49
88. when to use hardware
versus software. ICs
IR LED
When to “do it” in hardware Transistor
a. Speed is a concern. Capacitor
b. PCB real estate is not a concern.
c. Recurring per unit costs.
d. If it is easier to do in hardware than
software, such as CRC circuit.
When to “do it” in software
a. Adaptable, quick/easy changes.
b. Data that varies from user to user.
c. Once implemented/tested, no more per
unit costs.
d. If there are fast, simple, powerful libraries
available to perform certain functions.
Both have advantages/disadvantages!
49
89. when to use hardware
versus software. ICs
IR LED
When to “do it” in hardware Transistor
a. Speed is a concern. Capacitor
b. PCB real estate is not a concern.
c. Recurring per unit costs.
d. If it is easier to do in hardware than
software, such as CRC circuit.
When to “do it” in software
a. Adaptable, quick/easy changes.
main( )
b. Data that varies from user to user.
function1( )
c. Once implemented/tested, no more per
int x
unit costs.
float y
d. If there are fast, simple, powerful libraries
available to perform certain functions.
Both have advantages/disadvantages!
49
90. a complete design from
concept to product.
Design architecture
Identify what to do in HW and SW, define
interfaces.
Design and build HW and SW components, test
and debug separately.
Integrate hardware and software.
Test, debug, test, debug, ...
Document, document, document THROUGHOUT.
50
91. common mistakes.
Remember Occam’s Razor and be methodical in troubleshooting the following:
a. Not hooking up ground or power.
b. Reversing ground and power.
c. Connecting power/ground to wrong IC pin.
d. Connecting to different pin then what is written in the software.
e. Not supplying sufficient power.
f. No pull-up/pull down resistor on I/O pin.
g. “Dirty” power supply.
h. Switch bounce.
i. Wrong resolution.
j. Mixing up the TX and RX pins.
k. Wrong serial port.
l. Another application is controlling the serial port.
m. Incompatible baud rates.
n. Bad components (not the microcontroller or software’s fault)
o. Bent IC pin or chip in backwards.
p. ASCII versus raw byte.
q. Poor soldering job, shorted traces or pins.
r. Something was miscoded in software -- remember code, debug, code, ...
51
92. hardware you’ll come to know.
Switches Battery (Cells) Antenna
Normally Open vs. Normally Closed
Momentary vs. Toggle Motors
Make-then-break, Break-then-make DC Analog-to-Digital Converter
Poles and Throws (SPST, SPDT) Stepper RC Network and RCTime Function
Foot RC Servo if ADC unavailable on uC
Tape Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Digital-to-Analog Converter
Roller DIAC / TRIAC Operational Amplifier
Whisker Transistors Audio Amplifier
Micro BJT (Higher current capability) Schmitt Trigger (Hysteresis)
Tilt NPN (N.O.) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Reed (magnetic) PNP (N.C.) Piezoelectric Devices
Wire (AWG number) Darlington Pair H-Bridge
Solid FET (Faster, low power) Bridge Rectifier
Braided JFET Power Inverter
Coaxial MOSFET Opto-Isolator
Twister Pair Enhancement Ground / Earth / Chassis
Resistors Depletion Digital and Analog (Linear) Integrated
Circuits (ICs
Fixed vs. Variables Incandescent Bulbs 555 timer
Potentiometer (pot) Oscillator F/V and V/F converter
Rheostat Microphone Vibrating motor
Thermistor Speaker PTC fuse
Photoresistor Voltage Regulator RFID reader
Flex Digital Logic Gates Rectifier
Force Sensitive AND Header, socket, jacks
Capacitors OR IR transmitter / receiver
varactor NAND Vibratab
polarized NOR PIR sensor
non-polarized XOR Ultrasonic ranging sensor
Inductors XNOR Line sensor
chokes NOT (Inverter) Hall sensor
transformers Buffer (Tri-State Buffer) RF transmitter/receiver pair
solenoids (linear motion) Flip-Flop Accelerometer
Mechanical relays Latch Pressure sensor
Solid State Relays Shift Register Temperature sensor
Ferrite beads Encoder / Decoder GPS
Boards Multiplexer / Demultiplexer Bluetooth / WiFi / Ethernet module
Breadboard Transmission gate Wheatstone bridge
Perforated Board Diodes (anode + / cathode -) Heat sinks
Copper Etch Zener
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Light-Emitting (LED)
Varistors 7-Segment Display
Varactor Schottky
Sidactor Tunnel
Fuses Photodiode
52
93. staying focused.
you can do it!
Keep an engineering journal and track every idea.
Stay high level.
Don’t over plan, experiment a lot.
a. However, don’t just start coding or hooking up
components. Spend the time doing paper design,
flowcharts, and prototype individual subsystems.
b. Try some circuit simulators such as TINA and EDISON.
Collaborate with others.
Spend time learning mechanical motions and materials too.
a. Levers, Gears, Pulleys, Ratchets, Cam, Joint, Pistons,
Linkages. (Keep your LEGOs!)
b. Metals, Plastics, Adhesives, Conductive cloth and
thread. Conductor versus Insulators.
53
94. where to shop.
www.adafruit.com
www.sparkfun.com
www.parallax.xom
www.goldmine-elec.com
www.digikey.com
www.jameco.com
www.makershed.com
Also, many vendor will offer free samples. Fairchild, National
Semiconductor, and Microchip for example. Check out www.ladyada.net
Spec Sheets
Important to learn how to read schematics and understand circuit
symbols.
www.symbols.net/electrical
www.octopart.com
54
95. where to find out more.
www.michaelbparks.com
blog: Geek Cowboy (blog.geekcowboy.net)
email: mike@michaelbparks.com
www.arduino.cc
www.processing.org
www.makezine.com
www.ladyada.net
Guide to Programmable Logic Controllers
PC / Arduino Proxy Interface
Igoe, Tom. Making Things Talk and Physical Computing
Platt, Charles. Make: Electronics
Banzi, Massimo. Getting Started with Arduino
Mims, Forrest. Engineering Notebooks.
55
98. typical problems and
solutions.
Problems
a. Ground loops
b. Cross talk
c. Noise
d. Jitter
e. Skew
f. EMI
g. Ringing
h. Spikes / Droop
Solutions
a. Bypass
b. Decouple
c. Shielding
d. Layout
e. Ground plane
f. Hierarchy / abstraction in design
g. Regularity
h. Modularity
i. Locality
58
99. power.
Real Power: Watts. P = V*I*cos(phase angle)
- DC power, phase angle = 0, cos(0) = 1, therefore P=VI
Reactive Power: VARs. Q = V*I*sin(phase angle)
Complex or Apparent Power: Volt-Ampere, VAs. S = V*I
S = P + jQ, S2 = P2 + Q2
Power Factor = Real Power / Apparent Power.
- Ideal PF is 1.
Power is the rate at which energy is consumed,
measured in joules per second.
Energy is measured in joules or more common;y
Kilowatt-Hour (kWHr)
59
100. more power.
Batteries: Rated in mA-Hr.
A 1000 mA-Hr batter can source 1000 mA for 1 hour.
Supply correct voltage, but can over supply current.
A 12V, 3A source can power 3 12V, 1A devices.
Increase voltage, can spin a wheel faster. Increase current, can spin a larger
wheel.
Power DC jacks.
DC power jack: power center, ground shield or vice-versa.
Audio Impedance Matching: Source resistance, Speaker resistance.
Square root of source resistance over speaker resistance.
Noise margins
Transformer relations: Np/Ns = Vp/Vs = Is/Ip
Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Voltage: DC equivalent of an AC voltage.
High Impedance (Z)
CIVIL, ELI the ICE man.
60
101. decibels.
Ap (ratio) = Pout / Pin
Ap (bel) = log(Pout/Pin)
Ap (dB) = 10 log10(Pout/Pin)
Vp (dB) = 20 log10(Vout/Vin)
Unity Gain = 0 dB
Multiply ratios, Sum bels.
Gain is to increase, attenuate is to drop
1 bel = 50%
RF (dBm).
1 mW of power transmitted.
dBm = 10 log10 (power received)
- 1mW received: 10 log10 (1 mW) = 0 dBm (ideal)
- .5mW received: 10 log10 (.5 mW) = -3.01 dBm
Bode plot (phase margin)
61
103. other topics.
Karnauph Maps
Sequential versus Combinational logic.
Mealy versus Moore machines.
Direct versus Capacitive Coupling
a. Direct: No frequency dependance, attenuates
signal, high input impedance possible
b. Capacitive: Less gain at low freq, less
impedance at high freq, no attenuation, block
unwanted DC components.
Design Abstraction: Behavioral (RTL, VHDL);
Structural (circuit, logic gate, ERC); Physical
(layout, DRC)
63
104. IC package types.
Dual Inline Pins (DIP), socket mount
Small Outline IC (SOIC), surface mount
Plastic Lead Chip Carrier (PLCC)
64
106. calibration graphs.
Components of the same type will have a wide range of outputs
given the exact same input.
This is why spec sheets tend to give ranges of values.
Seen in such components as ultrasonic range finders or
thermistors.
Need to put completed circuit through set of tests of varying
inputs and measure the outputs, then graph the results. Will help
later in reading sensor results and interpreting their meaning and/
or troubleshooting.
5
Output Voltage
5
3.75 4.25
2.5 3
1.25
1
0
1m 2m 3m 4m
Distance (meters)
66
Editor's Notes
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
Capacitor: DC block, consume reactive power, bring p.f. to unity, filter, spike remover, tank/spring/small battery.
Inductor: Transformer, Spark coil/ignition, Solenoid, remove EMI from long wires, choke AC, flywheel
Resistor: Dissipate energy as heat, limit current, drop voltage, bleeder resistor
Reactance: X=XL-XC. XL = 2*pi*f*L, XC = 1 / (2*pi*f*C)
Resonance: Xc = XL
fo = 1 / (2*pi*sqrt(LC))
Wo = 2*pi*fo
Q = XL/R, Xc/R
Time Constant = RC = L/R, TimeFinal = 5*TimeConstant
bipolar power supply: neg terminal sucks up current, pos terminal sources current
bipolar power supply: neg terminal sucks up current, pos terminal sources current
bipolar power supply: neg terminal sucks up current, pos terminal sources current
bipolar power supply: neg terminal sucks up current, pos terminal sources current
bipolar power supply: neg terminal sucks up current, pos terminal sources current
bipolar power supply: neg terminal sucks up current, pos terminal sources current