This document provides an introduction to metrology, which is the study of measurement. It defines key terms like measurement and discusses the importance of making good measurements. It explains that a good measurement is one where the standard is accurately defined and the method and instruments used are reliable. Sources of error in measurements are also outlined, including systematic, random and gross errors. Statistical analysis methods for measurements are introduced.
This document discusses metrology and measurement. It begins by introducing metrology and noting its importance in various industries and applications. It then discusses the basics of metrology including the need for metrology, types of metrology, methods of measurement, standards, units of measurement, and elements of measuring systems. The document also covers topics such as precision and accuracy, errors in measurement, reliability, and calibration.
The document discusses key concepts in metrology including:
1. Metrology is defined as the science of measurement and covers manufacturing, calibration, and defining measurement standards.
2. The objectives of metrology include providing accuracy at low cost, standardizing methods, and reducing errors and costs.
3. Measurement methods can be direct, indirect, absolute, comparative, and others. Precision refers to repeatability while accuracy requires agreement with true values.
Metrology is the study of measurement and its application. It has three subfields: scientific metrology which establishes measurement standards and units; applied metrology which ensures proper use of measurement tools in industry; and legal metrology which regulates measurements to protect consumers and ensure fair trade. Measurement tools can directly compare a quantity to a standard or indirectly through transducers that convert one signal to another. They are classified based on their operation and output. Proper instrument selection depends on the parameter, required accuracy and resolution. Instruments can indicate, record or control processes and are used for monitoring, automation and experimentation.
This document discusses various precision measuring devices used in mechanics. It describes the United States Customary and metric measurement systems, and how to convert between them. It also explains common tools like rulers, feeler gauges, micrometers, dial indicators, and pressure/vacuum gauges, detailing how to properly read and use each type of instrument.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurements. It discusses the general applications of metrology in various industries. It also outlines the key units of the course, which cover the basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, advanced metrology techniques, form measurements, and measurement of power, flow and temperature. The first unit introduces concepts like the need for metrology, measurement methods, elements of measuring systems, and factors that influence accuracy and precision like environmental conditions and human errors. Common terms in metrology like standards, sensitivity, stability, and types of errors are also defined.
This document discusses metrology and measurement. It defines metrology as the field concerned with measurement, including theoretical and practical problems related to measurement. It establishes metrology as including the establishment, reproduction, and transfer of measurement standards.
The document outlines the principal fields of metrology, including establishing measurement units and standards, measurement methods and accuracy, measuring instruments, observer capabilities, and gauge design. It describes the types of metrology as scientific, industrial, and legal metrology. Scientific metrology deals with maintaining highest level standards. Industrial metrology ensures adequate functioning of instruments in industry. Legal metrology regulates measuring instruments.
The document also discusses measurement units, errors, accuracy, precision, calibration, and factors that affect measurements
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurement concepts. It discusses the introduction to metrology, the need for measurement, components of a generalized measurement system, types of standards, units of measurement, types of measurements/methods of measurement, types of measuring instruments, accuracy vs precision, and factors affecting accuracy and precision. It also defines types of errors in measurement such as gross errors, measurement errors, systematic errors, and random errors.
This document discusses metrology and measurement. It begins by introducing metrology and noting its importance in various industries and applications. It then discusses the basics of metrology including the need for metrology, types of metrology, methods of measurement, standards, units of measurement, and elements of measuring systems. The document also covers topics such as precision and accuracy, errors in measurement, reliability, and calibration.
The document discusses key concepts in metrology including:
1. Metrology is defined as the science of measurement and covers manufacturing, calibration, and defining measurement standards.
2. The objectives of metrology include providing accuracy at low cost, standardizing methods, and reducing errors and costs.
3. Measurement methods can be direct, indirect, absolute, comparative, and others. Precision refers to repeatability while accuracy requires agreement with true values.
Metrology is the study of measurement and its application. It has three subfields: scientific metrology which establishes measurement standards and units; applied metrology which ensures proper use of measurement tools in industry; and legal metrology which regulates measurements to protect consumers and ensure fair trade. Measurement tools can directly compare a quantity to a standard or indirectly through transducers that convert one signal to another. They are classified based on their operation and output. Proper instrument selection depends on the parameter, required accuracy and resolution. Instruments can indicate, record or control processes and are used for monitoring, automation and experimentation.
This document discusses various precision measuring devices used in mechanics. It describes the United States Customary and metric measurement systems, and how to convert between them. It also explains common tools like rulers, feeler gauges, micrometers, dial indicators, and pressure/vacuum gauges, detailing how to properly read and use each type of instrument.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurements. It discusses the general applications of metrology in various industries. It also outlines the key units of the course, which cover the basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, advanced metrology techniques, form measurements, and measurement of power, flow and temperature. The first unit introduces concepts like the need for metrology, measurement methods, elements of measuring systems, and factors that influence accuracy and precision like environmental conditions and human errors. Common terms in metrology like standards, sensitivity, stability, and types of errors are also defined.
This document discusses metrology and measurement. It defines metrology as the field concerned with measurement, including theoretical and practical problems related to measurement. It establishes metrology as including the establishment, reproduction, and transfer of measurement standards.
The document outlines the principal fields of metrology, including establishing measurement units and standards, measurement methods and accuracy, measuring instruments, observer capabilities, and gauge design. It describes the types of metrology as scientific, industrial, and legal metrology. Scientific metrology deals with maintaining highest level standards. Industrial metrology ensures adequate functioning of instruments in industry. Legal metrology regulates measuring instruments.
The document also discusses measurement units, errors, accuracy, precision, calibration, and factors that affect measurements
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurement concepts. It discusses the introduction to metrology, the need for measurement, components of a generalized measurement system, types of standards, units of measurement, types of measurements/methods of measurement, types of measuring instruments, accuracy vs precision, and factors affecting accuracy and precision. It also defines types of errors in measurement such as gross errors, measurement errors, systematic errors, and random errors.
1. The document discusses the basics of metrology and measurement including the elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurement.
2. It describes the key elements of a metrology system as the standard, workpiece, instrument, person, and environment. Variations in any of these elements can introduce errors.
3. Several types of errors are also outlined including systematic, random, environmental, loading, and dynamic errors. Understanding error sources is important for achieving accurate measurements.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It includes both theoretical and practical problems related to measurement. Metrology involves establishing standards, reproducing measurements, and transferring units of measurement. Accurate measurement requires standards, instruments, a workpiece, environmental control, and trained personnel. Factors like temperature, material properties, instrument precision, and human error can impact measurement accuracy and precision. There are different types of errors in measurement systems, including gross errors from incorrect instrument use and systematic errors resulting from instrument defects.
This document discusses concepts of measurement in metrology. It covers general concepts including introduction to metrology, measurement, types of metrology and objectives of metrology. It also discusses methods of measurements, generalized measurement systems including units, standards, accuracy, precision and errors in measurements. Finally it provides an introduction to dimensional and geometric tolerance and interchangeability.
This document is a presentation on measurement and metrology given by Assistant Professor Mahesh Kumar. It discusses key topics such as the introduction to measurement and metrology, the need for measurement, precision and accuracy, factors affecting measurement accuracy, common measurement types and instruments, standards of measurement, and calibration. It provides an overview of measurement concepts and applications in mechanical engineering.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting measuring instruments, including sensitivity, hysteresis, range, span, response time, repeatability, accuracy, precision, magnification, stability, resolution, error, drift, reliability and more. It describes types of errors such as static errors, dynamic errors, systematic errors and random errors. Methods to reduce errors from the environment, supports, alignment, dirt, vibrations, wear and other sources are provided. The history of measurement standards from ancient Egypt is briefly mentioned.
This document contains lesson notes on metrology and measurements from KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology in Coimbatore, India. It discusses the basics of metrology including the need for metrology due to mass production, elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurements, types of errors, and standards used in metrology. The document provides definitions and explanations of key metrological terms and concepts. It also examines factors that influence the accuracy of measuring systems such as standards, workpieces, instruments, operators, and the environment.
The document describes several types of measurements: direct, indirect, fundamental, comparison, transposition, coincidence, null, and deflection. It provides examples to illustrate each type. Direct measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity directly to a standard, while indirect relies on mathematical relationships between measured parameters. Fundamental measurement is based on definitions. Comparison and transposition methods involve balancing an unknown against known values. Coincidence and null methods determine small differences to observe scale coincidences or make a difference zero. Deflection provides a direct readout via a calibrated pointer.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes the imperial standard yard which was a bronze bar established in 1855 as an accurate length standard in England. It also outlines the international prototype meter, established in 1875, which defines the standard meter and is made of platinum-iridium alloy. The objectives of metrology in modern engineering are listed, such as evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, and maintaining measurement accuracies.
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
ME6504 Metrology and measurement unit 1prithiviraj M
The document discusses factors to consider in selecting measurement instruments, including sensitivity, hysteresis, range, span, response time, repeatability, accuracy, precision, and more. It also summarizes various methods of measurement such as direct, indirect, absolute, comparative, transposition, coincidence, deflection, complementary, contact, and contactless methods. The key aspects of a measurement system are to provide information about a physical variable being measured.
Introduction to generalized measurement system, primary sensing element, data conversion element, data transfer element, manipulation element, data presentation element, the functional element of bourdon tube pressure gauge, the functional element of the pressure-actuated thermometer, static characteristics of instruments, dynamic characteristics of instruments
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as the act of measuring size, length, or other attributes. Measurement is used for design, process control, performance evaluation, and testing components. There are various types of measurements including linear, angular, screw thread, gear, surface finish, temperature, and pressure. Instrumentation uses instruments to sense, measure, control, and monitor physical and chemical properties. Measurement has static characteristics like error, accuracy, calibration, and dynamic characteristics like speed of response and frequency response. Errors are differences between measured and true values and can be due to manufacturing defects, environment, human error, or adjustment. Metrology is the science of measurement and includes industrial and medical applications with objectives like minimizing costs and
1) Metrology is the science of measurement and involves the establishment, reproduction, and transfer of measurement standards. Dimensional metrology deals specifically with measuring the dimensions of parts and workpieces.
2) Inspection is needed to determine true dimensions, convert measurements, ensure design specifications are met, evaluate performance, and ensure interchangeability for mass production. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value while precision refers to reproducibility of measurements.
3) Key elements of a measuring system include standards, the workpiece, instruments, human operators, and the environment. Objectives of metrology include evaluation, process capability determination, instrument capability determination, cost reduction, and standardization of methods.
Standards of measurement, Historical developments of standards of measurements, material length standard, international yard, international prototype meter, Lightwave or optical length standards, primary standards, secondary standards, tertiary standards, working standards, line standards, end standards,
METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT Unit 1 notes (5 files merged)MechRtc
Metrology is the science of measurement. It is concerned with establishing standards of measurement, measuring errors and uncertainties, and ensuring uniformity of measurements. Metrology has applications in industry, commerce, and public health/safety. It functions to maintain standards, train professionals, regulate manufacturers, and conduct research to improve measurement methods and accuracy. Proper measurement requires standards, instruments, trained personnel, and control of environmental factors that could influence results. Sources of error include the measuring system and process itself as well as environmental and loading factors. Accuracy depends on the operator, temperature, measurement method, and instrument deformation.
Types of Error in Mechanical Measurement & Metrology (MMM)Amit Mak
The document discusses various types of errors that can occur in mechanical measurement and metrology. It outlines 11 types of errors: gross, systematic, instrument, environmental, observation, alignment, elastic deformation, dirt, contact, parallax, and random errors. For each error type, it provides a definition and examples to explain the source and nature of the error. The goal is to bring awareness to common errors that can impact measurements so they can be avoided or accounted for.
This document discusses principles of measurement, measuring equipment, precision, accuracy, sensitivity of measurement, and calibration. It explains that measuring instruments are used for regulating trade, monitoring functions, and automatic control systems. A measuring instrument consists of a primary transducer, variable conversion element, signal processing element, signal transmission element, and signal presentation/recording unit. Precision refers to how close measured values are, while accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the actual value. Sensitivity is the rate of change of an instrument's output with respect to the measured quantity. Calibration establishes the performance limits of an instrument to ensure accurate results.
1. Metrology is the science of measurement and its application. It involves establishing standards of measurement and measurement procedures for accuracy.
2. There are different types of metrology including legal metrology which deals with measurement standards and regulations, and dynamic metrology which measures small continuous variations.
3. The objectives of metrology include evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, minimizing inspection costs, and maintaining measurement accuracy. It is important for scientific research, production, and automation.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three main tasks: defining measurement units, realizing measurement units through scientific methods, and establishing traceability in documenting measurement accuracy. Metrology is essential in scientific research and various industries. It covers establishing standards, developing measurement methods, analyzing errors, and ensuring instrument accuracy. Metrology helps plan lives and enable commercial exchanges with confidence as measurements can be seen everywhere.
This document discusses measurement errors and uncertainty. It defines measurement as assigning a number and unit to a property using an instrument. Error is the difference between the measured value and true value. There are two main types of error: random error, which varies unpredictably, and systematic error, which remains constant or varies predictably. Sources of error include the measuring instrument and technique used. Uncertainty is the doubt about a measurement and is quantified with an interval and confidence level, such as 20 cm ±1 cm at 95% confidence. Uncertainty is important for tasks like calibration where it must be reported.
This document discusses measurement units and uncertainty in measurements. It begins by introducing common SI units like meters, kilograms, and seconds. It then discusses prefixes used for units and how to convert between units. The document distinguishes between accuracy and precision, where precision refers to the closeness of repeated measurements and accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value. It also discusses random and systematic errors. In the end, it provides an example exercise on measurement conversions, comparisons, and calculating volume from given dimensions.
1. The document discusses the basics of metrology and measurement including the elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurement.
2. It describes the key elements of a metrology system as the standard, workpiece, instrument, person, and environment. Variations in any of these elements can introduce errors.
3. Several types of errors are also outlined including systematic, random, environmental, loading, and dynamic errors. Understanding error sources is important for achieving accurate measurements.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It includes both theoretical and practical problems related to measurement. Metrology involves establishing standards, reproducing measurements, and transferring units of measurement. Accurate measurement requires standards, instruments, a workpiece, environmental control, and trained personnel. Factors like temperature, material properties, instrument precision, and human error can impact measurement accuracy and precision. There are different types of errors in measurement systems, including gross errors from incorrect instrument use and systematic errors resulting from instrument defects.
This document discusses concepts of measurement in metrology. It covers general concepts including introduction to metrology, measurement, types of metrology and objectives of metrology. It also discusses methods of measurements, generalized measurement systems including units, standards, accuracy, precision and errors in measurements. Finally it provides an introduction to dimensional and geometric tolerance and interchangeability.
This document is a presentation on measurement and metrology given by Assistant Professor Mahesh Kumar. It discusses key topics such as the introduction to measurement and metrology, the need for measurement, precision and accuracy, factors affecting measurement accuracy, common measurement types and instruments, standards of measurement, and calibration. It provides an overview of measurement concepts and applications in mechanical engineering.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting measuring instruments, including sensitivity, hysteresis, range, span, response time, repeatability, accuracy, precision, magnification, stability, resolution, error, drift, reliability and more. It describes types of errors such as static errors, dynamic errors, systematic errors and random errors. Methods to reduce errors from the environment, supports, alignment, dirt, vibrations, wear and other sources are provided. The history of measurement standards from ancient Egypt is briefly mentioned.
This document contains lesson notes on metrology and measurements from KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology in Coimbatore, India. It discusses the basics of metrology including the need for metrology due to mass production, elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurements, types of errors, and standards used in metrology. The document provides definitions and explanations of key metrological terms and concepts. It also examines factors that influence the accuracy of measuring systems such as standards, workpieces, instruments, operators, and the environment.
The document describes several types of measurements: direct, indirect, fundamental, comparison, transposition, coincidence, null, and deflection. It provides examples to illustrate each type. Direct measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity directly to a standard, while indirect relies on mathematical relationships between measured parameters. Fundamental measurement is based on definitions. Comparison and transposition methods involve balancing an unknown against known values. Coincidence and null methods determine small differences to observe scale coincidences or make a difference zero. Deflection provides a direct readout via a calibrated pointer.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes the imperial standard yard which was a bronze bar established in 1855 as an accurate length standard in England. It also outlines the international prototype meter, established in 1875, which defines the standard meter and is made of platinum-iridium alloy. The objectives of metrology in modern engineering are listed, such as evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, and maintaining measurement accuracies.
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
ME6504 Metrology and measurement unit 1prithiviraj M
The document discusses factors to consider in selecting measurement instruments, including sensitivity, hysteresis, range, span, response time, repeatability, accuracy, precision, and more. It also summarizes various methods of measurement such as direct, indirect, absolute, comparative, transposition, coincidence, deflection, complementary, contact, and contactless methods. The key aspects of a measurement system are to provide information about a physical variable being measured.
Introduction to generalized measurement system, primary sensing element, data conversion element, data transfer element, manipulation element, data presentation element, the functional element of bourdon tube pressure gauge, the functional element of the pressure-actuated thermometer, static characteristics of instruments, dynamic characteristics of instruments
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as the act of measuring size, length, or other attributes. Measurement is used for design, process control, performance evaluation, and testing components. There are various types of measurements including linear, angular, screw thread, gear, surface finish, temperature, and pressure. Instrumentation uses instruments to sense, measure, control, and monitor physical and chemical properties. Measurement has static characteristics like error, accuracy, calibration, and dynamic characteristics like speed of response and frequency response. Errors are differences between measured and true values and can be due to manufacturing defects, environment, human error, or adjustment. Metrology is the science of measurement and includes industrial and medical applications with objectives like minimizing costs and
1) Metrology is the science of measurement and involves the establishment, reproduction, and transfer of measurement standards. Dimensional metrology deals specifically with measuring the dimensions of parts and workpieces.
2) Inspection is needed to determine true dimensions, convert measurements, ensure design specifications are met, evaluate performance, and ensure interchangeability for mass production. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value while precision refers to reproducibility of measurements.
3) Key elements of a measuring system include standards, the workpiece, instruments, human operators, and the environment. Objectives of metrology include evaluation, process capability determination, instrument capability determination, cost reduction, and standardization of methods.
Standards of measurement, Historical developments of standards of measurements, material length standard, international yard, international prototype meter, Lightwave or optical length standards, primary standards, secondary standards, tertiary standards, working standards, line standards, end standards,
METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT Unit 1 notes (5 files merged)MechRtc
Metrology is the science of measurement. It is concerned with establishing standards of measurement, measuring errors and uncertainties, and ensuring uniformity of measurements. Metrology has applications in industry, commerce, and public health/safety. It functions to maintain standards, train professionals, regulate manufacturers, and conduct research to improve measurement methods and accuracy. Proper measurement requires standards, instruments, trained personnel, and control of environmental factors that could influence results. Sources of error include the measuring system and process itself as well as environmental and loading factors. Accuracy depends on the operator, temperature, measurement method, and instrument deformation.
Types of Error in Mechanical Measurement & Metrology (MMM)Amit Mak
The document discusses various types of errors that can occur in mechanical measurement and metrology. It outlines 11 types of errors: gross, systematic, instrument, environmental, observation, alignment, elastic deformation, dirt, contact, parallax, and random errors. For each error type, it provides a definition and examples to explain the source and nature of the error. The goal is to bring awareness to common errors that can impact measurements so they can be avoided or accounted for.
This document discusses principles of measurement, measuring equipment, precision, accuracy, sensitivity of measurement, and calibration. It explains that measuring instruments are used for regulating trade, monitoring functions, and automatic control systems. A measuring instrument consists of a primary transducer, variable conversion element, signal processing element, signal transmission element, and signal presentation/recording unit. Precision refers to how close measured values are, while accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the actual value. Sensitivity is the rate of change of an instrument's output with respect to the measured quantity. Calibration establishes the performance limits of an instrument to ensure accurate results.
1. Metrology is the science of measurement and its application. It involves establishing standards of measurement and measurement procedures for accuracy.
2. There are different types of metrology including legal metrology which deals with measurement standards and regulations, and dynamic metrology which measures small continuous variations.
3. The objectives of metrology include evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, minimizing inspection costs, and maintaining measurement accuracy. It is important for scientific research, production, and automation.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three main tasks: defining measurement units, realizing measurement units through scientific methods, and establishing traceability in documenting measurement accuracy. Metrology is essential in scientific research and various industries. It covers establishing standards, developing measurement methods, analyzing errors, and ensuring instrument accuracy. Metrology helps plan lives and enable commercial exchanges with confidence as measurements can be seen everywhere.
This document discusses measurement errors and uncertainty. It defines measurement as assigning a number and unit to a property using an instrument. Error is the difference between the measured value and true value. There are two main types of error: random error, which varies unpredictably, and systematic error, which remains constant or varies predictably. Sources of error include the measuring instrument and technique used. Uncertainty is the doubt about a measurement and is quantified with an interval and confidence level, such as 20 cm ±1 cm at 95% confidence. Uncertainty is important for tasks like calibration where it must be reported.
This document discusses measurement units and uncertainty in measurements. It begins by introducing common SI units like meters, kilograms, and seconds. It then discusses prefixes used for units and how to convert between units. The document distinguishes between accuracy and precision, where precision refers to the closeness of repeated measurements and accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value. It also discusses random and systematic errors. In the end, it provides an example exercise on measurement conversions, comparisons, and calculating volume from given dimensions.
Errors - pharmaceutical analysis -1, bpharm 1st semester, notes, topic errors
full details and answer about error
TN DR MGR UNIVERSITY
by Kumaran.M.pharm, professor
This document covers several topics related to measurement and error analysis in physics experiments. It begins by defining accuracy and precision, distinguishing between the two concepts. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the degree of variation in repeated measurements of the same quantity. It then discusses random and systematic errors, explaining that random errors vary unpredictably while systematic errors remain constant. The document provides examples of different types of systematic errors like instrumental, environmental, and observational errors. Finally, it introduces concepts like absolute error, relative error, and percentage error to quantify the uncertainty in measurements.
Good weighing-practices-a.9421999.powerpoint (1)Nop Pirom
Weighing is a key activity in quality control laboratories. The type of balance used and weighing practices can impact the accuracy and quality of test results. Analytical, semi-micro, and micro balances with desired resolution, accuracy, and repeatability should be selected based on the minimum weight needed to reduce error and meet compliance standards. Factors like balance repeatability, required precision, and sample mass are considered to determine minimum weight, below which measurement error increases and results become unreliable.
This document discusses good weighing practices in quality control laboratories. It emphasizes the importance of accurate weighing and describes the types of balances needed, including their minimum weights and calibration requirements. Factors that can influence weighing accuracy, such as vibration, temperature, sample properties, and location are examined. Calibration tests including repeatability, linearity, eccentricity and sensitivity are defined.
The document defines key concepts in measurement systems including accuracy, precision, calibration, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, linearity, and loading effect. It discusses measurement errors like gross errors, systematic errors from instruments and environment, and random errors. The significance of measurement and standardized units is explained. Transducers are defined as devices that convert one form of energy to another, and are classified as primary or secondary and by physical phenomena like electrical, mechanical, or electronic. Measurement systems have detecting elements, transducers, intermediate devices, and terminating devices like oscilloscopes.
This document discusses concepts related to measurement including units, standards, measuring instruments, and errors. It defines key terms like sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, uncertainty, static and dynamic characteristics. It describes different types of measuring instruments, methods of measurement, units in the SI system, and factors that influence measurement like sensitivity, resolution, drift, hysteresis, and errors. It also discusses calibration, correction, and interchangeability as they relate to measurement.
The document discusses secondary instruments used for measurement. It defines secondary instruments as those that must be calibrated by comparison with an absolute instrument or another calibrated secondary instrument. Secondary instruments are further classified as indicating, integrating, and recording instruments. Indicating instruments show the magnitude of a quantity, integrating instruments measure total quantity or energy over time, and recording instruments provide a continuous record of a quantity's variation over a period of time through pen tracings. The document also discusses concepts such as precision, accuracy, resolution uncertainty, types of errors including gross, systematic, and random, and the loading effect.
The document discusses various types of errors that can occur in quantitative chemical analysis, including random errors, systematic errors, determinate errors, indeterminate errors, and errors due to faulty instrumentation, impure reagents, or improper methodology. It also describes ways to minimize errors, such as calibrating apparatus, running blanks and controls, using multiple analytical techniques, and performing replicate measurements. Accuracy is defined as how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of measurements.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and control engineering. It discusses fundamentals of measurement systems including instrument types, performance characteristics, sources of error, and statistical analysis of experimental data. It describes different types of measuring instruments and their characteristics such as accuracy, precision, calibration, uncertainty, and error. Examples of specific instruments are provided such as pressure gauges, differential pressure gauges, and liquid level measurement techniques. The document also discusses amplifiers used to increase sensor signals.
quality control in clinical laboratory DrmanarEmam
The document discusses quality control, quality assurance, and quality assessment in medical laboratories. It defines each term and describes their related but distinct roles. Quality control refers to statistical processes used during each test run to verify test accuracy and precision. Quality assurance describes the overall program that ensures correct final test results. Quality assessment challenges the quality programs through proficiency testing to evaluate the quality of reported results. The document provides details on quality control measurements and rules to monitor test performance over time and determine if tests are in or out of control.
This document provides an overview of a course on measurements and instrumentation. The course will cover topics such as measurement systems, calibration, accuracy, precision, and instruments for measuring length, force, torque, strain, pressure, flow, and temperature. The objectives are to understand instrumentation principles and learn basic measurement methods. The primary textbook will be Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements by Figliola and Beasley, along with class notes.
The document discusses the key characteristics and performance parameters of measuring instruments. It describes:
1) Static characteristics relate to constant or slowly varying inputs over time and include parameters like accuracy, precision, resolution, sensitivity, and linearity.
2) Dynamic characteristics relate to rapidly varying inputs over time and are represented by differential equations.
3) Measuring instruments are evaluated based on both their static and dynamic characteristics, with static characteristics being most important for time-independent signals.
Scalar quantities have magnitude only, such as length, time, temperature. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, force.
There are two main types of errors in measurement - systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors consistently shift measurements in one direction, such as zero errors or calibration errors. Random errors vary unpredictably between measurements, caused by factors like human error or environmental changes. Precision refers to the consistency of measurements while accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value.
The document discusses key concepts for interpreting clinical biochemical data, including:
1. Calculating measures of central tendency like the mean and measures of variability like the standard deviation and range to establish normal reference values.
2. Factors that determine the validity and reliability of analytical tests, and the importance of quality assurance and quality control.
3. Methods for describing data distribution including the coefficient of variation and using critical differences to determine the clinical significance of changes in serial measurements.
4. Concepts related to screening tests like sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to correctly identify individuals with and without the disease.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of mechanical engineering measurements and control systems. It introduces various measurement techniques including pressure, temperature, mass flow rate, strain, force, and torque. Concepts such as accuracy, precision, resolution, and errors are discussed. An introduction to mechatronic systems including sensors, transducers, and actuation systems like gears, belts, and bearings is provided. Common pressure measurement instruments such as Bourdon tubes and manometers are described. Measurement characteristics such as accuracy, precision, resolution, and different types of errors are also summarized.
This is a summary of the topic "Physical quantities, units and measurement" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This document outlines types of errors in measurement and uncertainty analysis. It discusses procedural, human, random, instrumental, environmental, and approximation errors. It also covers precision versus accuracy, resolution versus sensitivity, and the importance of estimating errors before and during experiments. Methods are provided for estimating errors in individual measurements using least counts, fluctuating displays, steady displays, extrapolating readings, and inability to judge readings clearly. The document stresses estimating uncertainties before experiments to determine needed measurement accuracy and significant figures in reported values.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
2. DEFINITIONS
Metrology is the study of measurements
Measurements are quantitative
observations; numerical descriptions
3. WE WANT TO MAKE GOOD MEASUREMENTS
Making measurements is woven throughout
daily life in a lab.
Often take measurements for granted, but
measurements must be “good”.
What is a “good” measurement?
4. EXAMPLE
A man weighs himself in the morning on his
bathroom scale, 72 Kg.
Later, he weighs himself at the gym, 73 Kg.
8. NOT SURE!! Hmmm
We are not exactly certain of the man’s true
weight because:
❑ Maybe his weight really did change – always
sample issues
❑ Maybe one or both scales are wrong – always
instrument issues
9. DO WE REALLY CARE?
Do you care if he really gained weight?
How many think “give or take” weight is OK?
10. ANOTHER EXAMPLE
Suppose a premature baby is weighed.
The weight is recorded as 5 pounds 8
ounces and the baby is sent home.
Do we care if the scale is off by a pound?
11. MEASUREMENT
Act, or result of a quantitative comparison between
a predetermined standard and an unknown
magnitude.
“whatever exists, exists in some amount”
Scope
Mechanical
M,L,T,
Pressure,
Temp,
Electrical/
Electronics
Transducing
into analogous
electrical qty.
12. “GOOD” MEASUREMENTS
• Standard employed for comparison
accurately defined and commonly accepted
• The apparatus used and method adopted for
comparison must be provable
• Standard must be prescribed, and described
by legal or recognized authority (IBS, ISO)
Signal
Analog
Digital
Low/no noise
problem
Simple data
transmission
Direct display
13. INSTRUMENTATION
Technology of using instruments to measure/control
physical/ chemical properties
STANDARDS ARE:
Physical objects, the properties of which are
known with sufficient accuracy to be used to
evaluate other items.
14. STANDARS OF MEASUREMENTS
1. Line Standard: When length is measured as
the distance between center of two engraved
lines. eg: Yard, meter
a) Imperial Standard Yard: distance between two
center transverse lines on the plugs when temp 62° F
15. STANDARS OF MEASUREMENTS
b) International Standard meter: International
Bureau of weight and measurement. 102 cm length.
Distance between center portion two engraved lines 0°C
Conversion Factors:
1 meter = 39.370113 “
1 Yard = 0.9144m =3 feet
1 inch = 25.399978 mm
16. Easy to Use over wide range
Rapid results
Not accurate due to thickness of
engraved lines
Not convenient for close tolerance
Problem of alignment due to absence
of built in datum
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINE STANDARD
18. Primary
Standard
Highest Standard
Copies of international
prototypes kept
throughout the world
national std
labs/institutes
Verification and
calibration of
secondary standard
Secondary
Standard
Reference calibrated
standard designed &
calibrated from
primary standard
Kept by measurement
labs/ institutes to
check and calibrate
the general tool.
Working
Standard
Low Accuracy then
secondary
Used by worker who
carry out the
measurements
19. END STANDARD
Length is expressed as distance between two flat parallel
faces. Eg. Varnier calliper, micrometer, slip gauges.
Very accurate, used for precise measurement
Tolerance up-to 0.0005 mm
Not subjected to parallax error
Subjected to wear on their measuring faces, must carefully handling
Time consuming
20.
21. WAVELENGTH STANDARD
Sir Jacques Babinet 1829 suggested wavelength of monochromatic can be
used natural and invariable unit of length.
1960 orange radiation of isotope Kr-86 chosen for define length . 1 meter
length equal to 1650763.73 wavelength of red orange radiation of Kr-86
1983, meter may be defined as path travel by light in vacuum in 0.9144/299792458
sec i.e 3x10-9 sec.
Not changed with variation of environmental condition
Reproducible easily, available with all time
No need to preserve, no fear of destruction
Easily available
Error of reproduction is very less
22. 22
Units of Measurement
SI Units published by BIPM(Bureau of Weights and Measures)
Base Units…
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol
23. STANDARDS ARE AFFECTED BY THE
ENVIRONMENT
Units are unaffected by the
environment, but standards are
❑ Example, Pharaoh’s arm length might
change
❑ Example, a ruler is a physical
embodiment of centimeters
◼ Can change with temperature
◼ But cm doesn’t change
34. Physical System Sensor Transducer
Manipulator
Data Presentation
• Controller
• Indicator
• Recorder
Measurement System
35. Instrumentation
Absolute and secondary
Analog and digital
Mechanical/
Electrical/Electronics
Manual/ Automatic
Self contained/remote
indicating
Self operated/ power operated
Deflection/null output
Classification of Instrumentation
36. FACTORS FOR SELECTION OF INSTRUMENTS
▪ Accuracy
▪ When final data required (time taken)
▪ Cost
▪ In what form data displayed (Indicating,
Recording)
▪ Whether quantity constant/ Time variant
“Never demand an accuracy of measurement
higher than that which is needed, and never forget
that each degree of accuracy is likely to have
disproportionate effect on complexity and cost of
apparatus”
37. FUNCTION OF INSTRUMENTS
• Indicating Function
• Recording Function
• Controlling Function
APPLICATION OF MEASUREMENT
• Monitoring of Process/Operation
• Control of Process/Operation
• Experimental engineering analysis
38. Definition related to measuring instruments
• True or Actual Value
• Indicated value
• Range
• Sensitivity
• Repeatability
• Hysteresis
• Response Time
• Calibration
• Uncertainty of measurement
• Interchangeability a) Universal b) Local
• Magnification:
39. TOLERANCE IS:
Amount of error that is allowed in the
calibration of a particular item. National and
international standards specify tolerances.
Standards for balance calibration can have slight
variation from “true” value
❑ Highest quality 100 g standards have a tolerance
of + 2.5 mg
❑ 99.99975-100.00025 g
❑ Leads to uncertainty in all weight measurements
40. ACCURACY AND PRECISION
Accuracy is how close an individual value is to the true or
accepted value, refer to single measurement.
Precision is the consistency of a series of measurements
41.
42.
43.
44.
45. ERROR IS:
Error is responsible for the difference between a
measured value and the “true” value
% error or Relative error = True value – measured value X 100%
True value
Absolute error = True value – measured value
48. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
• Are repeated consistently with repetition of
experiment, Controllable in Nature
• Many causes, contaminated solutions, malfunctioning
instruments, temperature fluctuations, etc.
Instrumental Error
• Shortcoming in instrument
• Misuse
• Loading effect
Environmental Error
Observational
Error
• Parallax
• Wrong scale reading
• Inaccurate estimate of average reading
• Tendency to read high or low
49. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Technician controls sources of
systematic error and should try to
eliminate them, if possible
❑ Temperature effects
❑ Humidity effects
❑ Calibration of instruments
❑ Etc.
50.
51. RANDOM ERROR
In U.S., weigh particular 10 g standard
every day. They see:
❑ 9.999590 g, 9.999601 g, 9.999592 g
….
What do you think about this?
52. RANDOM ERROR
Variability
No one knows why
They correct for humidity, barometric pressure,
temperature
Error that cannot be eliminated. Called “random
error”
Do you think that repeating the measurement over
and over would allow us to be more certain of the
“true” weight of this standard?
53. RANDOM ERROR
Yes, because in the presence of only
random error, the mean is more likely to be
correct if repeat the measurement many
times
54. THERE IS ALWAYS
RANDOM ERROR
If can’t see it, system isn’t sensitive
enough
Less sensitive balance: 10.00 g,
10.00 g, 10.00 g
Versus 9.999600 g…
55. SO…
Can we ever be positive of true weight
of that standard?
No
There is uncertainty in every weight
measurement
56. SOURCES OF ERRORS
• NOISE
• RESPONSE TIME
• DESIGN LIMITATION
• TRANSMISSION
• DETERIORATION OF MEASURING
SYSTEM
• AMBIENT INFLUENCES
• ERROR IN OBSERVATION
• METHOD OF LOCATION OF INSTRUMENT
57.
58.
59.
60. • SINGLE SAMPLE TEST
• MULTI SAMPLE TEST
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS OF DATA
• ARITHMETIC MEAN
• GEOMETRIC MEAN
• MEDIAN
• MODE
STATISTICAL
AVERAGE
• DEVIATION: Departure of observed
reading from AM of group of reading
• AVERAGE DEVIATION: Sum of absolute
values of deviation divided by no. of
reading
• STANDARD DEVIATION: square root of
the sum of individual deviation squared
divided by no. of reading
• VARIENCE: square of Standard Deviation
DISPERSION
FROM MEAN
67. EXPRESS PRECISION
Standard deviation
❑ Expression of variability
❑ Take the mean (average)
❑ Calculate how much each
measurement deviates from mean
❑ Take an average of the deviation, so it
is the average deviation from the
mean
69. Match these descriptions with the 4 distributions in
the figure:
Good precision, poor accuracy
Good accuracy, poor precision
Good accuracy, good precision
Poor accuracy, poor precision
70. METROLOGISTS
Metrologists try to figure out all the possible
sources of uncertainty and estimate their
magnitude
One or another factor may be more
significant. For example, when measuring
very short lengths with micrometers, care a
lot about repeatability. But, with
measurements of longer lengths,
temperature effects are far more important
71. ROUNDING
A Biotechnology company specifies that
the level of RNA impurities in a certain
product must be less than or equal to
0.02%. If the level of RNA in a particular
lot is 0.024%, does that lot meet the
specifications?