The document discusses analog and digital medical images. It notes that analog images are continuous representations of brightness or color, while digital images represent images as a matrix of pixels with numerical values. The advantages of digital images include easier processing, storage, and transfer by computer systems. It also discusses key aspects of digital medical images like pixel bit depth, resolution, matrix size, and compression.

1. 2 nd Class
Dr.F.Jahedi
jahedif@gmail.com
http://www.jahedif.com

2.  Analog images
 Digital images

3.  Type of images that we, as humans, look at.
 They include such things as photographs, paintings, TV
images, and all of our medical images recorded on film or
displayed on various display devices, like computer
monitors.
 What we see in an analog image is various levels of
brightness (or film density) and colors.
 It is generally continuous and not broken into many small
individual pieces.

4.  Are recorded as many numbers.
 The image is divided into a matrix or array of small picture
elements, or pixels.
 Each pixel is represented by a numerical value.
 The advantage of digital images is that they can be
processed, in many ways, by computer systems.

5. 1. Change
2. Storage
3. Transfer

6.  Image reconstruction (CT, MRI, SPECT, PET, etc)
 Image reformatting (Multi-plane, multi-view reconstructions)
 Wide (dynamic) range image data acquisition (CT, digital
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radiography, etc)
Image processing (to change contrast and other quality
characteristics)
Fast image storage and retrieval
Fast and high-quality image distribution (PACS, Teleradiology)
Controlled viewing (windowing, zooming, etc)
Image analysis (measurements, calculation of various
parameters, computer aided diagnosis, etc)

8.  Each pixel is represented by a numerical value.
 In general, the pixel value is related to the brightness or
color
 That we will see when the digital image is converted into an
analog image for display and viewing.
 At the time of viewing, the actual relationship between a
pixel numerical value and it's displayed brightness is
determined by the adjustments of the window control.

9. Samplings
+
Imaginary
Sampling
Grid
Analog Image
Continuous Values
=
Image
Matrix
Pixel Code Values
0 to 255
Digital Image
Discrete Values

10. Analog
Digital
AD Conversion
For human viewing
For computer
viewing

13. •One of the limitations is the
range of values that can be
written with a specific
number of bits (binary
digits).
•By using four bits:
•16 different values because there are 16 ways the four
bits can be marked.
•The range of possible values is increased by using more
bits.
•The range (number of possible values) is the number 2
multiplied by itself, or raised to the power, by the number
of bits.

14.  Is the number of
bits that have
been made
available in the
digital system to
represent each
pixel in the
image.
This is smaller than would be used in
any actual medical image because with
four bits, a pixel would be limited to
having only 16 different values
(brightness levels or shades of gray).

15.  When the pixel
bit depth is
increased to
eight bits, a
pixel can then
have 256
different values
(brightness
levels, shades of
gray, etc).

16.  Image resolution describes the detail an image holds
 The term resolution is often used as a pixel count in
digital imaging
 An image that is 2048 pixels in width and 1536 pixels in
height has a total of 2048 1536 = 3,145,728 pixels or 3.1
megapixels

21. Different bit depths and possible brightness levels
•1st image A pixel can
have only two
possible values,
BLACK or WHITE.
•2nd image, four bits
per pixel, is limited to
16 different
brightness levels
(shades of gray)
•3rd image, eight bits per pixel, can display 256 different
brightness levels. This is generally adequate for human
viewing.

22.  When an image is in
digital form, it is
actually blurred by the
size of the pixel.
 This is because all
anatomical detail within
an individual pixel is
"blurred together" and
represented by one
number.
 The physical size of a
pixel, relative to the
anatomical objects, is
the amount of blurring
added to the imaging
process by the digitizing
of the image.
 Here we see that an image with
small pixels (less blurring) displays
much more detail than an image
made up of larger pixels.

23.  The size of a pixel is
determined by the
ratio of the actual
image size and the
size of the image
matrix.
 Image size
dimensions of the
field of view (FOV)  Matrix size: number of pixels along the
within the patient's
length and width of an image.
body
 This can be the same in both directions,
 not the size of a
displayed image
but generally it will be different for
rectangular images to produce
relatively square pixels.

24.  Increasing the
matrix size, for
example from
1024 to 2048
pixels, without
changing the
image field of
view, will
produce
smaller pixels.
 This will
generally reduce
blurring and
improve image
detail.

25.  Different matrix sizes are used for the different
imaging modalities
 This is to produce a pixel size that is
compatible with
 Blurring
 Detail characteristics of each modality.
 With many modalities, the matrix size can be
adjusted by the operator to optimize:
 Image quality
 Imaging procedure

26. 
1. The number of
pixels which is found by
multiplying the pixel
length and width of the
image.

2. The bit depth (bits
per pixel). This is
usually in the range of
8-16 bits, or 1-2 bytes,
per pixel.
 The larger the image (numerically),
 the more memory and disk
storage space is required,
 more time for processing and
distribution of images is required.

27.  Image compression is the process of reducing the numerical size of digital
images.
 There are many different mathematical methods used for image
compression.
 The level of compression is the factor by which the numerical size is
reduced. It depends on the compression method and the selected level of
compression.
 Lossless compression is when there is no loss of image quality, and is
commonly used in many medical applications.
 Lossy compression results in some loss of image quality and must be used
with care for diagnostic images.