talking about these styles and how they are used in architecture, while also stating their characteristics and notable architects

1. INTRODUCTION TO LATE
POSTMODERNISM & AND THE
FOLLOWING ARCHITECTURE STYLES
THAT EMERGED DURING THIS ERA

2. The late ages of postmodernism have
been shunned out but has recently
been revisited and it’s experiencing a
resurgence and the style has been
brought back. The begging of it in the
20th century till now it has brought
back and Terry feral said
"A generation is emerging that is
hungry once for a theoretically rich,
culturally embedded architecture that
engages the past, the future, and the
weighty abundance and horror of the
present in all its glorious vulgarity,
And as this movement of
postmodernism started it also
influenced some of the styles that
emerged thought the ages of 1960 till
this day
Which include
Metabolism. Deconstruction. Folding
architecture
Introduction

3. The word metabolism describe the process of maintaining a living
cell. It started in Japan in 1960, after the war.

4.  It doesn’t have a rigid form, it’s ever
changing ( organic )
 It can be replaced as building block
erodes
 Large scale structures capable of
growing organically in different
direction (vertically and horizontally)
 It can be recycled
 Can be expanded and contracted if
needed
 Sustainable architecture

5. Kisho Kurokawa,
 Shizuoka Press and
Broadcasting Center
 Nakagin Capsule Tower

6. Kiyonori Kikutake
Sky house
Hotel Tōkōen

7. Brief info:
 Housing complex are of each
apartment: 60 and 160 sqm
 Designed by: Moshe Safdie
 Build year: 1967
 Housing unit: 158 residential units
 Area: Montreal-Quebec Canada
Habitat 67
This 1967 experiment in modular architecture was designed to be
a new model

8. • Made using 354 identical and
completely prefabricated modules
(boxes)
• Formed by a group of one to four of the
600 square-foot “boxes” in different
configurations.
• Each apartment is reached through a
series of pedestrian streets and bridges,
along with three vertical cores of
elevators for the top floors.
• A single module measures 11.3m X 5.3m
X 3.0m
• residents have been able to take over
adjoining modules, when they need
more space.

9. Brief info:
 Architects: Safdie Architects
 Location: Bishan, Singapore
 Site Area: 12,000 sqm
 Gross Floor Area: 60,000 sqm
 Project Year: 2015
 Housing units: contain a
 total of 509 apartments
Sky Habitat Singapore / Safdie Architects

10.  this 38-story residential complex explores the balance
of high-density
 living with humanistic concepts of community,
landscape, gardens, and daylight.
 Sky Habitat is a three-dimensional matrix of homes
with private terraces, balconies, and common
gardens, bringing landscape into the air and
maintaining porosity on the skyline.
 The complex’s strong stepped form recalls
developments and provides for lush vertical greenery,
multiple orientations relative to the sun, naturally
ventilated units, and generous views, all without
compromising planning or structural efficiency.
Sky Habitat Singapore
Characteristic

11.  Habitat 67
 Less dense structure
 Made of precast concrete structure
stacked upon each other. With cores
 Kept the concept to its principle and
didn’t deviate from it
 Used the concept as a mean to get the
façade to work with the structure
 Sky habitat
 More dense structure
 constructed of cast-in-place concrete
with core and finished with a skim coat
and paint finish
 Rather than following the concept, it
used it as a stepping stone
 The concept as a way to establish
metabolistic characters

12.  Metabolism can be used in many type of building as it is a versatile type of
architectural style, but it’s still has limits which prevent its use in buildings that
have many types of room sizes, which will defeat the purpose of the style.
 The ultimate goal of this style is the idea of sustainable architecture which they
have shown in the building that have been constructed in this style which are still
present to this day.
 As seen in the previous examples the main use of this style is for residential
buildings as the use of building units are highly recommended in this style.

13. Folding is relatively an ancient
tendency in contemporary
architecture. Traditional
cultures – Japanese art
(origami)- have used paper
folding to create a given result
by using geometric folds and
crease patterns preferably
without the use of gluing or
cutting the paper medium

14.  1-Unfold:
 Which revolves around having
one plain and working on it as
one piece

15.  2- continuity
Is the process of going with one
continuous direction that is
connected

16.  3-More Dynamic

17.  Our interest lies on the
morphogenetic process, the
sequence of transformations that
affect the design object.
Considering this an open and
dynamic development where the
design evolves with alternate
periods of disequilibrium, we can
appreciate the function of folding
as a design generator by phase
transition, that is, critical
thresholds where qualitative
transformations occur
Peter Eisenman - BFL Software Limited Bangalore - 1996

18.  Brief info : Folded structures started to
appear in the beginning of the 20th century
due to the search for efficient and light
structures. Modern materials like reinforced
concrete gave new possibilities
 folded plate structures are thin rigid
structural surfaces that are active in beam or
plate
 action and which, due to their efficient use
of material, can span remarkable lengths.
 They are structurally efficient in terms of
material use.

19.  Folded plate surfaces
Air force academy chapel in USA. Constructed in 1962

20.  Folded plate frames
Yokohama international passenger terminal
Constructed between 1889 and 1896

21.  Spatial folded plate structures
Tempodrom Berlin finished in 1980

22. 1.The fold the infinite work in process .not now to conclude but how continue to
bring to infinity .
2.The inside and the outside :infinity fold separates or moves between matter and
soul .the façade and the closed room .the inside and the outside .
3.The high and low :being divided into folds .the fold greatly expands on both sides
thus connecting the high and low .
4.The unfold :not as the contrary to the fold but as the continuation of this act .
5.Textures :as resistance of the material the way a material is folded constitutes its
texture .
6.The paradigm : the fold of the fabric must not conceal its formal expression .

23. Brief info :
Architects: Architects 49
Location: Liap Khlong Soi Ti 6, Thailand
Area: 26000.0 m2
Project Year: 2010
The Bangkok University Landmark Complex is
initiated on the necessities that are to reorganize
the frontal area of the campus and to create an
outstanding approach for the campus’s entrance. In
addition to the mentioned requirements, the School
of Business Management also required some
supplementary facilities, for example, classrooms,
seminar rooms, lecturers’ office, lecture halls.
Similar Example : BU Landmark Complex /
Architects

24. Concept:
It draws it’s concept from a
diamond and wants to give the
students the environment that
gives of a creative vibe that will
motivate the students and
slowly turning them into
diamonds

25.  these graphs shows the folded and unfolded
forms of the structure
 as the 3d shows the structure of the building
 the elevation shows the aluminum frame work
that encases the façade

26. USAFA Cadet Chapel / Walter Netsch of Skidmore,
Owings, & Merrill
•Architects
Walter Netsch of Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill
Location
El Paso, CO, USA
Architect
Walter Netsch of Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill
References
Courtesy of Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill. Also, TIME.com
Project Year
1962
Photographs
Balthazar Korab, Stewarts Commercial Photography, Hedrich Blessing

27. USAFA Cadet Chapel / Walter Netsch of Skidmore,
Owings, & Merrill
 Concept from catholic church
(CLASSIC FORM)

28. Peace Pentagon New York,
Axis Mundi Design LLC ,2016
 Concept: the structure in tinted,
triangulated, prismatic glass. This
injects a dramatic new geometry
into the streetscape. But because it
reflects faceted views of its
surroundings, the façade also
represents a kind of diversity of
perception (the lifeblood of
activism). Perforated metal panels
alternating with the glass modulate
the light entering the building,
much as a bris soleil does,
energizing the interior spaces and
making them more visually and
socially dynamic.

29. Ali Rahim - Variations - Islamabad - 2001
Greg Lynn - H2 House - 1996
Mark Goultorpe dECOI - Ether/I

30.  Most building that do folding style bring old concept of buildings like for example a
catholic church that has a gothic appearance and redesign it by using folding
techniques to give it it’s current form. Like the previous examples.
 The style was used to give ordinary form like a cube or rectangle or any other, a more
dynamic appearance
 This style is currently in the developing stages because of the hindrance of the
structural capabilities of the past.
 This style is also being used to accommodate large spaces, as it has the ability to
create spaces that are free from columns by using the frame structure.

32.  It is an architectural movement
that began in the early 1980s. It
was thought to be against post-
modernism, but later on became a
part of it.It’s is influenced by the
theory of “deconstruction” of
Jacques Derrida. There are two
types of deconstructive architects,
the ones who followed
Derrida(Peter Eisenman, Rem
Koolhasas) And the ones who
didn’t (Zaha Hadid, Frank Gehry),
but their architectural
fundamentals stayed that same.

33.  It is characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry
 It’s characterized by fragmentation, and interest in manipulating a
structure’s surface or skin thorugh transform the basic volumes of
architecture (Cube, Cuboid, Pyramid & sphere) in order to recombine it
in a new hybrid shapes

34.  Deconstructivism rejected
the postmodern
acceptance of the
historical references, as
well as the idea of
ornament as an after-
thought or decoration.
 Deconstructivism
attempts to move away
from the supposedly
constricting ‘rules’ of
modernism such as

35.  Derridean (Peter Eisenman)
 None Derridean ( Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhasas)
Dancing House by Frank Gehry CCTV Headquarters by Rem Koolhaas Heyder Alieve Center by Zaha HadidWalt Disney Hall by Frank Gehry

36. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
House VI (Early Example)
 Built 1972-1975 in USA
 Peter Eisenman was Called
paper architect for this style
before being one of the pillars of
deconstructivism (derrida)
 This house was meant to look
like a sculpture in its site
 The Artistic aspect of it was
prioritized and its function was
given the least priority
Over View

37. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
House VI (Early Example)
 a limited set of rules (shift, rotation,
compression, extension) was applied
to a limited set of elements (cubic
volume, vertical planes, spatial nine-
square grid).
 It was built with simple post and
beam system. However some
columns or beams play no structural
role and are incorporated to enhance
the conceptual design
 Then basic elements such as line,
plane, and volume were set into
motion, resulting in an object that
appeared to “design itself.”
 In fact they wanted to affect its
inhabitant lifestyle according to the
architectural aspect of the form
Form

38. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
House VI (Early Example)
 It was built with simple post and beam system.
However some columns or beams play no structural
role and are incorporated to enhance the conceptual
design
 In fact they wanted to affect its inhabitant lifestyle
according to the architectural aspect of the form
Function

39. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
City of Culture (Late Example)
 Built 2011 in Spain
 It consists of 6 Buildings: Museum, Art Center,
Library, Archive, Music Theatre, Cultural Center
 In this Example deconstructivism is intensely used
Over View

40. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
City of Culture (Late Example)
 The forms of the buildings, related but different, seem to
roll out of the landscape and echo the shape of the
surrounding hills
 the project emerges as a curving surface that is neither
figure nor ground but both a figured ground
Form

41. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
City of Culture (Late Example)
 The layout of the project is adapted from shape of
sea shell
 But the form shape and movement is adapted from
topography of site and hills around it
Function

42. Peter Eisenman (Derridean)
City of Culture (Late Example)
 The curves in the interior ceilings
express coninuty of those hill even
inside.
Interior

43. House VI
 Some points of Deconstructivism
were visible
 Used Paper Architecture Style
 Used extentions as Decoration
 Form is given Priority
 Used planes and Cubes
City OF Cuture
 Used all means of
Deconstructivism
 Used Derridean Deconstructivism
 Used Main for as the main
decoration
 Form is given Priority
 Used fluidity to express curvature
of hills

44. Deconstructivism
.fluidity
.Gravity
“dyfing
.fragmentar
y
.revolutionar
y
Her style is deconsructivism that encourage radical freedom of form
and the open manifestation of complexity in a building rather than
strict attention to functional corners and conventional design element
as(right angles or grids) using light volume ,sharps,angular forms,the
play of light and the integration of the buildings with the landscape

45. Examples
VITRA FIRE STATION King Abdullah Petroleum

46. Architects: Zaha Hadid
Architects
Location: Charles-Eames-Straße
2, 79576, Germany
Area: 852.0 m2
Project Year: 1993

47. .(Abstraction )offered her a vision for the
trajectory of lines and her works are generated by
having the eagerness to follow a line and imagine
it when it change and distorts in a project while it
moves through light and shadow areas
.The Fire Station was the first international
design work of Zaha Hadid and demonstrates her
technique of mixing polygons with triangular
structures, getting a sense of movement
characteristic of her designs.
Brief information

48. Architects: Zaha Hadid
Location: University Road
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Area :70000.0 m2
Project Year :2017

49. the architectural vision for
a center focused on
technical and
environmental corners
endeavors to create an
organic form a structure
capable of continual
expansion and
transformation rising as a
cellular structure of
crystalline forms from the
desert landscape a strong
protective outer shell
concealing soft porous
sheltered courtyards
within

50. VITRA FIRE
STATION
King Abdullah Petroleum
..The style is
deconstruction bot
it is non digital
architecture
Digital Architecture: is a field of engineering that
utilises digital media in the process of its
architectural design. Digital Architecture will help
in designing the concept, design development, and
detail designing of the architecture's form
..The style is
deconstruction
but it is digital
architecture

51. Metabolism
 Metabolism can be used in many
type of building as it is a versatile
type of architectural style, but it’s
still has limits which prevent its
use in buildings that have many
types of room sizes, which will
defeat the purpose of the style.
 The ultimate goal of this style is
the idea of sustainable
architecture which they have
shown in the building that have
been constructed in this style
which are still present to this day.
 As seen in the previous examples
the main use of this style is for
residential buildings as the use of
building units are highly
recommended in this style.
Deconstructivism
 It has no harmony, continuity,
or symmetry
 It uses fragmentation,
Manipulation and
transformation of basic
volumes
 It doesn’t use classic elements
nor decoration extensions
 Function follows form and it
avoids purity of form and
truth of material
Folding
• Most building that do folding style
bring old concept of buildings like for
example a catholic church that has a
gothic appearance and redesign it by
using folding techniques to give it it’s
current form. Like the previous
examples.
• The style was used to give ordinary
form like a cube or rectangle or any
other, a more dynamic appearance
• This style is currently in the
developing stages because of the
hindrance of the structural
capabilities of the past.
• This style is also being used to
accommodate large spaces, as it has
the ability to create spaces that are
free from columns by using the frame
structure.

52.  FOLDING ARCHITECTURE , SOPHYA VIA ZEVOTY
 The Architectural Record. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 2011-12-03
 Derrida, Jacques Of Grammatology. (1976).
 Metabolism in architecture. By Kisho Kurokawa May 19, 1977