This document provides an overview of programming in Java. It outlines the course objectives which are to teach object-oriented programming fundamentals in Java, how to develop Java applications and applets, and create GUI-based apps that run across platforms. It then lists some reference books and introduces basic concepts like Java's history, data types, variables, and control structures. The document also compares Java to C/C++ and outlines the Java compilation and interpretation process.

1. PROGRAMMING IN JAVA
Dr.K.Kalaiselvi
Dept of Computer Science
Kristu Jayanti college
Bangalore

2. Course Objective
To inculcate knowledge about the fundamentals of OOPs(Object
oriented programming)
To provide knowledge about developing java applications and
applets
Creating GUI based Java apps and applets that run in a consistent
manner across all platforms. (swings).

3. 1. Balagurusamy.E. Programming with JAVA a Primer.
NewDelhi : Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company
Limited.
2.Herbert Schildt. The Complete Reference- Java (7th ed.).
New Delhi : Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited.
Refer : http://javabeginnerstutorial.com/core-java/
Books & References

4. Introduction to java
Unit-1
4

5. • Object oriented programming concepts
• Structure of Java programs
• Compiling and running the program
• Printing messages to the screen
Learning outcome of this unit

6. 6
UNIT1:IntroductiontoJavaandFeaturesofJava10hrs
History; Evolution of Java; How Java changed internet; Fundamentals of object-Oriented
programming; Basic concepts of object-oriented programming; Benefits of object-oriented
programming; Features of Java; How Java differs from C And C++; Overview of Java; Simple
Java program; Structure; Java development kit (JDK); Java interpreter; Java virtual machine.
Data types; Variable; Type conversion and casting; Operators and expressions; Programming
structure; Operators and expressions; Decision-making and branching: If; If.. Else; Nested If;
Switch; ?: Operator; Looping: While; Do; For – Jumps In Loops - Labeled loops; Array – Types
ofarrays;Stringhandling.

7. Some Basics
Q. What is a program?
Ans. A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret
and execute.
Q. Why Java and not Hindi / Marathi / English?
Ans. Since, so far, computer is not intelligent enough to
understand natural languages.

8. Contents
 History
 First Java Application
 Data types
 Variables
 Strings
 Assignments
 Math, Boolean expressions
 Relational operations
 If statements
 System.exit
8

9. What is java?
 A general-purpose object-oriented language.
 Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA).
 Designed for easy Web/Internet applications.
 Widespread acceptance.

10. Very Brief History
 Started in 1991 by SUN Microsystems
 Targeted at consumer electronics. Wanted reliable programming language.
 Integrated into browsers
 Evolved into write once run anywhere, integrates into Netscape
 General purpose libraries released
10

11. 11 A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
A programming language employs a set of rules that
dictate how the words and symbols can be put together to
form valid program statements
The Java programming language was created by Sun
Microsystems, Inc.
It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has grown
quickly since

12. History
James Gosling - Sun Microsystems
Co founder – Vinod Khosla
Oak - Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
JDK Evolutions
 JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)
 JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)
 J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)
 J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)
 J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)
 J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)
 Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)
 Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)

13. Cont..
Java Editions.
 J2SE(Java 2 Standard Edition) - to develop client-side standalone applications or
applets.
 J2ME(Java 2 Micro Edition ) - to develop applications for mobile devices such as cell
phones.
 J2EE(Java 2 Enterprise Edition ) - to develop server-side applications such as Java
servlets and Java ServerPages.

14. Development Environments
 There are many programs that support the development of Java software, including:
 Sun Java Development Kit (JDK)
 Sun NetBeans
 IBM Eclipse
 Borland JBuilder
 MetroWerks CodeWarrior
 BlueJ
 Jgrasp
 Though the details of these environments differ, the basic compilation and execution
process is essentially the same
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15. Java Attributes/Features
 Familiar, Simple, Small
 Compiled and Interpreted
 Platform-Independent and Portable
 Object-Oriented
 Robust and Secure
 Distributed
 Multithreaded and Interactive
 High Performance
 Dynamic and Extensible

16. 16
Object-Oriented Software Development
problem solving
program design, implementation, and testing
object-oriented concepts
classes
objects
Data Abstraction & encapsulation
Dynamic Binding
inheritance
Polymorphism
Message communication
graphical user interfaces

17. 17
BENEFITS OF OOPS
1. Data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs.
2. Possible to have multiple objects to coexist without any interference.
3. Easy to partition the work in a project based on objects .
4. Message passing between objects makes the interface description with external
systems much simple.
5. Software complexity can be easily managed.
APPLICATIONS OF OOP``
1. Real time systems
2. Simulation and modeling
3. Object oriented DB
4. Hypertext, hypermedia
5. AI & expert systems
6. Neural networks and parallel programming
7. Office automation system

18. 18
In the Java programming language:
A program is made up of one or more
classes
A class contains one or more methods
A method contains program statements
These terms will be explored in detail
throughout the course
A Java application always contains a method
called main

19. Programming Languages
 Each type of CPU executes only a particular machine language
 A program must be translated into machine language before it can be executed
 A compiler is a software tool which translates source code into a specific target
language
 Often, that target language is the machine language for a particular CPU type
 The Java approach is somewhat different
1-19

20. Java Translation
 The Java compiler translates Java source code into a special representation called
bytecode
 Java bytecode is not the machine language for any traditional CPU
 Another software tool, called an interpreter, translates bytecode into machine
language and executes it.
 Therefore the Java compiler is not tied to any particular machine
 Java is considered to be architecture-neutral
1-20

21. Java Translation (JVM)
Java source
code
Machine
code
Java
bytecode
Bytecode
interpreter
Bytecode
compiler
Java
compiler
• JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
• JUST IN TIME (JIT) EXECUTION.
• PLATFORM INDEPENDENT.
• INTERNET LANGUAGE ??

22. Java is Compiled and Interpreted
Text Editor Compiler Interpreter
Programmer
Source Code
.java file
Byte Code
.class file
Hardware and
Operating System
Notepad,
emacs,vi
javac java
appletviewer
netscape

23. Compiled Languages
Text Editor Compiler linker
Programmer
Source Code
.c file
Object Code
.o file
Notepad,
emacs,vi
gcc
Executable
Code
a.out file

24. Total Platform Independence
JAVA COMPILER
JAVA BYTE CODE
JAVA INTERPRETER
Windows 95 Macintosh Solaris Windows NT
(translator)
(same for all platforms)
(one for each different system)

25. Architecture Neutral & Portable
 Java Compiler - Java source code (file with extension .java) to
bytecode (file with extension .class)
 Bytecode - an intermediate form, closer to machine representation
 A interpreter (virtual machine) on any target platform interprets the
bytecode.

26. Architecture Neutral & Portable
 Porting the java system to any new platform involves writing an interpreter.
 The interpreter will figure out what the equivalent machine dependent code to run

27. Java better than C++ ?
 No Typedefs, Defines, or Preprocessor
 No Global Variables
 No Goto statements
 No Pointers
 No Unsafe Structures
 No Multiple Inheritance
 No Operator Overloading
 No Automatic Coercions
 No Fragile Data Types

28. Java Applications
 We can develop two types of Java programs:
 Stand-alone applications
 Web applications (applets)

29. Applications v/s Applets
 Different ways to run a Java executable are:
Application- A stand-alone program that can be invoked from command line . A
program that has a “main” method
Applet- A program embedded in a web page , to be run when the page is browsed . A
program that contains no “main” method

30. Applets v/s Applications
 Different ways to run a Java executable are
Application- A stand-alone program that can be invoked from command line . A
program that has a “main” method
Applet- A program embedded in a web page , to be run when the page is browsed . A
program that contains no “main” method
 Application –Executed by the Java interpreter.
 Applet- Java enabled web browser.

31. Syntax and Semantics
 The syntax rules of a language define how we can put together symbols, reserved
words, and identifiers to make a valid program
 The semantics of a program statement define what that statement means (its
purpose or role in a program)
 A program that is syntactically correct is not necessarily logically (semantically)
correct
 A program will always do what we tell it to do, not what we meant to tell it to do
1-31

32. Errors
 A program can have three types of errors
 The compiler will find syntax errors and other basic problems (compile-time errors)
 If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the program is not created
 A problem can occur during program execution, such as trying to divide by zero,
which causes a program to terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
 A program may run, but produce incorrect results, perhaps using an incorrect formula
(logical errors)
1-32

33. Basic Program Development
1-33
errors
errors
Edit and
save program
Compile program
Execute program and
evaluate results

34. How is Java different from C…
 C Language:
 Major difference is that C is a structure oriented language and Java is
an object oriented language and has mechanism to define classes and
objects.
 Java does not support an explicit pointer type
 Java does not have preprocessor, so we cant use #define, #include and
#ifdef statements.
 Java does not include structures, unions and enum data types.
 Java does not include keywords like goto, sizeof and typedef.
 Java adds labeled break and continue statements.
 Java adds many features required for object oriented programming.

35. How is Java different from C++…
 C++ language
Features removed in java:
 Java doesn’t support pointers to avoid unauthorized access of memory locations.
 Java does not include structures, unions and enum data types.
 Java does not support operator over loading.
 Preprocessor plays less important role in C++ and so eliminated entirely in java.
 Java does not perform automatic type conversions that result in loss of precision.

36. Cont…
 Java does not support global variables. Every method and variable is
declared within a class and forms part of that class.
 Java does not allow default arguments.
 Java does not support inheritance of multiple super classes by a sub class
(i.e., multiple inheritance). This is accomplished by using ‘interface’ concept.
 It is not possible to declare unsigned integers in java.
 In java objects are passed by reference only. In C++ objects may be passed
by value or reference.

37. Cont …
New features added in Java:
 Multithreading, that allows two or more pieces of the same program to execute
concurrently.
 C++ has a set of library functions that use a common header file. But java replaces it
with its own set of API classes.
 It adds packages and interfaces.
 Java supports automatic garbage collection.
 break and continue statements have been enhanced in java to accept labels as targets.
 The use of unicode characters ensures portability.

38. Cont …
Features that differ:
 Though C++ and java supports Boolean data type, C++ takes any
nonzero value as true and zero as false. True and false in java are
predefined literals that are values for a boolean expression.
 Java has replaced the destructor function with a finalize() function.
 C++ supports exception handling that is similar to java's. However,
in C++ there is no requirement that a thrown exception be caught.

39. Characteristics of Java
 Java is simple-C & C++ features are
adapted.
 Java is object-oriented-classes as
packages and objects.
 Java is distributed-it can share both
data and programs.
 Java is compiled & interpreted
 Java is robust
 Java is architecture-neutral
 Java is portable
 Java’s high performance-
Multithreading
 Java is multithreaded-multiple
 Java is dynamic-supports functions of
c & c++
Java is secure

40. Java Environment
 Java includes many development tools, classes and methods
 Development tools are part of Java Development Kit (JDK) and
 The classes and methods are part of Java Standard Library (JSL), also
known as Application Programming Interface (API).
 JDK constitutes of tools like java compiler, java interpreter and
many.
 API includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped into
several packages according to their functionality.

41. First Application
/**
*Hello World, first application, only output.
*/
public class hello{
public static void main (String [] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello Worldn”);
} //end main
}//end class
41

42. public is the visibility. This can be public, private, protected or (if you omit a value)
default.
static is a special [optional] keyword that indicates that this method can be called
without creating an instance of this class. Without it, you have to instantiate this class
and call this method from the resulting object.
void is the return type of this method, indicating that this method doesn't return
anything. Methods must have a return type.
42

43.  main( ... ) is the name of this method. Methods have to be named. The
parentheses indicate that this is a method.
 String[] args is a single parameter for the method. String[] is the type of the
parameter, indicating an array of Strings. args is the name of the parameter.
Parameters must be named.
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44. How to get it running
 Text in hello.java file
 Why?
 To compile:
 javac hello.java
 To run:
 java hello
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45.  Case Sensitivity - Java is case sensitive, which means identifier Hello and hello
would have different meaning in Java.
 Class Names - For all class names the first letter should be in Upper Case.
 If several words are used to form a name of the class, each inner word's first letter
should be in Upper Case.
Example class MyFirstJavaClass
 Method Names - All method names should start with a Lower
Case letter.
If several words are used to form the name of the method,
each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
Example public void myMethodName()

46. Notice:
 Java is CASE SENSITIVE!!
 Whitespace is ignored by compiler
 Whitespace makes things easier to read…hence it affects your grade 
 File name has to be the same as class name in file.
 Need to import necessary class definitions
46

47.  Program File Name - Name of the program file should exactly match the class
name.
When saving the file, you should save it using the class name (Remember Java is
case sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of the name (if the file name and
class name do not match your program will not compile).
Example : Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name. Then the file should
saved as 'MyFirstJavaProgram.java'

48. Java program structure

49.  Thank you..Lets meet in the implementation of OOPs concept in JAVA