This document provides an introduction to ergonomics presented to Russian auto plant trade unionists. It discusses how ergonomics aims to design work to fit the worker rather than forcing the worker to fit the work. The presentation outlines how unions have pressured automakers like Ford to implement ergonomic programs through contract negotiations and fines. Small group work is suggested to analyze jobs and identify risk factors using provided checklists, with the goal of applying ergonomic principles to redesign jobs and reduce risks of injury.
I was asked by Ron Moen to help edit some of the slides and create some charts. This is the entire compilation of slide from this amazing four-day seminar offered by the Deming Institute in 2004.
This is a very short introduction to the works of W. Edwards Deming as presented to the Agile Austin Leadership SIG in June, 2013. If you would like more information, please contact me at andrew.cahoon@clarumgroup.com (@clarum for twitter fans)
I was asked by Ron Moen to help edit some of the slides and create some charts. This is the entire compilation of slide from this amazing four-day seminar offered by the Deming Institute in 2004.
This is a very short introduction to the works of W. Edwards Deming as presented to the Agile Austin Leadership SIG in June, 2013. If you would like more information, please contact me at andrew.cahoon@clarumgroup.com (@clarum for twitter fans)
P1a. Solve the LP using Solvervariablesmaximizeprofitsubject toRu.docxalfred4lewis58146
P1a. Solve the LP using Solvervariablesmaximizeprofitsubject toRubber ConstraintLeather ConstraintProfitRubberLeatherBasketball1234Football1625UsageAvailable500800Profitb.1 What is the sensitivity range of the basket profit? What is the effect on the optimal solution if the profit for basketball changed from $12 to $13?b.2 What is the sensitivity range of the football profit? What is the effect on the optimal solution if the profit for football changed from $16 to $15?c.1What is the slack of rubber?What would be the effect on the optimal solution if 500 additional pounds of rubber could be obtained?c.2What is the slack of leather?What would be the effect on the optimal solution if 500 additional square feet of leather could be obtained?
P2 & P3 & P42.a Formulate the LP modelvariablesmaximizesubject to3.a Solve the LP using SolverProfitLine 1Line 2A9124B748UsageAvailable6040Profit3.bWhat is the slack of Line 1 hours?What is the effect on the optimal solution if the production time on line 1 was reduced to 40 hours from 60?3.cWhat is the sensitivity range of the product B profit?What would be effect on the optimal solution if the profit for product B was increased from 7 to 15?What would be effect on the optimal solution if the profit for product B was increased from 7 to 20?4.aWhat is the sensitivity range of the product A profit?4.bWhat is the shadow price for additional hours of production on line 1?What is the shadow price for additional hours of production on line 2?If the company has a choice to increase additional hours, which line would the company prefer?
P5 & P65.a.1 Formulate and Solve the LPvariablesmaximizeProfitsubject tocotton constraintlabor constraintDemandProfitCottonLaborDemandDenimCorduroyUsageAvailableProfit5.a.2How much extra cotton is left over (slack) at the optimal solution?How much labor is left over (slack) at the optimal solution?5.bWhat is effect on the optimal solution if the profit per yard of denim is increased from 2.25 to 3?What is effect on the optimal solution if the profit per yard of corduroy is increased from 3.10 to 4?5.cWhat would be effect on the optimal solution if Irwin Mils could obtain only 6000 pounds of cotton per month?6.aIf Irwin Mils can obtain additional cotton or processing time, but not both, which should it select? How much?Why?6.bSensitivity range for the objective function coefficients?Sensitivity range for the constraint quantity values?
Justification Report
Name
Course
Date
Background
Seeing the Current situation, D’A Dreamer's catering’s methodology for kitchen respectability, conduct, singular cleanliness, and other work related issues are resolved with rebuffing exercises. In any case, regardless of the way that this is communicated on pages 20-22 of the agent handbook, there is no set system for managers to hold quickly to when dressing these issues. Our current actions start with verbal directing, this framework is has exhibited intense, however in business doc.
The art of problem solving --> ensure you right the right business requiremen...Chris Lamoureux
This presentation was initially developed a couple of years ago and presented to the leadership team of a business banking area in a Global Financial Institution. It's focus was to give the practitioner some philosophical guidance on thinking through problems in the context of writing better business requirements. The goal here was to foster thinking about what problem you are solving for first before jumping into writing business requirements for project related activities
Getting Back to Work: How Employers Can Accommodate an Early Return to Work A...Xenium HR
In this 45-minute webinar, Colleen Harris, of Harris Worksystems and Aubrey Sakaguchi, of Benchmade Knife Company will explain what Oregon’s Employer-at-Injury Program (EAIP) is all about, how employers can utilize the program, and how the EAIP can impact workers’ compensation and an organization’s budget.
This is part two of the Lean UX workshops outlining in a practical way, the Lean UX processes. These workshops are run as part of the Lean UX Labs experiment.
P1a. Solve the LP using Solvervariablesmaximizeprofitsubject toRu.docxalfred4lewis58146
P1a. Solve the LP using Solvervariablesmaximizeprofitsubject toRubber ConstraintLeather ConstraintProfitRubberLeatherBasketball1234Football1625UsageAvailable500800Profitb.1 What is the sensitivity range of the basket profit? What is the effect on the optimal solution if the profit for basketball changed from $12 to $13?b.2 What is the sensitivity range of the football profit? What is the effect on the optimal solution if the profit for football changed from $16 to $15?c.1What is the slack of rubber?What would be the effect on the optimal solution if 500 additional pounds of rubber could be obtained?c.2What is the slack of leather?What would be the effect on the optimal solution if 500 additional square feet of leather could be obtained?
P2 & P3 & P42.a Formulate the LP modelvariablesmaximizesubject to3.a Solve the LP using SolverProfitLine 1Line 2A9124B748UsageAvailable6040Profit3.bWhat is the slack of Line 1 hours?What is the effect on the optimal solution if the production time on line 1 was reduced to 40 hours from 60?3.cWhat is the sensitivity range of the product B profit?What would be effect on the optimal solution if the profit for product B was increased from 7 to 15?What would be effect on the optimal solution if the profit for product B was increased from 7 to 20?4.aWhat is the sensitivity range of the product A profit?4.bWhat is the shadow price for additional hours of production on line 1?What is the shadow price for additional hours of production on line 2?If the company has a choice to increase additional hours, which line would the company prefer?
P5 & P65.a.1 Formulate and Solve the LPvariablesmaximizeProfitsubject tocotton constraintlabor constraintDemandProfitCottonLaborDemandDenimCorduroyUsageAvailableProfit5.a.2How much extra cotton is left over (slack) at the optimal solution?How much labor is left over (slack) at the optimal solution?5.bWhat is effect on the optimal solution if the profit per yard of denim is increased from 2.25 to 3?What is effect on the optimal solution if the profit per yard of corduroy is increased from 3.10 to 4?5.cWhat would be effect on the optimal solution if Irwin Mils could obtain only 6000 pounds of cotton per month?6.aIf Irwin Mils can obtain additional cotton or processing time, but not both, which should it select? How much?Why?6.bSensitivity range for the objective function coefficients?Sensitivity range for the constraint quantity values?
Justification Report
Name
Course
Date
Background
Seeing the Current situation, D’A Dreamer's catering’s methodology for kitchen respectability, conduct, singular cleanliness, and other work related issues are resolved with rebuffing exercises. In any case, regardless of the way that this is communicated on pages 20-22 of the agent handbook, there is no set system for managers to hold quickly to when dressing these issues. Our current actions start with verbal directing, this framework is has exhibited intense, however in business doc.
The art of problem solving --> ensure you right the right business requiremen...Chris Lamoureux
This presentation was initially developed a couple of years ago and presented to the leadership team of a business banking area in a Global Financial Institution. It's focus was to give the practitioner some philosophical guidance on thinking through problems in the context of writing better business requirements. The goal here was to foster thinking about what problem you are solving for first before jumping into writing business requirements for project related activities
Getting Back to Work: How Employers Can Accommodate an Early Return to Work A...Xenium HR
In this 45-minute webinar, Colleen Harris, of Harris Worksystems and Aubrey Sakaguchi, of Benchmade Knife Company will explain what Oregon’s Employer-at-Injury Program (EAIP) is all about, how employers can utilize the program, and how the EAIP can impact workers’ compensation and an organization’s budget.
This is part two of the Lean UX workshops outlining in a practical way, the Lean UX processes. These workshops are run as part of the Lean UX Labs experiment.
Summary of HFES ErgoX conference - a collaborative and unique ergonomics conference where research meets practice. Great topics, speakers and discussion during this recent event.
Fixing the Problems in Your Operations Problem-Solving MethodsSafetyChain Software
Learn why manufacturers struggle to quickly and clearly define production issues, determine the complexity of a problem, and why there may be confusion over problem-solving methodologies versus problem-solving tools.
Presented by: David Hicks and Tim Nickerson of TBM Consulting
This is the final session in a four part series on Operational Management Systems.
Watch the full presentation: https://info.safetychain.com/fix-problem-solving
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
6. Discomfort
• That persists from day to day or interferes with normal
living or work activities should not be considered an
acceptable outcome of work
• Overhead work like this is not acceptable
7. We‟ve made progress at Ford in Canada with
ergonomic assists to reduce heavy work
8. Why did Ford act on Ergonomics?
• Because of pressure from the unions in Canada and the
U.S.
• 1987, in U.S. UAW - Ford contract negotiations, Ford
agreed to implement ergonomics programs in 60 plants
• After pressure from the union, in1987, U.S. Occupational
Health and Safety Administration imposed a $476,000 fine
for failure to accurately record injuries to workers.
9. Why did Ford act on Ergonomics?
• CAW – Ford contract negotiations, Ford agreed to
implement ergonomics programs in Canadian plants
• After pressure from the union, in 1990 in the U.S. the
Occupational Health and Safety Administration imposed a
$1.2 million fine for failure to accurately record injuries to
workers (there was and is no ergonomics law)
• 1990, Ford agreed to implement RSI reduction programs
in its 81 plants in the U.S.
10. U.S. government used the „general duty‟
clause to make Ford implement
ergonomics
• This is a very useful idea
• You can use the general duty of the employer to provide a
healthy and safe workplace, found in Russian law, to
ensure there is a sound ergonomics program in place
• Or for any other health and safety purpose
11.
12. To prepare for 1996 bargaining, we
needed to be able to show speed-up was
harming workers
• So in 1995 we did the big studies among auto assembly
and auto parts workers
• Our findings showed speed up had produced injuries
• This increased awareness among the membership – their
pain was not individual, it was collective
• It built the case for ergonomics among the membership
and gave us ammunition to use with the employers
• Work refusals by members who suffered repetitive
strain injuries in the plants helped to set the stage for
bargaining
13. 1996 tough set of bargaining
• General Motors was the target company
• Contracting out was the biggest issue
• It impacted all others, including health and safety and the
pace of work
• The company began moving the dies out of one of the
plants so we occupied the plant to prevent it
• A five week strike followed and the company capitulated
• Then we moved on to the other two car companies, Ford
and Chrysler and got the same agreement
14. 1996 we really pushed for ergonomics
and got a Health & Safety Training Fund
• This fund was paid for by the employer (2 cents per hour
worked per employee to start) but controlled by the union.
• The union:
• appointed writers (rank and file workers) for courses and started
with ergonomics
• trained health and safety trainers (rank and file workers) to teach
this course and others courses
• developed a one week course on ergonomics and put all of the
union leadership in all of the car plants in it
• developed a shorter course on ergonomics for all of the workers
and everyone in all the plants
15. 1996 we really pushed for ergonomics
and got a Health & Safety Training Fund
• The union bargained full time union ergonomic
representatives in the assembly plants to help the union
OHS representatives
• The union wrote an updated Ergonomics Manual and the
fund paid for its publication
• The union ran ergonomics conferences to ensure the
issue was understood throughout the union, beyond just
the car plants
17. Our health and safety strategies,
including ergonomics
• I hope by explaining what we do that you can pick and
choose what might be useful to you in your workplace
18. Our union OHS plan
• Awareness
• Goals, strategies and tactics
• Support
• Action
19. Awareness about ergonomic problems
• Ask workers where it hurts
• Ask workers what their problems are, what strains and
sprains injuries they may have
• Use surveys, interviews, meetings
• It increases the awareness of the workforce
• And it increases the awareness of the leadership about
the problem
20. Goals, strategies and tactics
• Once the surveys are back, questions have been
answered and analyzed:
• Determine the goal, eg. elimination of overhead work
• Develop strategies for implementation:
• On the shop floor
• In collective bargaining
• On the shop floor this would include looking at each job
that required overhead work, and determining how the job
could be done differently
• In collective bargaining it could include ensuring during
the next product assembly line change, jobs must be
designed to eliminate overhead work
21. Support
• Make sure the leadership is all on side and fully
understands your goals, strategies and tactics
• Return these strategies and tactics to the membership for
them to endorse or amend
22. Action
• Put your plan into action
• Ensure your workplace ergonomics leaders and union
negotiating team are well equipped to argue the point on
a case by case basis with management
• Engage in shop floor activities such as work refusals from
workers who suffer from RSIs to drive home the point
• And slow downs are effective, too since workers in pain
should be working slower
• Collective bargaining uses the threat of strike to good
effect
• When production is interfered with, management listens
23. Celebrate your victories
• It‟s very important to acknowledge your victories, even
partial victories
• It keeps your morale up and it builds support among the
membership for future struggles
• Don‟t just focus on the mountain ahead
• Once you‟ve climbed a hill, look back and celebrate how
far you‟ve come
25. Let‟s investigate workers‟ symptoms
• Each person please fill in the form (David, this form is
found on pages 46, 47 and 48 of the Ergonomics Manual.
If it‟s easier, it‟s fine to run off the body diagrams as a
separate sheet.)
• Take your time and do it thoughtfully
• When people are finished, we will form groups of two
• For each group of two, read the other person‟s form and
ask questions about it so you can thoroughly understand
the answers
• Note, question 13 addresses treatment but it also begins
to introduce the idea of solutions.
26. Do you feel that sort of survey throughout
your plant would help to:
• Increase awareness of workers about repetitive strain
injuries?
• Increase your understanding of where problem areas or
jobs are in the plant?
• Would it help you to:
• make goals for solving these problems?
• build support among the membership for acting to ensure your
goals are strived for?
• build a case with the company that these problems need to be
addressed?
28. We need to look at jobs, too
• Bad design
• Good design
• Much of these are common sense
• How do we make jobs more comfortable for workers?
• The good designs seem so obvious when you see the
example, but they are often tough to think of on your own
37. How can we eliminate the stress on his
forearm?
38. Cut off the sharp edge and put a pad on
the surface
39. You‟ve talked about your partner‟s
symptoms, now let‟s try to analyze his job
in your groups of two
• Go through the Ergonomic Risk Factor Checklist (David,
this is on pages 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59 of the Ergonomics
Manual) with your partner. Ask him about his job and fill
in the form.
• Then go through the form again with him asking you
about your job and filling it in.
• This is a very comprehensive analysis of the risk factors
of jobs.
41. Here are the principles of good job design
• In each case we‟ll look at a risk factor and give examples
of things that can be done to reduce the risk
• (David, here the text for pages 90, 91, 92 and 93 of the
Egonomics Manual is needed. It will probably go on for
quite a few slides. As well, it should be a hand-out.)
• We will have small groups working on risk factors:
42. Small Group Work: Risk Factors
• Each small group should discuss among themselves how
to eliminate or reduce these risk factors:
• Force: Lift, lower or carry
• Force: Push or pull
• Force: Grip
• Work Posture
• Local Contact Stress
• Environment (eg. Vibration, temperature, lighting)
• Repetition
• Work Organization
• Prepare a report to share with the whole workshop
44. Risk Factor: Force; Lift, lower or carry
• Eliminate the need to manually lift, lower, or carry objects
by using engineering controls such as hoists, pallet jacks,
carts, and conveyors. If that is not practicable, consider
options such as the following to minimize risk:
• Minimize the distance of the load from the worker (eg., use
turntables; move the worker closer to the object; don‟t place
obstructions close to the object).
• Minimize the vertical distance over which the load is lifted or
lowered (e.g., use pallet jacks; limit shelf height).
• Avoid tasks below knuckle height (eg., use scissor lifts, pallet
jacks).
• Avoid tasks above shoulder height (eg., limit shelf heights; improve
storage practice, raise the worker).
45. Risk Factor: Force; Lift, lower or carry
• Avoid stooped or twisted positions (eg. provide
unrestricted work space; arrange the workstation to
minimize twisting when the worker picks up or puts down
a load).
• Minimize the size of the load (eg., order loads in smaller
containers; have worker take two trips rather than one).
• Minimize carrying distance (eg. have a well-designed
work flow).
46. Risk Factor: Force; Lift, lower or carry
• Avoid handling heavy or unbalanced objects while sitting
down (eg. stand so that stronger muscles are used to
perform physically demanding tasks; avoid handling more
than 4.5 kilograms while sitting down).
• Improve the grip on the load (eg. provide good handles on
containers; add clamps or other devices to improve grip).
• Change the design of the task (eg. from a lifting task to a
lowering task; from a lifting, lowering, or carrying task to a
pushing or pulling task).
• Use pause periods or job enhancement to permit muscles
to recover from applying force for prolonged periods.
48. Risk Factor: Force: Push or pull
• Eliminate the need to manually push or pull objects by
using engineering controls such as conveyors, hoists, and
gravity-fed systems. If that is not practicable, consider
options such as the following to minimize risks:
• Use carts that are well designed and appropriate to the task:
• Handles can be grasped between waist and shoulder height (eg.,
vertical handles that can accommodate workers of different heights).
49. Risk Factor: Force: Push or pull
• Load can be secured on the cart if necessary (eg., belts
or clamps provided).
• The size, number, and type of wheels are appropriate for
the floor surface and weight carried.
• Moving parts are maintained (preventive maintenance).
• The worker has good visibility when pushing the cart.
50. Risk Factor: Force: Push or Pull
• Use carts in an unrestricted area:
• The worker is able to push and is not forced to pull the cart.
• The worker can assume a comfortable position to initiate and
maintain movement of the load.
• The worker is not forced to assume awkward postures because of
restricted work space or poor visibility.
51. Risk Factor: Force: Push or Pull
• Use carts in areas with proper flooring or surface:
• The floor is clean (eg., no debris or clutter on floor).
• The floor does not slope and is not slippery.
• There is no thick, plush, or shag carpet.
• The surface is level (eg. minimize surface height changes in areas
such as the entrance to elevators; fill potholes and cracks in
surface).
52. Risk Factor: Force: Push or Pull
• Reduce the load (eg. make two trips).
• Reduce the total time spent pushing or pulling, or break
the total time into smaller blocks of time doing that task.
55. Yes we can, we can reduce
pressure points and strain by bending the
handle
56. Risk Factor: Force: Grip
• Eliminate the need to manually grasp or handle objects by
using engineering controls such as clamps or automated
tools. If that is not practicable, consider options such as
the following to minimize risk:
• Maintain a straight wrist (neutral position) through:
• Improved design of handles (eg., bent instead of straight handles).
• Improved design of workstation (eg., parts containers that are tilted
instead of flat; use of in-line tools).
• Improved work practice (eg., conscious effort to keep wrist straight).
57. Risk Factor: Force: Grip
• Use power grip to grasp objects through:
• Improved design of objects of handles on tools (eg. using boxes
with cut-outs to permit power grip; adding handles to objects).
• Improved layout of workstation (eg., objects positioned to permit
easy access to handles).
• Improved work practice (eg., conscious effort to avoid pinch grip).
58. Risk Factor: Force: Grip
• Avoid strong or hard grasping of vibrating tools through:
• Improved design of tools (eg., tools with built-in vibration-
dampening sleeve).
• Improved work practice (conscious effort not to grasp too hard).
• Use of personal protective equipment (eg., well-fitting vibration
dampening gloves to reduce grip force).
59. Risk Factor: Force: Grip
• Avoid handling objects with cold surface temperature
through:
• Improved work practice (eg., at the end of the day, store the next
day‟s supplies inside instead of keeping them outside where they
will be cold by morning).
• Improved work procedure (eg., avoid skin contact by using tools or
utensils for grasping; use warm water periodically to warm hands).
• Use of suitable gloves.
60. Risk Factor: Force: Grip
• Improve grip while handling slippery objects by using
friction-enhanced, well-fitting gloves or gloves with fingers
removed.
• Reduce the total time spent manually gripping objects, or
break the total time into smaller blocks of time doing that
task.
62. Work posture
• Eliminate awkward postures by using engineering controls
such as adjusting work heights, minimizing reaching
distances, changing orientation of work, changing layout
of workstation, using adjustable or angled tools and
equipment, and using turntables, conveyors, tilted
surfaces, or spring-loaded surfaces.
• The objective is to enable the worker to work in a
comfortable posture. Every posture requires periodic
changes and movement or it becomes static. If elimination
of awkward postures is not possible, consider options
such as the following to minimize risk:
63. Work posture
• Minimize awkward postures of the trunk:
• Minimize forward bending by increasing the work height or moving
objects closer (eg., use turntables, improve layout of workspace).
• Minimize side bending by reducing the reach distance or moving
objects to the front of the worker (eg., improve layout of work
space; move closer to the objects).
• Minimize twisting by reducing reach distance or moving objects to
the front of the worker (eg., improve layout of work space; move
closer to the objects).
64. Work posture
• Minimize awkward postures of the shoulder:
• Minimize reaching forward by reducing the reach distance or
lowering the work height.
• Minimize reaching sideways by reducing the reach distance,
lowering the work height, or moving objects to the front of the body.
• Minimize reaching behind by moving objects to the front of the
worker.
• Minimize reaching across the body by moving closer to the objects
or transferring objects from one hand to another.
65. Work posture
• Minimize awkward postures of the wrist by selecting the
required tools with appropriate handles (eg., angled
handles).
• Minimize forearm rotation by using power tools or mechanical
turners.
• Minimize squatting and kneeling by raising the work.
• Minimize static postures:
• Provide footrests to allow the worker to transfer weight from one to
foot to another.
• Provide opportunities for the worker to move about periodically.
• Minimize awkward postures while sitting by providing an
appropriate chair that is adjusted to give good back support,
maintain a comfortable posture, and minimize contact stress.
• Provide a tilted sit-stand stool to take weight off the worker‟s feet
and legs while allowing mobility
67. Local Contact Stress
• Eliminate or minimize exposure to local contact stress:
• Change or modify equipment (eg. use a long-handled screwdriver
to prevent the butt from digging into the palm).
• Change or modify work area to prevent sharp edges from digging
into the skin (eg. pad sharp or metal edges).
• Use personal protective equipment (eg. use knee pads while
kneeling; use padded gloves when lifting heavy objects by narrow
plastic strapping).
• Improve or change work practice:
• Avoid resting or leaning against sharp edges.
• Avoid using a body part (eg. hand or knee) as a hammer.
69. Environment
• Eliminate or minimize exposure to whole-body vibration:
• Avoid sitting or standing for prolonged periods on a vibrating
surface if practicable (eg., catwalks on vibrating machinery).
• Isolate the source of vibration from the rest of the work space to
prevent transmission of vibration to the sitting or standing area (eg.,
isolation of truck cabs from diesel engine vibration).
• Keep equipment well maintained to reduce vibration.
• Reduce total exposure to vibration by breaking up driving tasks or
incorporating job rotation.
• Keep road surfaces well maintained where possible
70. Environment
• Keep the body warm at a comfortable temperature:
• Use local source heating.
• Wear warm clothing.
• Take rest breaks in warm areas.
• Ensure there is a proper heat stress program in place that
ensures supplied water and adequate rest in cool places
on hot days
• Ensure that lighting is proper for the task being performed
and glare is avoided so that the worker does not assume
awkward postures to compensate for glare, brightness, or
inadequate lighting.
72. Repetition
• Eliminate highly repetitious tasks by using engineering
controls such as mechanization (eg., power tools) or
automation. If that is not practicable, consider options
such as the following to minimize risk:
• Combine or eliminate some parts of work to reduce the pace of
repetition.
• Incorporate flexibility over pace (eg., allow the worker to take rest
breaks and micro-pauses or to control the speed of the conveyor).
• Use good work techniques
• Reduce the duration of exposure to repetition (eg., offer job rotation
or job enhancement). Who thinks this only shares around the
uncomfortable and more dangerous jobs?
74. Work organization
• Ensure that repetitive or demanding tasks incorporate
opportunities for rest or recovery (eg., allow brief pauses
to relax muscles; change work tasks; change postures or
techniques).
• Incorporate task variability so that the worker does not
have to perform similar repetitious tasks throughout the
full shift. Provide the worker with the opportunity to vary
work tasks by rotating jobs or increasing the scope of the
job.
• Ensure that work demands and work pace are
appropriate.
76. What happens when an injured worker
returns to work?
• Has his job been changed to prevent reoccurrence?
• These are the issues that need to be looked at to ensure
he is able to return to work safely.
• (David, this is the return to work checklist on page 124. It
would be good if it could be reproduced as a hand-out.)
77. How to convince management of need to
change a job ergonomically? You need:
• Evidence:
• Injury and lost time statistics
• Reports from workers about problems (hopefully before they get
injured) and their proposals for solutions
• Results of your thorough investigation of the job itself
• Arguments:
• Using above evidence, use your knowledge of ergonomics to
persuade management
• If logic and reason don‟t persuade them, ensure workers
know about their right to refuse unsafe work
• You need worker action, individual and collective to
persuade management to improve ergonomics on jobs
79. Distribute leaflets helping workers to
understand problems
• (David, these are the leaflets on pages 138, 139, 140 and
141 of the Ergonomics Manual. Needless to say, the
CAW specific parts should be left out. I think for reasons
of time that these should just be hand-outs.)
80. “Ergonomics is the biggest challenge we
have at Ford in Canada”
• Emil Mesic, CAW Local 707 health and safety
representative
81. We‟ve solved some problems but the
struggle for health and safety is never over
• The following slides are just a few examples of some of
the other problems our Ford union health and safety reps
have confronted since the recession of October 2008
82. Ford Oakville Assembly Plant, 2008
• Fatality to forklift driver, pinned between his forklift and
another forklift
• A few weeks later a paint shop employee was critically
injured when a high pressure hose burst off a fitting during
water blasting in the paint shop
• Numerous slips and trips resulting in broken bones and
burns to regular workers and summer students
• Ergonomic problems resulted in many days away from
work
• Result: one of the worst safety records for Ford plants in
North America
83. Ford Oakville Assembly Plant, 2009
• Ongoing problem with the high speed roller table exiting
the windshield and glass cells, a number of first aid visits
and work refusals until problem resolved.
• Power and free conveyor problems with tow bars falling;
conveyor counterweights falling; dogs on conveyor failing,
causing a crash.
84. Ford Oakville Assembly Plant, 2010
• Railway worker killed at Ford plant, crushed between two
box cars
• Forklift caught fire at beginning of day shift and plant filled
with smoke. Company wanted workers to come in to
work but workers refused until smoke cleared.
85. Ford Oakville Assembly Plant, 2011
• Broken limbs, cuts, abrasions and numerous ergonomic
problems
• One worker lost consciousness because of the heat
• Heat stress big issue, lack of bottled water deliveries in
some departments, lack of air conditioning in some rest
areas
• Ventilation problems in some areas
• Serious burn when worker‟s ring made contact with
battery terminal
• Unlocked parts bins spilling parts led to work refusals and
near misses
• Preventive maintenance on forklifts not been adequate
due to cut-backs to maintenance mechanics
86. We‟ve made progress but we have a long
way to go to realize our goal of a society
in which economic and political power are
in the collective hands of the workers and
where labour is not only socially useful but
a means of development of each
individual.
• Thanks very much