Introduction pharmacology practical
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This document discusses pharmacy and related topics in three main sections. It begins with an introduction to pharmacy, describing it as the science of medicines including their identification, selection, and standardization. The second section discusses pharmacopoeias, which are official codes containing drug information for a given country. The third section outlines common weights and measures used in pharmacy, including both metric and imperial systems.
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The document defines key terms related to pharmacology including:
- Drugs and their chemical names, generic names, and trade names
- The study of how drugs are administered and acted upon in the body, covering areas like pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics
- Routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes and how they impact drug absorption
- What the body does to drugs through processes like metabolism and excretion
- Factors that can influence these processes and affect drug action
- Potential therapeutic effects and adverse drug reactions
Introduction to pharmacology
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
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The document defines key terms related to pharmacology including:
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. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY DEFINITION: Pharmacology is the science that deals with the study of drugs and their interaction with the living systems. The word Pharmacology is derived from Greek – pharmacon means drug and logos means study. DRUG: Drug is a substance used in the diagnosis ,prevention or treatment of disease. PHARMACOKINECTICS: Pharmacokinectics is the study of the absorption distribution ,metabolism and excretion of drugs,i.e what the body does the drug (in greek kinesis = movement).
3. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY DEFINITION: PHARMACODYNAMICS : Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effect of the drugs on the body and their mechanism of action ,i.e what the drug does the body. THERAPEUTICS: Therapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. TOXICOLOGY : Toxicology deals with the adverse effect of the drug and also the study of poisons,i.e detection ,prevention and treatment of poisoning.(Toxicon =poison in greek.
4. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY CHEMOTHERAPHY : Chemotheraphy is the use of chemicals for the treatment of infections.the term now also includes the use of chemical to treate malignancies. PHARMACY : Pharmacy is the science of identification , compounding and dispensing of drugs .It also includes collection , isolation, purification , synthesis and Standardization of medical substances.
5. SOURCES OF DRUGS The sources of drugs could be natural or synthetic , NATURAL SOURCES: 1.PLANTS,e.g Atropine ,Morphine ,Quinine ,digoxine,pilocarpine,physostigmine. 2.ANIMALS e.g . Insulin ,heparin ,gonadotrophins and antitoxic sera. 3.MINERALS,Magnesium sulphate , Aluminium hydroxide ,iron ,sulphur and radio active isotopes. 4.MICROORGANISMS ,Antibacterial agents are obtained from some bacteria and fungi.we thus have pencillins,cephalosporins,tetracycline and other antibiotics.
6. SOURCES OF DRUGS 5.HUMAN: some drugs are obtained from man ,e.g Immunoglobulin from blood,growth hormone from anterior pituitary and chorionic gonadotrophins from the urine of pregnant woman. SYNTHETIC : Most drugs are now synthesized .e.g quinolones,omeprazole,sulfonamides,pancuronium,neostigmi ne. Many drugs are obtained from cell culture ,e.g urokinase from cultured kidney cells. some are now produced by recombinant DNA technology ,e.g human insulin, tissue plasmogen activator and some drugs by Hybridoma technique, e.g monoclonal antibodies.
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This document provides an introduction to key concepts in pharmacology. It discusses how pharmacology deals with all aspects of drugs, including their effects and metabolism in the body. It also outlines several general terms used in pharmacology like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology. Additionally, it defines essential drugs as those that satisfy priority health needs and orphan drugs as those intended to treat rare diseases.
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Introduction to pharmacology
This document provides an introduction and overview of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and pharmacy. It discusses the sources of drugs from plants, animals, and microorganisms. It outlines the history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times. The document also covers classifications of drugs based on chemical nature, source, target organ, mode of action, therapeutic use, and physiological system. Different types of pharmacology like experimental and clinical pharmacology are introduced.
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Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects, and how the body handles them. It has two main divisions: pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body and their mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics, which is the study of how the body affects drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Some key concepts in pharmacology include drug receptors, agonists, antagonists, bioavailability, clearance, and half-life. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion determine the fate of drugs in the body.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY DEFINITION: Pharmacology is the science that deals with the study of drugs and their interaction with the living systems. The word Pharmacology is derived from Greek – pharmacon means drug and logos means study. DRUG: Drug is a substance used in the diagnosis ,prevention or treatment of disease. PHARMACOKINECTICS: Pharmacokinectics is the study of the absorption distribution ,metabolism and excretion of drugs,i.e what the body does the drug (in greek kinesis = movement).
3. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY DEFINITION: PHARMACODYNAMICS : Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effect of the drugs on the body and their mechanism of action ,i.e what the drug does the body. THERAPEUTICS: Therapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. TOXICOLOGY : Toxicology deals with the adverse effect of the drug and also the study of poisons,i.e detection ,prevention and treatment of poisoning.(Toxicon =poison in greek.
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8. ENTERAL ROUTE (ORAL INGESTION ) This is the most common ,oldest and safest routes of drug administration. the large surface area of the GI ,the mixing of its content
IntroductiontoPharmacyPharmaceutics.pptx
The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon”, meaning medicine or drug. In other term, “Pharmacy may defined as the art and science of preparing (manufacturing) and dispensing of drugs prepared by the natural and synthetic sources and using for the treatment as well as prevention of diseases”. In general sense, it is the place where medicine or drugs are sold. Pharmacy is a health profession that links health science with chemical science and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. It includes the collection, identification, synthesis, purification, isolation and quality control of medical substance or pharmaceutical products.
HISTORY pharmacology DRUG NOMENCLATURE CLINICAL TRIALS.PDF
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on living systems. It deals with how chemicals interact with the body. Drugs can come from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals, or be synthesized chemically. A drug is defined as any substance used for diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease, or to affect the body's structure or function. Drugs must undergo testing to prove they are safe and effective before being approved for medical use. The development of new drugs is a long, complex, and costly process.
Introduction to Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics.pptx
Pharmaceutics is the overall process of developing a new chemical entity into an approved therapy that is safe and effective in treating or preventing disease. It is a complex process requiring multiple scientific, medical, legal, commercial, and regulatory expertise.Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy which deals with the formulation, manufacturing, evaluation, packaging of pharmaceutical dosage forms
Drug literature and publications
Pharmacopoeias are reference books that provide pharmaceutical standards and directions for identifying compound medicines. They are published by governments or medical societies. Descriptions of drug preparations are called monographs. Major pharmacopoeias include the British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, Japanese Pharmacopoeia, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Codexes and formularies also contain lists and information about medicines. National formularies provide approved drug lists and prescribing information for countries. Common formularies include the Bangladesh National Formulary and British National Formulary.
Form of drugs , patients right and route of drug administration
This document discusses various aspects of drug administration including:
1. Drug names can include the chemical, generic, official, and trade names.
2. Drugs come in many forms for different routes of administration such as tablets, capsules, solutions, and suppositories.
3. The rights of patients include receiving the right drug, dose, route, and information to ensure safe and effective treatment. Nurses must properly document and monitor patients during drug administration.
Review on Novel Drug Delivery System and Antihypertensive Tablets
Novel drug delivery system offers excellent opportunity to the inventors for developing new technologies for drug administration, dispersible tablets are come under this category as it offers various advantages over conventional tablets. Dispersible tablets offer rapid disintegration in the mouth while came in contact with saliva. It is good find and rapid solution for the problem of dysphasia among geriatrics, as they feel some problem in swallowing a tablet. This article discuss about dispersible tablets, dysphasia, advantages and disadvantages of dispersible tablets. It also discuss about hypertension and antihypertensive tablets. Shivam Pandey | Dr. Hariom Sharma | Jaya Singh ""Review on Novel Drug Delivery System and Antihypertensive Tablets"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25120.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacogenomics/25120/review-on-novel-drug-delivery-system-and-antihypertensive-tablets/shivam-pandey
PharmaceuticaI_Dosage_forms_1661621157.pdf
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It begins by defining drugs and explaining that drugs are rarely administered in their crude forms, but rather are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It then discusses several key points about drug substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. The remainder of the document is dedicated to describing various oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments, creams and more. It provides details on the composition, characteristics and examples of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
Sources of drug information
This is to deal with UG Pharmacology entry label practical To know what are the various sources of drug information.
To select the appropriate source depending on the information.
To discuss briefly the role of electronic media in medicine.
TOPIC 9 INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY.pptx
This document provides an introduction to pharmacy, including definitions, roles, and practices. It defines pharmacy as the science of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacists are educated and licensed professionals who prepare, dispense, and provide drug information to the public. Pharmacist duties include interpreting prescriptions, compounding, labeling, and dispensing drugs, as well as providing patient education. There are several career paths for pharmacists in settings like communities, hospitals, industry, and academia. The document also outlines the code of ethics pharmacists must follow and good dispensing practices around labeling, storage, and maintaining a clean environment.
DOSAGE FORMS
This document discusses considerations for dosage form design, including reasons drugs are incorporated into dosage forms, types of dosage forms, and information needed for preformulation studies. It covers drug degradation mechanisms, drug instability, stability studies, and approaches to stabilize drugs. Factors in dosage form design include therapeutic use, administration route, patient age and condition. Common oral dosage forms are tablets and capsules, while injections can be used for emergency or inability to take oral medications. Design must also consider issues like difficulty swallowing, multiple medication therapy in elderly patients, and performulation studies to characterize the drug substance.
4_2019_03_10!11_08_20_PM.pptx
This document provides an overview of dosage form design and formulation considerations. It discusses the need for dosage forms to safely deliver accurate drug doses. Key points covered include preformulation studies to characterize drug substances, approaches to incorporating different physical forms of drugs into dosage forms, and general design considerations for factors like therapeutic use, patient age and condition, and stability. The document also outlines various dosage form types and reasons for their use.
Pharmaceutics-I-DOSAGE-FORM.ppt
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients and provide various benefits like accurate dosing, stability, masking tastes etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical form like solids, semisolids and liquids. It also classifies them based on their route of administration like oral, topical etc. Finally, it provides details about various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, ointments, creams etc. and discusses their composition, advantages and examples.
Pharmaceutics-I-DOSAGE-FORM.ppt
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients to overcome difficulties like accurate dosing, stability issues, taste/smell masking etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on route of administration and physical form. Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail like tablets, capsules, liquids. It also discusses topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, gels used to deliver drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. In summary, the document introduces the concept of dosage forms and provides examples of various oral and topical dosage forms
pharmacy
pharmacy, the science and art concerned with the preparation and standardization of drugs. Its scope includes the cultivation of plants that are used as drugs, the synthesis of chemical compounds of medicinal value, and the analysis of medicinal agentshttps://labwork360.com/
Solid.pptx
This document discusses considerations for dosage form design. It explains that drugs are administered through dosage forms like tablets and capsules which incorporate drugs with excipients. The proper design of dosage forms requires considering the characteristics of the drug and excipients to produce a stable, effective product. Factors like the disease being treated, route of administration, patient age and condition influence the choice of dosage form. Preformulation studies characterize the drug substance before formulation to aid in design.
THE PRESCRIPTION.pptx
This ppt is useful for all pharmacy students specially for students who are in first year B.pharmacy. this will including all the important points with proper explanation. language is kept very much simple for easy understanding.
Pharmaceutics and Tablet
This presentation discusses pharmaceutical tablets. It introduces tablets as a solid dosage form that can contain one or more medicaments with or without excipients, prepared by molding or compression. The presentation describes different types of tablets including plain, chewable, buccal, sublingual, and enteric coated tablets. It outlines the advantages of tablets being easy to administer, stable, and able to accurately deliver medication, as well as disadvantages like unsuitability for unconscious patients.
Posology and dosage regimen
It includes the detail information about the different dosage form along with its example and the factors affecting the choice of different dosage form.
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HISTORY pharmacology DRUG NOMENCLATURE CLINICAL TRIALS.PDF
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Form of drugs , patients right and route of drug administration
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Preparation of Purgative Mixture Magnesium Sulphate
This document provides instructions for preparing a purgative mixture of magnesium sulfate. It describes weighing out 30 grams of magnesium sulfate crystals and dissolving it in 45 ml of water in a mortar. The mixture is then transferred to a labeled mixture phial with dose markings. Magnesium sulfate works as an osmotic purgative, drawing fluid into the intestines to stimulate bowel movements. It is used before medical procedures and for constipation, but overuse can cause electrolyte imbalances and dependency.
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This document provides instructions for preparing a carminative mixture for a patient. The mixture contains sodium bicarbonate, compound tincture of cardamom, aromatic spirit of ammonia, and water. It is to be taken as one dose three times daily after meals. The summary provides the key steps:
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A prescription is a written order from a medical practitioner to a pharmacist for medicines to be prepared and provided to a patient. It serves as communication between the doctor and patient and provides important legal documentation. There are two types: precompounded prescriptions for already prepared drugs, and extemporeous prescriptions where the pharmacist prepares the medication according to the doctor's directions. An ideal prescription includes the doctor's information, date, patient's name and details, ingredients and amounts, directions for use, and doctor's signature. Examples of both precompounded and extemporeous prescriptions are provided. Common Latin abbreviations used in prescriptions are also explained.
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Introduction pharmacology practical
- 1. PHARMACY DR. SAFIKUL HASAN Department of Pharmacology BSMC
- 2. INTRODUCTION PHARMACY It is the science which includes not only the knowledge of medicines and art of compounding and dispensing them but also their identification, selection, preservation, combination, analysis and standardization.
- 3. PHARMACOPOEIA It is an official code containing list of established drugs and medicinal preparations with their physical properties and chemical properties, identification, purity, potency, methods of storage, standardization, and their average dosage for adults. Each country has its own pharmacopoeia viz Indian pharmacopoeia(I.P.) British pharmacopoeia(B.P.) United States pharmacopoeia(U.S.P.)
- 4. NATIONAL FORMULARY It is the official publication which deals with the formulae i.e. pharmaceutical ingredients of various pharmaceutical preparations whose use and effectiveness is reasonably certain. These include National formulary of India, pharmaceutical codex; National formulary of American pharmaceutical Association. They all are supplements of pharmacopoeia.
- 5. WEIGHT AND MEASURES Metric system Weights: Kilogram(kg) is the unit 1kg=1000gram 1g=1000mg 1mg=1000mcg Measures: Litre(1) is the unit – which is the volume occupied by 1kg of water at 4̊C 1l =1000millilitre 1ml=1.0000027 Cubic centimetre(cc)
- 6. Imperial or English system Avoirdupois weight: Used in wholesale business. Pound(libra) is the unit. 1 lb= 7000 grains(gr) 1 lb =16 ounces(oz) 1 oz= 437.5 grains(gr) Apothecary weight:( Used in dispensing) Grain(same as the above grain) is the unit. 20 gr =1 scruple 3 scruple= 1 drachm( or 60 gr) 8 drachms = 1 ounces(or 480 gr) 30 ml =1 ounce
- 7. Household measures 1 ml = 16 drops 1 teaspoon = 5 ml 1 tablespoon =15 ml 1 cup = 150-180 ml 1 glass=250-300 ml
- 8. INSTRUEMENTS USED IN LABORATORY 1.Simple balance and weight box: It is an instrument or device to measure weight or mass of any substance. 2.Mortar and Pestle: They are tools used to prepare fine paste or powder by crushing and grinding any substance. 3.Lotion Bottle: It is large, round, rigid container has a lid to prevent contamination used for storing lotion or other medical substances. 4.Mixture Phial: They are relatively smaller cuboidal shaped for storing mixture or other medicinal substances.
- 10. 5.Pill Tile: It is a flat slab of porcelain or glass on which the mixture from any pill masser or any other medicinal mixture is placed and rolled. It is rectangular in shape. A measurement bar is printed at the centre top of the tile. 6.Spatula: It is an instrument with a broad , flat, blunt blade used for mixing and spreading things which are in powder or other suitable form. 7.Ointment pot/Gallipot: Gallipot is a small glazed earthenware jar used for holding ointment and medicine 8.Glass rod: A glass rod is an equipment used to mix chemicals and liquids. They are usually made of solid glass and slightly longer than a drinking straw, with rounded ends. 9.Large and small cylinders: These instruments are made of glass and can be used to mix ingredients or hold or heat them
- 12. 10.Funnel: A funnel is a pipe with a wide (often conical) mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. 12.Filter Paper: Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine substances from liquids or air. 13.Cork: used for bottle stoppers, insulation, etc. 14.Thread: A long, thin strand of cotton, nylon, or other fibres used in sewing or weaving. 15. Paper, scissor and glue.