3. CHARACTERISTICS
✓High content of cell wall material.
✓High crude fiber content and low digestibility of nutrients.
✓The cell wall fraction may have variable composition but contains
appreciale amounts of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, silica and
other compound.
✓Removal of lignin with chemical methods increase digestibility.
✓There is negative relation of silica to fiber digestibility.
✓For dairy cattle for every 10 kg of good quality greens, 1 kg
concentrates can be cut from the concentrates quota with additional
advantage of dry matter , TDN, minerals and vitamins in favour of
greens.
4. GREEN ROUGHAGES
a. Pasture:
➢Heteropogan contortus, Cynadon dacttylon, Imperata cylindrica, Eragrostis
unioloides, Rumex nepalensis, Potentilla lineta
b. Cultivated Fodder crops:
➢Lucerne, Berseem,soybean, clover, centro, cowpea, stylo (legume)
➢Barley, oat, sorghum, teosinte, napier, para grass, bajra, maize (non-legume)
c. Tree leaves: Jackfruit, Banayan, Peepal, Coffee, Neem
d. Root crops and tubers: Carrot, radish,Turnips
E. Silage-A fermentive product.
5. DRY ROUGHAGES
1. Hay
➢A method of conserving green crops is hay making.
➢Moisture: 15-20%
➢Types: Leguminous, Non-leguminous hayand Mixed hay
➢Lucernce is best among leguminous.
➢Hay making process:
a. Harvesting
b. Curing
c. Storage
2. Straw, and bhusa
➢ Ligin, hemicellose, cellulose responsible for low digestibility
➢Example: Padddy straw, wheat straw, gram bhusa etc.
6. SILAGE MAKING PROCESS
▪ Harvest at proper stage of maturity-flowering stage
▪ Cut at proper length- 3 to 5 cm
▪ Control the moisture content: 35-40% dry matter, 60-65% moisture content.
▪ Additives can be added- Urea (0.5%), Limestone(0.5%),Molasses (3.5-4%).
▪ Filling-silo, plastic bag
▪ Distribute forage uniformly in the silo
▪ Sealing of silo.
▪ Remove
10. TOTAL DRY MATTER INTAKE
Total dry matter
requirement
2/3 R
2/3 Dry
R
1/3
Green R
1/3 C
2/3
CHO
1/3
protein
11. REQUIREMENT
Roughage (Dry matter)
▪ Average DM requirement of local dry cow/buffalo 2kg/100 kg.
▪ Average DM requirement of lactating cow/buffalo 2.5 kg/100 kg.
▪ Average DM requirement of crossbreed dry cow/buffalo 2.5 kg/100 kg.
▪ Average DM requirement of crossbreed dry cow/buffalo 3 kg/100 kg.
Concentrate
▪ Maintenance: 1-1.5kg/100 kg-local cow and crossbred cow and buffalo
▪ Lactating animal: 1kg, additional concentrate 2.5 kg/100kg for buffalo to
3kg/100kg for cow.
▪ Pregnant cows/buffalo: 1.5kg/day extra concentrate to meet extra nutrients for
growth of foetus.
▪ Breeding bull: 1 kg/day extra concentrate to maintain good health and sex libidio.
▪ Mineral mixture and common salt @ 25-50 gm.