INTRODUCTION ABOUT GENETICS.ppt
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•99 views
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including: - Genetics is the study of heredity and traits are characteristics that vary between individuals. - Genes determine traits and alleles are different versions of genes. - Gregor Mendel established laws of inheritance through pea plant experiments. - Dominant and recessive alleles determine phenotypes according to genotypes. Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental crosses. - Other inheritance patterns include incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits controlled by multiple genes.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Mendelian Genetics
The document discusses Mendelian genetics and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. It explains that traits are transmitted through meiosis when haploid cells from each parent unite during fertilization. Individual traits are determined by alleles at gene loci, which can be dominant, recessive, or codominant. Punnett squares can be used to predict the distribution of traits in offspring based on the parents' genotypes. The document also describes Mendel's laws of segregation, independent assortment, and recombination that describe genetic inheritance.
02 Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
1. Chromosomes contain DNA and package it into a smaller size. In eukaryotes, DNA is contained in linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
2. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs including one sex chromosome pair that determines gender. Genes are located on chromosomes and can exist in different alleles that determine traits.
3. The genotype is an individual's combination of alleles, which determines their phenotype or physical traits. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles. Many factors can influence the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Colour reaction of proteins
This document discusses various color reaction tests that can be used to identify proteins and amino acids. It describes the Biuret test, which produces a purple/violet color in the presence of two or more peptide bonds. The Xanthoproteic test identifies tyrosine and tryptophan by producing a yellow color that turns orange upon adding an alkali. Rosenheim's test is specific for tryptophan and produces a violet ring. The Ninhydrin test produces a blue/purple color with primary amines like proteins and amino acids. Molisch's test identifies glycoproteins by producing a purple ring.
Introduction to Enzymes
1. Enzymes are biologic catalysts that are proteins and increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed.
2. Enzymes act through specific active sites and have optimal temperatures, pH levels, and substrate concentrations for activity.
3. Enzyme activity can be regulated by activators or inhibited by various types of inhibitors like competitive or irreversible inhibitors.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Genetics and Inheritance
This presentation is all about genetics and inheritance. Grades 6-12. Biology 1. Original Author - Megan Jandy
Basic Laws Of Genetics
1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
Mendelian Genetics
This document provides an overview of basic Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses how Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s to discover the laws of inheritance. Through his work, he demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. The document also explains how monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict inheritance patterns based on Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It uses the example of cystic fibrosis inheritance in humans to illustrate how recessive traits are expressed.
Recommended
Mendelian Genetics
The document discusses Mendelian genetics and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. It explains that traits are transmitted through meiosis when haploid cells from each parent unite during fertilization. Individual traits are determined by alleles at gene loci, which can be dominant, recessive, or codominant. Punnett squares can be used to predict the distribution of traits in offspring based on the parents' genotypes. The document also describes Mendel's laws of segregation, independent assortment, and recombination that describe genetic inheritance.
02 Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
1. Chromosomes contain DNA and package it into a smaller size. In eukaryotes, DNA is contained in linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
2. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs including one sex chromosome pair that determines gender. Genes are located on chromosomes and can exist in different alleles that determine traits.
3. The genotype is an individual's combination of alleles, which determines their phenotype or physical traits. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles. Many factors can influence the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Colour reaction of proteins
This document discusses various color reaction tests that can be used to identify proteins and amino acids. It describes the Biuret test, which produces a purple/violet color in the presence of two or more peptide bonds. The Xanthoproteic test identifies tyrosine and tryptophan by producing a yellow color that turns orange upon adding an alkali. Rosenheim's test is specific for tryptophan and produces a violet ring. The Ninhydrin test produces a blue/purple color with primary amines like proteins and amino acids. Molisch's test identifies glycoproteins by producing a purple ring.
Introduction to Enzymes
1. Enzymes are biologic catalysts that are proteins and increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed.
2. Enzymes act through specific active sites and have optimal temperatures, pH levels, and substrate concentrations for activity.
3. Enzyme activity can be regulated by activators or inhibited by various types of inhibitors like competitive or irreversible inhibitors.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Genetics and Inheritance
This presentation is all about genetics and inheritance. Grades 6-12. Biology 1. Original Author - Megan Jandy
Basic Laws Of Genetics
1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
Mendelian Genetics
This document provides an overview of basic Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses how Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s to discover the laws of inheritance. Through his work, he demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. The document also explains how monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict inheritance patterns based on Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It uses the example of cystic fibrosis inheritance in humans to illustrate how recessive traits are expressed.
Classical Genetics Lecture
The document discusses Gregor Mendel and the foundations of classical genetics. It describes how Mendel studied inheritance patterns in peas in the 1860s. He found that traits are passed through discrete factors (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant while others are recessive. His work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment. He demonstrated that alleles separate and are transmitted independently, allowing for prediction of inheritance patterns.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses patterns of inheritance and genetics terminology. It defines key terms like allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares. It also discusses exceptions to Mendel's laws like incomplete dominance and codominance. Finally, it covers sex-linked inheritance and examples of X-linked disorders.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
Mendelian inheritance
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants starting in 1854. He discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (now called genes) that are passed unchanged from parents to offspring. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel deduced his two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and sort independently into gametes, and 2) The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes assort independently of one another when gametes are formed.
genetics
This document discusses genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It provides background on genetics concepts like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and heredity. It then summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, which demonstrated that traits are inherited as distinct units (genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. Mendel showed that the inheritance of traits follows predictable statistical patterns, laying the foundation for the field of genetics.
IB Biology Genetics
This document provides a summary of key concepts in genetics and heredity. It discusses chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, mutations, meiosis, Mendelian inheritance, and more. Some key points include:
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins like histones. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits.
- Mutations involve changes in DNA base pairs and can cause conditions like sickle cell anemia.
- Meiosis produces gametes and involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and two cell divisions. This introduces genetic variation.
- Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment describe inheritance patterns he observed in pea plants. His work formed the basis of classical
Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage
This document discusses dihybrid crosses and gene linkage. It begins by explaining what a dihybrid cross is using an example parent generation and F1 generation. It then explains that for independent assortment to occur, the two genes being studied must be on different chromosomes so they assort independently. This follows Mendel's second law and should result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. However, if the genes are on the same chromosome (linked), they may not assort independently and the observed ratio may differ. The document goes on to provide examples of what independent assortment and gene linkage look like during meiosis and how crossing over can still allow the formation of all possible gametes even when genes are linked
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Genes do not always follow Mendel's principles of dominance and segregation. Some alleles show incomplete dominance where neither is fully dominant. Others show codominance where both alleles are expressed simultaneously. Multiple alleles exist for some genes with more than two variants. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple interacting genes and show wide variety in phenotypes. Maternal inheritance and genetic imprinting also influence traits. While an organism's genotype determines traits, its phenotype is also influenced by environmental conditions interacting with its genes.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance - Condition in which neither of allele is dominant over the other in heterozygous .
Carl correns did an experiment with four o'clock plant which explains incomplete dominance by showing blended phenotype pink heterozygous flowers .
Tay - Sachs Disease - Autosomal recessive genetic disorder . Chromosome 15 carry homozygous recessive rr alleles for disease .
Andalusian fowls is an example of incomplete dominance , in F1 generation we get all blue Andalusian fowls and F2 generation shows same phenotype and genotype ratio i.e 1: 2: 1
introduction to genetics
1. The document discusses principles of genetics including concepts like heredity, variation, Mendelian genetics, and branches of genetics like cytogenetics and molecular genetics.
2. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants from 1856-1863 which led to his principles of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance and the rediscovery of his work in 1900.
3. Key genetics terminology is defined including genes, alleles, genotype and phenotype, and symbols and concepts used in pedigrees like dominant/recessive alleles and Punnett squares are explained.
Gene interaction ppt
The document discusses various genetic concepts including gene interactions, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, lethal alleles, sex-influenced traits, penetrance, expressivity, environmental influences, pleiotropy, epistasis, and uses examples like flower color in plants and coat color in animals to illustrate these concepts. It explains that epistasis occurs when an allele of one gene masks the expression of alleles at another gene locus and defines different types of epistatic interactions like dominant epistasis and recessive epistasis.
7. Patterns of Inheritance
This document provides an outline for a lecture on patterns of inheritance. It covers the topics of genetics and human genetics, Mendel's laws of inheritance, Mendelian traits in humans, and monogenous diseases. The objectives are for students to understand general genetics concepts, key genetic terms, patterns of inheritance, Mendel's laws, and how they apply to inherited human traits and diseases. Example monogenetic diseases and Mendelian traits in humans are also listed.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Mendelian genetics 2007.ppt
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who experimented with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s. Through his experiments, he discovered the laws of inheritance known as Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently. His work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 1900s.
Pedigree analysis by andal, aquino
This document discusses pedigree analysis and inheritance patterns. It explains why pedigrees are used to study human inheritance given small family sizes and uncontrolled matings. The goals of pedigree analysis are to determine the mode of inheritance and probability of an affected offspring. Basic and additional pedigree symbols are presented. Modes of inheritance like Y-linked, mitochondrial, maternal effect, sex-influenced, sex-limited, sex-linked dominant and recessive are explained. Rules for assigning genotypes in dominant, recessive, autosomal and other pedigrees are provided. The concept of conditional probability is introduced for determining offspring probabilities when parental genotypes are uncertain.
Principles of Inheritance & Variation .pptx
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.
Transcription
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences near genes and uses the DNA as a template to synthesize complementary RNA strands. In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcripts undergo further processing including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation. Transcription and its regulation allow genetic information to be selectively expressed as needed and provide an additional layer of gene control.
Chemistry of protein, part 2 (Aug'21)
Classification of protein, Sources of protein, Properties of protein, Structures of protein, Denaturation of protein, Functions of protein
Mendels law
Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to develop his laws of heredity. Through crosses involving one or two traits, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles) and that alleles segregate and assort independently. His laws of segregation and independent assortment explained inheritance patterns through generations and the ratios of traits in offspring. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and his principles remain fundamental to inheritance.
punnett-square-notes grade 9.ppt
Genetics is the study of heredity and traits that are passed from parents to offspring. A trait is a characteristic like eye color or hair texture that varies between individuals. Genes determine traits by coding for proteins. Gregor Mendel conducted early studies on heredity by breeding pea plants and established that traits are passed in discrete units (alleles) and assort independently. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when present, and genotypes describe an organism's allele combination while phenotypes describe observable traits. Punnett squares predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental crosses.
punnett-square-notes.ppt
Genetics is the study of heredity and traits that are passed from parents to offspring. A trait is a characteristic like eye color that varies between individuals. Alleles are different versions of genes that determine traits, like brown vs. blue alleles for eye color. Genes are sequences of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits. Gregor Mendel conducted early studies of heredity in pea plants and established that traits are inherited as discrete units and assort independently. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when present, and genotypes describe an organism's allele combination while phenotypes describe observable traits. Punnett squares predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental crosses.
More Related Content
What's hot
Classical Genetics Lecture
The document discusses Gregor Mendel and the foundations of classical genetics. It describes how Mendel studied inheritance patterns in peas in the 1860s. He found that traits are passed through discrete factors (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant while others are recessive. His work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment. He demonstrated that alleles separate and are transmitted independently, allowing for prediction of inheritance patterns.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses patterns of inheritance and genetics terminology. It defines key terms like allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares. It also discusses exceptions to Mendel's laws like incomplete dominance and codominance. Finally, it covers sex-linked inheritance and examples of X-linked disorders.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
Mendelian inheritance
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants starting in 1854. He discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (now called genes) that are passed unchanged from parents to offspring. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel deduced his two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and sort independently into gametes, and 2) The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes assort independently of one another when gametes are formed.
genetics
This document discusses genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It provides background on genetics concepts like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and heredity. It then summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, which demonstrated that traits are inherited as distinct units (genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. Mendel showed that the inheritance of traits follows predictable statistical patterns, laying the foundation for the field of genetics.
IB Biology Genetics
This document provides a summary of key concepts in genetics and heredity. It discusses chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, mutations, meiosis, Mendelian inheritance, and more. Some key points include:
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins like histones. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits.
- Mutations involve changes in DNA base pairs and can cause conditions like sickle cell anemia.
- Meiosis produces gametes and involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and two cell divisions. This introduces genetic variation.
- Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment describe inheritance patterns he observed in pea plants. His work formed the basis of classical
Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage
This document discusses dihybrid crosses and gene linkage. It begins by explaining what a dihybrid cross is using an example parent generation and F1 generation. It then explains that for independent assortment to occur, the two genes being studied must be on different chromosomes so they assort independently. This follows Mendel's second law and should result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. However, if the genes are on the same chromosome (linked), they may not assort independently and the observed ratio may differ. The document goes on to provide examples of what independent assortment and gene linkage look like during meiosis and how crossing over can still allow the formation of all possible gametes even when genes are linked
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Genes do not always follow Mendel's principles of dominance and segregation. Some alleles show incomplete dominance where neither is fully dominant. Others show codominance where both alleles are expressed simultaneously. Multiple alleles exist for some genes with more than two variants. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple interacting genes and show wide variety in phenotypes. Maternal inheritance and genetic imprinting also influence traits. While an organism's genotype determines traits, its phenotype is also influenced by environmental conditions interacting with its genes.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance - Condition in which neither of allele is dominant over the other in heterozygous .
Carl correns did an experiment with four o'clock plant which explains incomplete dominance by showing blended phenotype pink heterozygous flowers .
Tay - Sachs Disease - Autosomal recessive genetic disorder . Chromosome 15 carry homozygous recessive rr alleles for disease .
Andalusian fowls is an example of incomplete dominance , in F1 generation we get all blue Andalusian fowls and F2 generation shows same phenotype and genotype ratio i.e 1: 2: 1
introduction to genetics
1. The document discusses principles of genetics including concepts like heredity, variation, Mendelian genetics, and branches of genetics like cytogenetics and molecular genetics.
2. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants from 1856-1863 which led to his principles of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance and the rediscovery of his work in 1900.
3. Key genetics terminology is defined including genes, alleles, genotype and phenotype, and symbols and concepts used in pedigrees like dominant/recessive alleles and Punnett squares are explained.
Gene interaction ppt
The document discusses various genetic concepts including gene interactions, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, lethal alleles, sex-influenced traits, penetrance, expressivity, environmental influences, pleiotropy, epistasis, and uses examples like flower color in plants and coat color in animals to illustrate these concepts. It explains that epistasis occurs when an allele of one gene masks the expression of alleles at another gene locus and defines different types of epistatic interactions like dominant epistasis and recessive epistasis.
7. Patterns of Inheritance
This document provides an outline for a lecture on patterns of inheritance. It covers the topics of genetics and human genetics, Mendel's laws of inheritance, Mendelian traits in humans, and monogenous diseases. The objectives are for students to understand general genetics concepts, key genetic terms, patterns of inheritance, Mendel's laws, and how they apply to inherited human traits and diseases. Example monogenetic diseases and Mendelian traits in humans are also listed.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Mendelian genetics 2007.ppt
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who experimented with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s. Through his experiments, he discovered the laws of inheritance known as Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently. His work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 1900s.
Pedigree analysis by andal, aquino
This document discusses pedigree analysis and inheritance patterns. It explains why pedigrees are used to study human inheritance given small family sizes and uncontrolled matings. The goals of pedigree analysis are to determine the mode of inheritance and probability of an affected offspring. Basic and additional pedigree symbols are presented. Modes of inheritance like Y-linked, mitochondrial, maternal effect, sex-influenced, sex-limited, sex-linked dominant and recessive are explained. Rules for assigning genotypes in dominant, recessive, autosomal and other pedigrees are provided. The concept of conditional probability is introduced for determining offspring probabilities when parental genotypes are uncertain.
Principles of Inheritance & Variation .pptx
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.
Transcription
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences near genes and uses the DNA as a template to synthesize complementary RNA strands. In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcripts undergo further processing including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation. Transcription and its regulation allow genetic information to be selectively expressed as needed and provide an additional layer of gene control.
Chemistry of protein, part 2 (Aug'21)
Classification of protein, Sources of protein, Properties of protein, Structures of protein, Denaturation of protein, Functions of protein
Mendels law
Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to develop his laws of heredity. Through crosses involving one or two traits, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles) and that alleles segregate and assort independently. His laws of segregation and independent assortment explained inheritance patterns through generations and the ratios of traits in offspring. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and his principles remain fundamental to inheritance.
What's hot (20)
Similar to INTRODUCTION ABOUT GENETICS.ppt
punnett-square-notes grade 9.ppt
Genetics is the study of heredity and traits that are passed from parents to offspring. A trait is a characteristic like eye color or hair texture that varies between individuals. Genes determine traits by coding for proteins. Gregor Mendel conducted early studies on heredity by breeding pea plants and established that traits are passed in discrete units (alleles) and assort independently. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when present, and genotypes describe an organism's allele combination while phenotypes describe observable traits. Punnett squares predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental crosses.
punnett-square-notes.ppt
Genetics is the study of heredity and traits that are passed from parents to offspring. A trait is a characteristic like eye color that varies between individuals. Alleles are different versions of genes that determine traits, like brown vs. blue alleles for eye color. Genes are sequences of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits. Gregor Mendel conducted early studies of heredity in pea plants and established that traits are inherited as discrete units and assort independently. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when present, and genotypes describe an organism's allele combination while phenotypes describe observable traits. Punnett squares predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental crosses.
Punnet square.ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments in genetics using pea plants. He identified two laws of inheritance: the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. The law of segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation such that offspring receive one allele from each parent for each trait. The law of independent assortment states that genes assort independently, so the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of others. Mendel also described dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Genetics
The document defines key genetics vocabulary terms like genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering experiments with pea plants, including his discovery that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and that some genes are dominant over others. It provides examples of applying genetics concepts like Punnett squares to predict offspring from crosses between parents with different traits.
Genetics
The document defines key genetics vocabulary terms like genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype. It summarizes Mendel's experiments crossing pea plants with different traits like height. His results showed traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and that some genes are dominant over others. The document provides examples of applying genetics concepts like Punnett squares to determine offspring probabilities from crosses.
7th grade life science genetics and probability
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance and how they can be used to predict offspring through the use of Punnett squares and probability. It defines key genetic terms like alleles, dominant/recessive, genotype and phenotype. It also provides examples of classic Mendelian crosses using pea plants and describes how the crosses would appear in a monohybrid (one trait) Punnett square analysis.
Week 14 - Heredity.pptx
This document discusses genetics and inheritance. It defines key genetic terms like heredity, genetics, traits, genes, alleles, dominant/recessive alleles, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype and genotype. It explains Mendel's principles of heredity through monohybrid crosses using pea plants and Punnett squares. A monohybrid cross of tall and dwarf plants results in all tall offspring in the F1 generation and a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation. Pedigrees are used to track inherited human traits through families.
Genetics
- Genetics is the science of heredity and variation. It studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.
- Chromosomes contain DNA and genes which determine inherited traits. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. His work laid the foundation for genetics.
Genetics Powerpoint.pptx
Genetics is the study of heredity and genes. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s that formed the basis of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the principles of inheritance, including that traits are determined by units now called genes, genes occur in different forms called alleles, dominant alleles mask recessive alleles, and alleles assort independently during gamete formation. Mendel's principles can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses and the inheritance of traits.
2014 mendelian-genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He found that when he cross-pollinated pea plants with distinct traits, the offspring displayed only one of the parental traits, and this trait was passed down predictably in future generations. His experiments demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance, now known as genes, and established the fundamental principles of genetics including dominance, segregation of alleles, and independent assortment. Mendel's work formed the foundation of classical genetics.
Mendelian genetics power_point
- Gregor Mendel developed the basic principles of heredity through experiments breeding pea plants in the mid-1800s. He discovered the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Mendel observed that traits such as seed shape, flower color, and plant height followed predictable patterns when passed from one generation to the next. His work established the foundations of classical/Mendelian genetics.
- Through his experiments, Mendel determined that heritable factors (now known as genes) are transmitted from parents to offspring in discrete units, and that these units assort and segregate independently during reproduction according to his laws.
Mendel and heredity
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel studied the inheritance of traits through successive generations of pea plant crosses. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratio patterns. From this he developed his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical/Mendelian genetics and was the forerunner of modern understanding of heredity and genes.
Mendel and heredity
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel studied the inheritance of traits through successive generations of pea plant crosses. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratio patterns. From this he developed his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established the basic principles of classical genetics and heredity.
Mendel and heredity
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel performed crosses in three generations of pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratios, leading him to propose his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. The document also explains concepts like dominant and recessive alleles, genotype and phenotype, and how probability and Punnett squares can be used to predict inheritance patterns.
Inheritance Study Guide
This document discusses several genetics concepts including:
1) Traits can be physical characteristics visible on the outside (phenotype) or genetic characteristics on the inside (genotype). Genes determine traits through dominance relationships.
2) Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment using patterns from genetic crosses and Punnett squares.
3) Genetic disorders can be passed from parent to offspring, with some offspring getting the disorder, some being carriers, and some being normal depending on their genotype.
Inheritance Study Guide
This document discusses several genetics concepts:
1) It defines traits, heredity, inheritance and how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
2) It explains DNA structure and its role in protein synthesis and mutations.
3) It describes Mendel's experiments with pea plants and inheritance patterns such as dominance, co-dominance, and incomplete dominance.
4) It discusses blood typing, sex-linked traits like hemophilia, and carrier status.
Genetics
The document discusses basic genetics concepts including genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and using Punnett squares to determine the probability of offspring inheriting traits from parents. It defines key terms like genotype as the genetic makeup of an individual, phenotype as the observable expression of genes, and explains how dominant traits will always be expressed over recessive traits in a heterozygous individual. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters while recessive traits are lowercase. Punnett squares allow predicting the likelihood of traits being passed from parents to offspring based on the parents' genotypes.
Complete Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including classical genetics, molecular genetics, and evolutionary genetics. It discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. It defines key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, alleles, and genes. It also covers exceptions to Mendel's laws including incomplete dominance, codominance, and lethal alleles. Finally, it discusses linkage and crossing over between genes located on the same chromosome.
Genetics Part 1
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It discusses how traits are passed down from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. The work of Gregor Mendel, the "Father of Genetics", is described, including his experiments breeding pea plants and his discovery of dominant and recessive alleles. Key genetics concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares are also introduced.
Ch 11 intro mendelian genetics sp11
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study heredity and inheritance of traits. He discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Genes exist in different forms called alleles, which may be dominant or recessive. When dominant and recessive alleles are paired, the dominant allele will mask the expression of the recessive allele. Through his experiments, Mendel established the principles of segregation and independent assortment, which explain how genes are transmitted and combined during reproduction.
Similar to INTRODUCTION ABOUT GENETICS.ppt (20)
More from shoba shoba
Introduction about Biomolecules - I or Macromolecules introduction
Biomolecules are biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism. They are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out basic biological processes such as reproduction, growth and sustainence.
Scope of Biochemistry.pptx
At its most basic, biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes occurring in living matter. However, this simple definition encompasses an incredibly diverse field of research that touches nearly all aspects of our lives.
Replication.pptx
DNA replication is the process where new DNA molecules are produced that have the same base sequence as the original DNA molecule. It occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation occurs at the origin of replication where enzymes help unwind and separate the DNA strands. Elongation involves DNA polymerase adding new nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction based on complementarity. Termination occurs at specific termination sites where the replication forks meet. DNA replication is semi-conservative, producing two DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
CARBOHYDRATES.pptx
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve important functions in cells including as an energy source and structural component. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Starch and cellulose are two important polysaccharides - starch is used by plants for energy storage while cellulose provides structure in plant cell walls.
Amino acids.pptx
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
- There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. They contain an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain that varies between different amino acids.
- Amino acids can be classified based on the composition of their side chains, their acidic or basic properties, and the polarity of their side chains. Some key amino acid classifications include essential vs non-essential and glycogenic vs ketogenic.
Ecology.ppt
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in ecology. It discusses the biosphere and different levels of ecological organization, including species, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. It then explains abiotic and biotic factors that shape ecosystems, as well as habitats and niches. Major cycles like the water and carbon cycles are overviewed, along with how energy flows through ecosystems via autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers, food chains, food webs, and trophic levels. The document concludes with explanations of ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession.
More from shoba shoba (6)
Introduction about Biomolecules - I or Macromolecules introduction
Introduction about Biomolecules - I or Macromolecules introduction
Recently uploaded
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Recently uploaded (20)
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
INTRODUCTION ABOUT GENETICS.ppt
- 1. Dr.K.Shoba M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, D.K.M Colle ge for Women ( Autonomous), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India - 632001
- 2. What is Genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity
- 3. What is a Trait? A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. Examples: Brown hair, blue eyes, tall, curly
- 4. What is an Allele? Alleles are the different possibilities for a given trait. Every trait has at least two alleles (one from the mother and one from the father) Example: Eye color – Brown, blue, green, hazel Examples of Alleles: A = Brown Eyes a = Blue Eyes B = Green Eyes b = Hazel Eyes
- 5. What are Genes? Genes are the sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.
- 6. Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics 1st important studies of heredity Identified specific traits in the garden pea and studied them from one generation to another
- 7. Mendel’s Conclusions 1.Law of Segregation – Two alleles for each trait separate when gametes form; Parents pass only one allele for each trait to each offspring 2.Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
- 8. Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant - Masks the other trait; the trait that shows if present Represented by a capital letter Recessive – An organism with a recessive allele for a particular trait will only exhibit that trait when the dominant allele is not present; Will only show if both alleles are present Represented by a lower case letter R r
- 9. Dominant & Recessive Practice TT - Represent offspring with straight hair Tt - Represent offspring with straight hair tt - Represents offspring with curly hair T – straight hair t - curly hair
- 10. Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype – The genetic makeup of an organism; The gene (or allele) combination an organism has. Example: Tt, ss, GG, Ww Phenotype – The physical characteristics of an organism; The way an organism looks Example: Curly hair, straight hair, blue eyes, tall, green
- 11. Homozygous vs. Heterozygous Homozygous – Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt) Heterozygous - Term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (Tt) RR Rr rr
- 12. Punnett Squares Punnett Square – Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross Used to calculate the probability of inheriting a particular trait Probability – The chance that a given event will occur
- 14. How to Complete a Punnett Square
- 16. You Try It Now! Give the genotype and phenotype for the following cross: TT x tt (T = Tall and t = Short)
- 17. TT x tt Step One: Set Up Punnett Square (put one parent on the top and the other along the side) T T t t
- 18. TT x tt Step Two: Complete the Punnett Square T T t t Tt Tt Tt Tt
- 19. TT x tt Step Three: Write the genotype and phenotype T T t t Tt Tt Tt Tt Genotype: 4 - Tt Phenotype: 100% Tall Remember: Each box is 25%
- 20. You Try It Now! Give the genotype and phenotype for the following cross: Tt x tt
- 21. Tt x tt Step One: Set Up Punnett Square (put one parent on the top and the other along the side) T t t t
- 22. Tt x tt Step Two: Complete the Punnett Square T t t t Tt tt Tt tt
- 23. Tt x tt Step Two: Complete the Punnett Square T t t t Tt tt Tt tt Genotype: Tt - 2 (50%) tt - 2 (50%) Phenotype: 50% Tall 50% Short Remember: Each box is 25%
- 24. Some Terminology P1 – Original parents F1 – First generation F2 – Second generation P1 X P1 = F1 F1 X F1 = F2
- 25. Incomplete Dominance Incomplete Dominance - Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another. Example – Red and white flowers are crossed and pink flowers are produced.
- 26. Codominance Codominance - Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism. Example – A solid white cow is crossed with a solid brown cow and the resulting offspring are spotted brown and white (called roan). +
- 27. Multiple Alleles Multiple Alleles- Three or more alleles of the same gene. Even though three or more alleles exist for a particular trait, an individual can only have two alleles - one from the mother and one from the father.
- 28. Examples of Multiple Alleles 1. Coat color in rabbits is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles. Different combinations of alleles result in the four colors you see here.
- 29. Examples of Multiple Alleles 2. Blood Type – 3 alleles exist (IA, IB, and i), which results in four different possible blood types 3. Hair Color – Too many alleles exist to count There are over 20 different shades of hair color.
- 30. Multiple Alleles There Are Always Multiple Alleles! Genetic inheritance is often presented with straightforward examples involving only two alleles with clear-cut dominance. This makes inheritance patterns easy to see. But very few traits actually only have two alleles with clear-cut dominance. As we learn more about genetics, we have found that there are often hundreds of alleles for any particular gene. We probably know this already - as we look around at other people, we see infinite variation.
- 31. Polygenic Trait Polygenic Trait - Trait controlled by two or more genes. Polygenic traits often show a wide range of phenotypes. Example: The wide range of skin color in humans comes about partly because more than four different genes probably control this trait.