This presentation was given by Dr. Ivar Jacobson in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation points out chronic problems of software engineering and the need for a solid theoretical base of software engineering. It then explains Essence Kernel as widely agreed elements of software engineering and how the Kernel can help improve software engineering by enabling agile enactment and use of methods.
This presentation was given by Professor June Sung Park in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Chairman of SEMAT Executive Committee, in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
Technology, especially IT has affected our lives. Various activities are getting streamlined due to IT. The world today is characterized by powerful IT, forces of collaboration and digitization.
Research at Athabasca University: Boxes, square pegs & round holesalanwylie
Anticipation the Future Panel presentation by Rory McGreal for the DEHub/ODLAA Education 2011 to 2021- Global challenges and perspectives of blended and distance learning the (14 to 18 February 2011).
This presentation was given by Professor June Sung Park in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Chairman of SEMAT Executive Committee, in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation illustrates how one can standardize and integrate a variety of software engineering methods used in an enterprise by expressing all practices and methods in terms of the Essence kernel.
SEMAT & SE Education - LACREST 2013 Keynoteperaire
This is a keynote address on SEMAT and Software Engineering Education presented at LACREST 2013. Among other things, the talk covers the following paper: http://works.bepress.com/cecile_peraire/1/
This presentation was given by Professor June Sung Park in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Chairman of SEMAT Executive Committee, in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
Technology, especially IT has affected our lives. Various activities are getting streamlined due to IT. The world today is characterized by powerful IT, forces of collaboration and digitization.
Research at Athabasca University: Boxes, square pegs & round holesalanwylie
Anticipation the Future Panel presentation by Rory McGreal for the DEHub/ODLAA Education 2011 to 2021- Global challenges and perspectives of blended and distance learning the (14 to 18 February 2011).
This presentation was given by Professor June Sung Park in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Chairman of SEMAT Executive Committee, in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation illustrates how one can standardize and integrate a variety of software engineering methods used in an enterprise by expressing all practices and methods in terms of the Essence kernel.
SEMAT & SE Education - LACREST 2013 Keynoteperaire
This is a keynote address on SEMAT and Software Engineering Education presented at LACREST 2013. Among other things, the talk covers the following paper: http://works.bepress.com/cecile_peraire/1/
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Modeling should be an independent scientific disciplineJordi Cabot
Software modeling started as a paradigm to help developers build better software faster by enabling them to specify, reason and manipulate software systems at a higher-abstraction level while ignoring irrelevant low-level technical details. But this same principle manifests in any other domain that has to deal with complex systems, software-based or not. We argue that bringing to other engineering and scientific fields, our modeling expertise is a win–win opportunity where we can all learn from each other as we all model, but in complementary ways. Nevertheless, to fully unleash the benefits of this collaboration, we must go beyond individual efforts trying to adapt single techniques from one field to another. It requires a deeper reformulation of modeling as a whole. It is time for modeling to become an independent discipline where all fields of knowledge can contribute and benefit from.
Empirical Methods in Software Engineering - an Overviewalessio_ferrari
A first introductory lecture on empirical methods in software engineering. It includes:
1) Motivation for empirical software engineering studies
2) How to define research questions
3) Measures and data collection methods
4) Formulating theories in software engineering
5) Software engineering research strategies
Find the videos at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSKM4VZcJjV-P3fFJYMu2OhlTjEr9Bjl0
Scientific Software Challenges and Community ResponsesDaniel S. Katz
a talk given at RTI International on 7 December 2015, discussing 12 scientific software challenges and how the scientific software community is responding to them
Liberating the Essence from the Burden of the Whole: A Renaissance in Lean Th...Profesia Srl, Lynx Group
"Liberating the Essence from the Burden of the Whole: A Renaissance in Lean Thinking". Presentation of Ivar Jacobson at the BPM Forum in Milan, introducing the concept of a “kernel” as the essence of the most things are built. The idea of a kernel has many practical applications in today’s business: 1) designing an agile business, 2) building products using agile techniques, 3) re-engineering your method or way of working. Proven in many practical situations, the kernel concept provides the ability to scale up the use of agile approaches whilst maintaining control & visibility. It is now being considered for adoption by standards bodies such as the Object Management Group to enable light weight, usable, agile approaches to knowledge management. While talking about re-engineering of methods Ivar will introduce Semat (Software Engineering Methods And Theory), a worldwide initiative to refound software engineering.
Instructional Design Today: What We Really Need to Know as Practitioners, Res...Karl Kapp
What is the best way to design instruction for today's technology tools, for standup instruction, and for workday e-learning? What do practitioners need to know right now to develop effective instruction? What does research and practice tell us about effective instruction? This session will show you how instructional strategies can be applied to a variety of technologies to produce effective, efficient instruction that changes behavior and influences learners. Discover how the instructional design process can be modified to fit today's fast-paced need for quick, effective instruction. Follow an abbreviated instructional design process -Apply the keys to creating instruction that changes behavior -Match the right content to the right instructional strategies
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Multi task learning stepping away from narrow expert models 7.11.18Cloudera, Inc.
Join this webinar as Friederike Schüür covers:
A conceptual introduction to multi-task learning (MTL), how and why it works
A technical deep dive, from MTL random forests to MTL neural networks
Applications of MTL, from structured data to text and images
The benefits of MTL to organizations, from financial services to healthcare and agriculture
Industry-Academia Communication In Empirical Software EngineeringPer Runeson
Researchers in software engineering must communicate with industry practitioners, both engineers and managers. Communication may be about collaboration buy-in, problem identification, empirical data collection, solution design, evaluation, and reporting. In order to gain mutual benefit of the collaboration, ensuring relevant research and improved industry practice, researchers and practitioners must be good at communicating. The basis for a researcher to be good at industry-academia communication is firstly to be “bi-lingual”. Understanding and being able to translate between these “languages” is essential. Secondly, it is also about being “bi-cultural”.Understanding the incentives in industry and academia respectively, is a basis for being able to find balances between e.g. rigor and relevance in the research. Time frames is another aspect that is different in the two cultures. Thirdly, the choice of communication channels is key to reach the intended audience.A wide range of channels exist, from face to face meetings, via tweets and blogs, to academic journal papers and theses; each having its own audience and purposes. The keynote speech will explore the challenges of industry-academia communication, based on two decades of collaboration experiences, both successes and failures. It aims to support primarily the academic side of the communication to help achieving industry impact through rigorous and relevant empirical software engineering research.
This presentation explains what IT technologies, architectures and features should be employed to develop a successful SaaS service. It then explains key strategic management factors that enable the SaaS business to be desirable, feasible and viable. These strategic management factors are shown to be deeply related to the essential technologies, architectures and features addressed hereinbefore. The last chapter shows a recommendable process of engineering a SaaS which is based on the Value-Obsessed Lean Framework (VOLF) (https://www.jp-institute-of-software.com/439889682), and a traceable network of work products to be produced in that process.
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Modeling should be an independent scientific disciplineJordi Cabot
Software modeling started as a paradigm to help developers build better software faster by enabling them to specify, reason and manipulate software systems at a higher-abstraction level while ignoring irrelevant low-level technical details. But this same principle manifests in any other domain that has to deal with complex systems, software-based or not. We argue that bringing to other engineering and scientific fields, our modeling expertise is a win–win opportunity where we can all learn from each other as we all model, but in complementary ways. Nevertheless, to fully unleash the benefits of this collaboration, we must go beyond individual efforts trying to adapt single techniques from one field to another. It requires a deeper reformulation of modeling as a whole. It is time for modeling to become an independent discipline where all fields of knowledge can contribute and benefit from.
Empirical Methods in Software Engineering - an Overviewalessio_ferrari
A first introductory lecture on empirical methods in software engineering. It includes:
1) Motivation for empirical software engineering studies
2) How to define research questions
3) Measures and data collection methods
4) Formulating theories in software engineering
5) Software engineering research strategies
Find the videos at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSKM4VZcJjV-P3fFJYMu2OhlTjEr9Bjl0
Scientific Software Challenges and Community ResponsesDaniel S. Katz
a talk given at RTI International on 7 December 2015, discussing 12 scientific software challenges and how the scientific software community is responding to them
Liberating the Essence from the Burden of the Whole: A Renaissance in Lean Th...Profesia Srl, Lynx Group
"Liberating the Essence from the Burden of the Whole: A Renaissance in Lean Thinking". Presentation of Ivar Jacobson at the BPM Forum in Milan, introducing the concept of a “kernel” as the essence of the most things are built. The idea of a kernel has many practical applications in today’s business: 1) designing an agile business, 2) building products using agile techniques, 3) re-engineering your method or way of working. Proven in many practical situations, the kernel concept provides the ability to scale up the use of agile approaches whilst maintaining control & visibility. It is now being considered for adoption by standards bodies such as the Object Management Group to enable light weight, usable, agile approaches to knowledge management. While talking about re-engineering of methods Ivar will introduce Semat (Software Engineering Methods And Theory), a worldwide initiative to refound software engineering.
Instructional Design Today: What We Really Need to Know as Practitioners, Res...Karl Kapp
What is the best way to design instruction for today's technology tools, for standup instruction, and for workday e-learning? What do practitioners need to know right now to develop effective instruction? What does research and practice tell us about effective instruction? This session will show you how instructional strategies can be applied to a variety of technologies to produce effective, efficient instruction that changes behavior and influences learners. Discover how the instructional design process can be modified to fit today's fast-paced need for quick, effective instruction. Follow an abbreviated instructional design process -Apply the keys to creating instruction that changes behavior -Match the right content to the right instructional strategies
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Multi task learning stepping away from narrow expert models 7.11.18Cloudera, Inc.
Join this webinar as Friederike Schüür covers:
A conceptual introduction to multi-task learning (MTL), how and why it works
A technical deep dive, from MTL random forests to MTL neural networks
Applications of MTL, from structured data to text and images
The benefits of MTL to organizations, from financial services to healthcare and agriculture
Industry-Academia Communication In Empirical Software EngineeringPer Runeson
Researchers in software engineering must communicate with industry practitioners, both engineers and managers. Communication may be about collaboration buy-in, problem identification, empirical data collection, solution design, evaluation, and reporting. In order to gain mutual benefit of the collaboration, ensuring relevant research and improved industry practice, researchers and practitioners must be good at communicating. The basis for a researcher to be good at industry-academia communication is firstly to be “bi-lingual”. Understanding and being able to translate between these “languages” is essential. Secondly, it is also about being “bi-cultural”.Understanding the incentives in industry and academia respectively, is a basis for being able to find balances between e.g. rigor and relevance in the research. Time frames is another aspect that is different in the two cultures. Thirdly, the choice of communication channels is key to reach the intended audience.A wide range of channels exist, from face to face meetings, via tweets and blogs, to academic journal papers and theses; each having its own audience and purposes. The keynote speech will explore the challenges of industry-academia communication, based on two decades of collaboration experiences, both successes and failures. It aims to support primarily the academic side of the communication to help achieving industry impact through rigorous and relevant empirical software engineering research.
This presentation explains what IT technologies, architectures and features should be employed to develop a successful SaaS service. It then explains key strategic management factors that enable the SaaS business to be desirable, feasible and viable. These strategic management factors are shown to be deeply related to the essential technologies, architectures and features addressed hereinbefore. The last chapter shows a recommendable process of engineering a SaaS which is based on the Value-Obsessed Lean Framework (VOLF) (https://www.jp-institute-of-software.com/439889682), and a traceable network of work products to be produced in that process.
클라우드의 필수속성과 그로 인해 유발되는 일반적 가치명제와 잠재위험을 설명한다. 기업이나 정부에서 Private 클라우드 구축 또는 Public 클라우드 활용을 성공적으로 추진할 수 있는 선행요건과 실패요인을 살펴본다. 클라우드 도입 모델(Public, Hosted Private, Private 클라우드 모델)의 선택기준을 알아보고, 클라우드 도입 모델 별로 효과적인 추진 전략에 대해 상세히 살펴본다. 특히 클라우드의 보안문제에 대한 대응전략을 알아본다. 또한 클라우드 도입 성공사례들을 통해 다양한 전략의 적용 실태를 살펴본다. 다음 클라우드 전략수립, 선정 및 협약, 구현 및 운영의 생애주기에 적용할 수 있는 체계적인 프레임워크와 프로세스를 제시한다.
This presentation was given by Brian Elvesæter in SINTEF (Oslo, Norway) in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
This presentation shows applying Essence kernel to define a Scrum practice, and using the EssWork Practice Workbench to author the practice.
This presentation was given by Burkhard Perkens-Golomb in Munich RE in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation shows how Munich RE improved its application development practices utilizing Essence Kernel.
This presentation was given by Brian Elvesæter in SINTEF (Oslo, Norway) in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation shows how the method for REMICS(Reuse and Migration of legacy applications to Interoperable Cloud Services) project of EU was converted from SPEM 2.0 to Essence 1.0,
This presentation was given by Ed Seidewitz in Ivar Jacobson International in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation explains Essence Kernel and how it can be used to plan and manage software engineering projects.
This presentation was given by Dave Cuningham in Fujitsu in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation shows the APT method of software engineering at Fujitsu which applies the Essence approach to agile planning.
This presentation was given by Andrey Bayda in INCOSE (International Council on Systems Engineering) Russian Chapter in the Essence Information Day held in OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin, Germany on June 20, 2013.
The presentation shows an extension of Essence Kernel for systems engineering and its mapping with ISO 42010.
This lecture was given by Professor June Sung Park at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in the 2012 Cloud Conference held in August 2012 by Electronic Times in Korea.
More from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (20)
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Topics covered:
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
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Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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2. Agenda
Specific Problems
A Case for Action
- Defining a solid theoretical base
- Finding a kernel of widely agreed elements
Using the Kernel
Final Words
3. Being in the software development
business
Everyone of us knows how to
develop our software,
but as a community we have no
widely accepted common ground
4. A CASE FOR ACTION STATEMENT
• Software engineering is gravely hampered today by immature
practices. Specific problems include:
– The prevalence of fads more typical of fashion industry than of an
engineering discipline.
– The lack of a sound, widely accepted theoretical basis.
– The huge number of methods and method variants, with differences
little understood and artificially magnified.
– The lack of credible experimental evaluation and validation.
– The split between industry practice and academic research.
5. Agenda
Specific Problems
A Case for Action
- Defining a solid theoretical base
- Finding a kernel of widely agreed elements
Using the Kernel
Final Words
6. The SEMAT initiative
Software Engineering Method and Theory
www.semat.org
Founded by the Troika in September 2009:
Ivar Jacobson – Bertrand Meyer – Richard Soley
7. What are we going to do about it?
The Grand Vision
We support a process to refound software
engineering based on a solid theory,
proven principles and best practices
Defining
a solid
theoretical basis
A Kernel of
widely agreed
elements
The Next Steps
8. Desired solution: Method Architecture
There are probably more
than 100,000 methods
incl. for instance
SADT, Booch, OMT, RUP,
CMMI, XP, Scrum, Lean,
Kanban
There are around 250
identified practices incl
for instance use cases,
use stories, features,
components,
The Kernel includes
such elements as
Requirement,
Software system,
Work, Team, Way-of-
working, etc.
Standing on a solid theoretical basis
The Language is a
scripting language easy
to use by practitioners.
9. Standing on a solid theoretical basis
Desired solution: Method Architecture
The Essence=
Kernel+Language
10. Standing on a solid theoretical basis
Desired solution: Method Architecture
The Essence
Kernel+Language
Essence will most
likely be a standard
2013
11. Agenda
Specific Problems
A Case for Action
- Defining a solid theoretical base
- Finding a kernel of widely agreed elements
Using the Kernel
Final Words
12. Standing on a Solid Theory
Examples:
– Maxwell’s equations,
– The Big Bang Theory,
– The Theory of the Cell,
– The Theory of Supply and Demand,
– A General Theory of Crime,
– General Theory of Action
– General Theory of Human Information Processing
– Theory of Organizational Structure
“There is nothing so practical
as a good theory!”
- Kurt Lewin
13. Software Engineering doesn’t lack theories
There are abundant theories in software engineering:
•Boehm’s The Constructive Cost Model – COCOMO,
•Parnas’ principle of information hiding,
•Constantine’s Cohesion and Coupling,
•Conway’s Law,
•Dijkstra’s theory of cognitive limits
(“Go to statement considered harmful”),
•Wirth’s stepwise refinement,
•Meyer’s Design by Contract,
•Etc., etc., etc..
But none of these theories are foundational
15. Software Engineering doesn’t lack theories
SEMAT wants to provide the core theory on
which more specialised theories can stand
Core Theory – The Essence
16. Agenda
Specific Problems
A Case for Action
- Defining a solid theoretical base
- Finding a kernel of widely agreed elements
Using the Kernel
Final Words
17. A kernel of widely-agreed elements
The Kernel includes elements which are
universal for all software development efforts
• The Kernel should be harvested from
a large number of methods
• The Kernel is practice and method independent
Kernel
18. Include a kernel of widely-agreed elements
The Kernel includes the essence
of software engineering
“I am freeing the statue from the block”
- Michelangelo (attributed)
So to paraphrase Michelangelo:
“We are freeing the kernel
from the methods”
19. In a Nut Shell – what we WILL change
Executives
Big companies have
many processes.
Challenges:
-Reuse practices
-Reuse training
-“Reuse” of people
-Evolutionary
improvement is hard
Professionals
Want to become
experts. Challenges:
-Their skills are not
easily reusable for a
new product.
-Their career path
follows a zig-zag track
from hype to hype.
Education
-Teaching instances of
methods such as
Scrum, RUP, instead of
common base; doesn’t
create generalists
SEMAT targets the whole software community.
Industry Academics
Research
-The Gap between
research and
industry
-No widely accepted
theory
20. Summary – What is new?
“This (SEMAT) meeting in Zurich
(2010) is likely to be an historic
occasion much like the 1968 NATO
session in Garmish.”
- Watts Humphrey (CMMI)
Editor's Notes
AbstractThe SEMAT community (Software Engineering Method And Theory) has identified a common ground for software engineering. This common ground called Essence is manifested as a kernel of essential elements that are universal to all software-development efforts, and a simple language for describing methods and practices on top of the kernel. The kernel is thus a reusable methodology base. Practices described on top of the kernel are also reusable when building methods, and are guaranteed to incorporate key elements of proven methods. A library of practices is being designed. Methods are then built by composing a subset of the practices, similar to how you compose aspects into programs. Since practices are well founded, the resulting method is more flexible and adaptable, and thus easier to customize in a reliable way. Essence differs from the many previous attempts at creating process frameworks by addressing the developers primarily instead of the process engineers. It relies heavily on two principles: agile in working with methods and separation of concerns. Thus the 100,000s of methods in the world can all be described by compositions of reusable practices, of which there are just a few hundreds. Focusing on method usage in real endeavors instead of method description as all previous attempts have done, it allows a developer to measure progress and health of key elements. With Essence as a basis, we can add layers of practices on top of it, and create advanced reuse methods such as methods for system of systems, enterprise systems, product lines, service-oriented architecture, domain engineering or component assembly - like those integrated in our UML-based systematic reuse approach, described in the Jacobson, Griss & Jonsson book.
Sometimes when considering theories, crowning points of the physical sciences overwhelm the discussion. Typical examples of such theories are Newton's Laws, Maxwell's Equations, Schroedinger's Equations, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and Kirchoff's Laws. Quite remarkable features of these theories are their mathematical well-definedness, their simplicity and their preciseness. In an attempt to create theory of software engineering, one might be led to compare such a theory to the aforementioned. Although this comparison has merits, it also has problems. Software engineering is in many respects dissimilar from the electric currents and heavenly bodies of physics. One might, when faced with the perfection of those theories, decide that the task of creating a theory of software engineering is impossible. Therefore, it seems important to present some alternative theories to those of the natural sciences. Here, I briefly review a set of general theories in various disciplines, with a focus on the width of phenomena they cover. The review contains only theories of good academic standing. The works in which they were presented have all collected thousands of citations, which places them in the top percent of scientific publications. Many of the theories have completely redefined the field for theoreticians and have had an enormous influence on the decisions made by practitioners.First, as an object of comparison, consider Maxwell's equations [James Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 1873]. With respect to universality, they explain the causes and effects of electricity and magnetism. How is an electric current created? What determines the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field? Since electromagnetism is one of the four forces of nature, the universality of the theory is impressive. On the topic of their falsifiability, they set very high standards. For a given experimental setup, they predict the exact values of multiple variables, such as the electric and magnetic field intensities, on real scales. Regarding their precision, we find that they are capable of remarkably precise predictions. In fact, we believe that they are so precise, that if we repeatedly were to measure a value that differed from the prediction with even a percent, we would remain convinced that the deviation was a result of a sloppy experimental setup rather than of an imprecise theory. This remarkable confidence that we have assigned to the theory is also a measure of its degree of corroboration. Reports of repeated successful empirical trials has brought our confidence in the theory represented by Maxwell's equations very close to unity. Finally, considering their internal consistency, they have the benefit of a formal mathematical system, ensuring that there are no hidden contradictions in the equational set. But theories of physics have not always been mathematically formalized. For instance, consider the Theory of the Big Bang [G. Lemaître, The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory, 1931]. According to this theory, first proposed by Georges Lemaître in 1931, the universe originates from a single particle. As stated by Lemaître himself: "all the energy of the universe packed in a few or even in a unique quantum." This theory is, of course, of significant universality, as well as of precision. It is clear that it faces some problems of falsifiability, since it is not possible for us to observe the moment of the creation of the universe. Nonetheless, the current wisdom of in the discipline of physics is that the big bang theory is correct, since there are several pieces of evidence to that effect (e.g. the current expansion of the universe). With respect to internal consistency, the Big Bang theory in its original form was not formalized mathematically. In fact, it consisted only of the one natural language sentence cited above. Although it was subsequently expressed mathematically, the essence of the theory did not require mathematical rigor.Another seminal theory of the natural sciences is the Theory of the Cell. In brief, it states that all living material is made of, and functions through, cells. These cells multiply by division, and when they divide, hereditary information (DNA) is passed. The idea that all living organisms consist of cells was discovered by Schwann and Schleyden [T. Schwann, M. J. Schleyden, Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants, 1847]. The cell theory is quite clearly falsifiable. In fact, for a while in the mid-19th century it seemed falsified by the discovery of the neuron, which initially did not appear to be a cell [Mazzarello, P., A unifying concept: the history of cell theory, Nature, 1999]. The theory's universality is of course significant, since it applies to such a large domain as "all living organisms". Its preciseness has improved with time. Initially, not even the summary outline of the theory presented above was included in the theory of the cell. When Schwann and Schleyden first proposed the theory, they did not speak of DNA or any similar hereditary information, and they did not understand the various parts of the cell, such as mitochondria, that are now included in the theory. Regarding the cell theory's degree of corroboration, this is of course very high. An enormous amount of studies are based on the correctness of the theory. Finally, considering its consistency, it seems to have encountered no great problems, even though it is not formalized mathematically.Beyond the natural and engineering sciences, the discipline of economy is perhaps the most formalized. One example is John Maynard Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money [J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936] which has governed state decisions on interest rates and public spending in times of recession as well as in booms, with a significant impact on the private economies of billions of people. The theory explains the causes and effects of variations in employment, interest and money. According to Wikipedia, Keynes is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics, and to be the most influential economist of the 20th century. Keynes's theory is written in natural language mixed with some equations. The theory consists of many concepts and they are only occasionally well-defined. Despite, or perhaps due to, its significant impact, the correctness of the theory is still debated. Due to the problems of experimental research in macroeconomics, the theory faces significant problems with respect to its falsifiability; it is difficult to determine if it is true or not.There are many other theories within the economic sciences. There are fundamental ones such as The Theory of Supply and Demand, generally attributed to AugustinCournot'sRecherchessur les principesmathématiques de la théorie des richesses from 1838, which explains how are prices of goods determined in a marketplace as well as more specific ones, as Edith Penrose's Theory of the Growth of the Firm [E. Penrose, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, 1959], presenting the mechanisms that govern the growth of commercial companies. The theories range from informal to mathematically formalized.Parts of sociology overlap with economy. One interesting approach is that taken by Nobel prize winner Gary Becker. In his work he has used the general theory of Rational Choice to create more specialized theories of various social phenomena. One notable example is his Theory of Marriage []. By considering the prospective husband and wife as rational and selfish, and presuming the existence of something he calls a market of marriages, Becker develops a completely mathematically formalized theory aiming to explain and predict issues such as matching of mates, divorce, polygamy, and inequality in family incomes. Becker's theory of marriage scores well on the dimensions of internal consistency, falsifiability and precision. Concerning its universality, this is a so called mid-range theory; the really general one is perhaps the theory of rational choice. Finally, regarding corroboration, I believe that Becker's theory, although well known, is quite contested within the sociological community (which, granted, in part may be due to other reasons than the extent to which is has been empirically validated).Another interesting theory within sociology, and in particular criminology, is A General Theory of Crime [M. Gottfredson, T. Hirschi, A General Theory of Crime, 1990]. This theory attempts to explain the causes of crime, placing particular emphasis on the degree of individual self control as an explanatory factor. Wikipedia states that "The theory […] has […] been subject to a great deal of theoretical debate and a large and growing empirical literature." It is written in natural language.Perhaps contrary to its name, a quite small theory is the Unified Theory of Income and Happiness proposed by R. A. Easterlin in [R. A. Easterlin, Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory, 2001]. The theory relates the concepts of subjective well-being, income and aspiration level in order to solve the apparent well-known Easterlin paradox, which points out that average happiness has remained constant over time despite sharp rises in GNP per head, while on the micro-level, positive correlations between individual income and individual measures of subjective well-being have been reported." The theory is quite simple and the concepts are relatively well-defined. Certain concepts, such as subjective well-being, are measured by asking people to quantify their opinion.A theory that is perhaps even larger than its name indicates is Talcot Parson's General Theory of Action [T. Parsons, E. A. Shils, Toward a General Theory of Action, 1951]. Aspiring to be a comprehensive social theory, it lacks not in its ambitions of universality. It also had significant impact. Wikipedia says "For many years Parsons was the best-known sociologist in the United States, and indeed one of the most influential and most controversial sociologists in the world." The theory is written in natural language, but with rigor. The many terms are carefully defined. Moving from sociology to psychology, we find a whole strand of psychological research is focussed on formal theories of cognition. How do people process information and solve problems? There are several competing theories in this domain, including Shiffrin and Schneider's General Theory of Human Information Processing [R. Shiffrin, W. Schneider, Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: II. Perceptual Learning, Automatic Attending,and a General Theory, 1977]. The theory attempts to explain how the human mind functions when problem-solving. It is presented in natural language, but formal theories of cognition are often expressed in the form of a computer program, simulating the workings of the mind. From an anthropocentric perspective, this is a highly universal theory. However, although it has often been cited, it has not been sufficiently corroborated empirically.Remaining within psychology, the most influential theory is undoubtedly Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic theory [S. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1915]. Highly controversial, the theory purports to explain the emotional functioning of the human psyche. The theory is not at all formalized and was criticized by Karl Popper for being unfalsifiable. It has also significant problems of consistency and preciseness. Nevertheless, since its conception, it has had an enormous impact on our understanding of the human psyche. The list of general theories is very long. In addition to the above, there is a Theory of Voting Behavior [A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy, 1957], a Theory of the Final Form of Human Government [F. Fukuyama, End of History and the Last Man, 1992], a Theory of Great Power Politics [JJ Mearsheimer, The tragedy of great power politics, 2001], the Germ Theory of Disease [I.F. Semmelweis, The Germ Theory of Disease, 1847], the Theory of the Invisible Hand [A. Smith, The Wealth of Nations,17..], a Theory of Organizational Structure [H. Mintzberg, The Structuring of Organizations, 1979] and many, many more.
Rule Financial are a consultancy and out-sourcing company. They built there method using the IJI kernel and a number of the essential practices from EssUP complemented with some of their own local knowledge and industry best practice (for example their iterative practice is more Scrum like than ours).As shown in the slide they use the kernel and the practices to build to tailored methods Exploratory and Defined. Exploratory is a very agile method for small. Collaborative projects where the requirements and/or the solution are un-clear. Defined is a slightly more traditional UP style method for larger projects particularly where the customer requirements are well-known and where there is potential for making more money by doing the later phases fixed price.From their web-site:Rule Financial provides business consulting, technical consulting and IT services to help investment banks and related financial institutions to excel. We are established in both London and New York and offer a wealth of experience across wholesale and investment banking.Specialist business and IT consulting that creates competitive advantageRule Financial clients consistently experience a swift, dramatic transformation in their business processes and enjoy a sustainable improvement in performance, productivity and quality.How?Our success reflects a deep understanding of what the front, middle and back offices require from their systems and processes. This has been gained and developed through extensive practical experience and capabilities developed across a broad spectrum of financial domains. Clients that choose Rule Financial tap into a wealth of advisory experience and can become more agile and competitive. Rule Financial services a range of global customers from offices in London, New York, Barcelona andŁódź (Poland).MethodsOur unique methodology facilitates a consistent approach to service deliveryAs a client you will know exactly what to expect, when and how. This fulfils our guiding principle of delivering quality on time, all the time. Our rulebook™ methodology includes a best-of-breed approach within a practical framework of consistent governance.Project: This is a project delivery approach which incorporates concepts from SCRUM, XP, RUP and Lean Manufacturing. It delivers pragmatic, agile solutions that produce quantifiable business benefits in a realistic timeframe. Testing:This provides an end-to-end testing process definition that ensures our consultants conduct all testing activities in the most effective and efficient way. Choose Rule Financial and you have the comfort of knowing that testing is performed to the highest standard with nothing being left to chance.AMS:This is a phased knowledge and process transition to manage the transfer of your application support services. It addresses the full lifecycle: service analysis and evaluation, service transition, application support and maintenance, service governance and service management.Governance:This incorporates both programme management and technology governance. This enables us to manage all aspects of IT strategy with great precision, from programme shaping and mobilisation through to transition management.
MunichRe are the world’s leading Re-Insurance Company.They develop. Maintain and support all of their own systems with the help of their preferred suppliers. Again they face different kinds of software development challenges and have gone one step further than Rule Financial and constructed methods for Maintenance (and Small Enhancements) and Support using the same platform.Practices they’ve added include Test Management, and PMBoK for Iterative amongst others (still to be developed).