The document outlines the functions of essential baking ingredients such as fats, sugars, leavening agents, and flour types, emphasizing their roles in texture, flavor, and moisture in baked goods. It also details the importance of personal hygiene and food safety regulations in baking environments, including proper handwashing and adherence to standards like HACCP. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive guide on both baking techniques and safety practices in food handling.

1. TITLE :
THE FUNCTION OF BASIC INGREDIENTS IN BAKING
AND PASTRY
RULES AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO PERSONAL
HYGIENE , FOOD SAFETY AND SANITATION.

2. 
FAT, in the form of solid shortening,
margarine or butter,or in the liquid
form of oil contributes tenderness,
moistness, and a smooth mouthfeel to
baked goods.
FAT

3. 
Shortening : .
• The flakiness of pastry comes from solid fat such as shortening or
lard rolled in layers with flour.
• In some recipes for cookies or cake, shortening is creamed with
sugar to trap air. A lighter product will result.
• Margarine
Butter :
• Butter is made from cream
• Butter imparts a good flavor without a greasy mouth feel to baked
goods because it melts at body temperature.
Oil :
• Oil is used in some muffin, bread and cake recipes.
TYPES OF FAT

4. 
Add moistness and richness
Increase quality
Add flavor
Assist in leavening to give flakiness
FUNCTION OF FAT

5. 
 Sugar derived from sugarcane and beets
 Sugar is simple made up of fructose,and glucose.
 This two simple sugar join to create sucrose
 Have different sweetness
 Example :
i. Lactose is much less sweet than regular table sugar (sucrose)
ii. Fructose (or fruit sugar,one of the sugars is honey) much sweeter than
sucrose.
SUGAR

6. 
FUNCTION OF SUGAR

7. 
 Granulated sugar (table sugar)
 Divided by 3 types of sugar :
i. Very fine or ultrafine sugars
ii. Sanding sugars
iii. Pearl sugars
Brown sugar
• Give good flavor and cream well not unlike caramel to taste
Icing sugar
• Provide excellent smoothness and spreadability
Non nutritive sweetness
• Sugar free and no sugar added claims
TYPE OF SUGAR

8. 
 White granulated sugar that has been dissolved in water before it is
used.
 Liquid sugar is darker in colour and can be used in foods where brown
colour is desired.
 Example of syrups :
i. Molasses
ii. Glucose corn syrups
iii. Honey
iv. Malt syrups
SYRUPS

9. 
Baking Soda
• Produces gas for leavening when combined with an acidic ingredient
such as vinegar, lemon juice, or molasses.
• Reducing the amount of baking soda without replacing it with another
leavening agent will reduce the volume and lightness of the finished
product.
Baking Powder
• Baking powder contains baking soda and the right amount of acid to
react with it. Batters made with double acting baking powder rise
twice; once when dry and moist ingredients are mixed together, and
again when the product is baked.
Yeast
• Yeast is a living microorganism until it is destroyed by heat.
• Using less yeast than specified in a recipe causes the dough to take
longer to reach the desired volume in the rising stages.
LEAVENING AGENT

10. 
Patent Flour
 Flour from interior endosperm,extracted during first stream of
milling,considered highest grades of flour.
Clear flour
 Portion of endosperm left after the patent flour is removed.
Extraction
 Refer to the amount of flour miled from given amount of grain
Straight flour
 Combining all streams of the milling process or from the entire
endosperm.
FLOUR GRADES

11. 
 Bread flour
 High-gluten flour
 Cake flour
 Pastry flour
 European flour types
TYPES OF PATERN FLOUR

12. 
Wheat Flour
o provides the structure in baked goods.
o The protein content of a flour affects the strength of a dough.
All Purpose Flour
o can be used for all baking purposes.
Durum flour
o Used to make spaghetti and other dried pasta.
Whole wheat flour
o It contains gluten-forming proteins ,so can be used alone in bread
making.
Cracked wheat
o Give texture and flavor to some specialty breads
OTHERS WHEAT FLOUR

13. 
• Function of eggs
i. Add taste
ii. Emulsion
iii. Improve the texture
iv. Colour
v. Food value
vi. Leavening agents
vii. Moisture
EGG

14. 
 The best grade (AA) has firm white and yolk that stand up high when
broken onto a flat surface.
Maintaining quality
 Do not spread over a large area.
 Proper storage is essential for maintaining quality.
 Eggs keep for a weeks if held at 36 F ( 2 C)
GRADE AND QUALITY

15. 
Hygiene
o To prevent cross contamination of food it is essential to wash your hands
frequently. Examples include:
 before starting work
 before handling food
 between handling raw and ready to eat foods
 after going to the toilet
 after handling raw foods
 after handling waste
 after eating, drinking or smoking, coughing, sneezing or touching your
face
 after taking a break
 after handling chemicals
 after handling money
RULES AND REGULATION

16. In addition, it is important that staff maintain a high degree of personal
hygiene with regard their personal habits. For example:
 no smoking in food areas
 no coughing, sneezing, spitting over food
 no strong smelling perfumes should be worn when handling foods
 no nail varnish should be worn when handling food
 no jewellery other than a plain wedding band or sleeper earrings
should be worn
 All cuts, wounds, sores should be covered with a waterproof
dressing.
 Over-clothing should be clean and present no risk of contamination
to food.
 Hair should be tidy and covered where necessary to prevent the risk
of it falling into food.

17. 
o A system called HACCP – Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point consists
of seven important steps to ensure food safety.
o The 7 steps of HACCP are as follows :
1. Assess hazards and potential risks.
2. Identify critical control points including cross contamination, cooking,
cooling, hygiene.
3. Set up procedures to make sure safety is maintained at all critical control
points.
4. Monitor critical control points and use the correct signs, tools, and training
materials to ensure this.
5. Take corrective actions as soon as a critical control point is in jeopardy or
when any violations are pointed out by the Health Department.
6. Set up a record-keeping system to log all of your flowcharts and
temperature checks
7. Keep up with the system to make sure it is working.
FOOD SAFETY

18. 
 Put all wastes into bins that are not used for anything else.
Empty the bins periodically during the day away from the
processing site.
 Prevent all animals from entering the processing area or
storerooms.
 Visitors should only enter the processing room wearing
protective clothing and under supervision.
 Keep food covered wherever possible.
 Keep all food, tools and equipment off the floor.
 Store ingredients in sealed containers.
 Do not use broken or dirty equipment.
 Report any signs of insects, rodents or birds to the manager.
SANITATION