SRF and RDF situation

1. Current situation on production
of SRF and RDF produced in
Japan
Tomonori ISHIGAKI
National Institute for Environmental Studies
ishigaki@nies.go.jp

2. MSW flow in JAPAN in FY2015
(MSW: Municipal Solid Waste)
Combustible
Composting
Incombustible
Waste Disposal Site
536Recycle Residue
42,811
thousand ton
Bulk waste
470
Thermal
(=34,881)
3,174
Material
Recovery
Bulk waste trt
4,180
Direct carrying
3,720
Resource to be
511 1,177(=4,576) 28,848
Mixed waste
2,689
1823,6421,798
Ash
Direct LF
Refuse
Fuel
Biogas
59 644
33,490
1,391
2,526
2,050
Community
recovery
2,394

3. Conventional Incineration Furnace for MSW:
Stoker type furnace
(Hitachi Zosen: Hitz)
3
Distributed nationwide
More than 70% of furnace
for MSW incineration

4. Technology Development of Thermal
Treatment: Gasification
• Conversion of organics into CO, H2, CO2 at high
temperature (more than 1100 oC), with controlled O2
and steam, without combustion
• Volume Reduction
• Enhanced value of products (Slag)
• Efficient Energy Production
Gasifier
Syngas
combustor
Boiler
Acid gas
removal
Steam generator
Power
generator

5. Equipment for Energy Recovery in
Thermal Treatment Plant
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26 FY27
余熱利用あり 余熱利用なし■w/o heat recovery ■with heat recovery □ with electricity production
Numberofplants
Powergenerationperwaste
(kWh/t)
Powergeneration
efficiency(%)
5
Heat recovery
70%
Electricity
30%

6. Capacity and Efficiency
Furnace
Capacity
Power
generation
efficiency
6
■w/o heat recovery ■with heat recovery □ with electricity production
NumberofplantsNumberofplants

7. How to increase
efficiency of energy
recovery
7

8. History of Fuel and its Heating Value
Firewood
Charcoal
Peat
Lignite
Coal
Canola
Alcohol
Petroleum fuel
Gas derived
from coal tar
Petroleum gas
Hydrogen
Nu
cle
ar
Solid fuel Liquid fuel Gas fuel
Firewood 14 MJ/kg
Charcoal 15 MJ/kg
Coal 26-29 MJ/kg
Coke 30 MJ/kg
Canola 23 MJ/L
Ethanol 23 MJ/L
Gasoline 33 MJ/L
LNG 41 MJ/m3
Town gas 40 MJ/m3
Hydrogen 12 MJ/m3
Combustible
waste
6-12 MJ/kg
8

9. History of Fuel and its Heating Value
Firewood
Charcoal
Peat
Lignite
Coal
Canola
Alcohol
Petroleum fuel
Gas derived
from coal tar
Petroleum gas
Hydrogen
Nu
cle
ar
Solid fuel Liquid fuel Gas fuel
9
Portability
Storability
Benefit of solids
Quality
(Heterogeneous)
Combustibility
(Fume/Odor)
Drawbacks

10. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in Japan
• Dry and Mold of Combustible waste in Japan
• Easy handling by solidification
• Concentrate Heating value
– Power generation efficiency
10
Firewood 14 MJ/kg
Charcoal 15 MJ/kg
Coal 26-29 MJ/kg
Coke 30 MJ/kg
Canola 23 MJ/L
Ethanol 23 MJ/L
Gasoline 33 MJ/L
LNG 41 MJ/m3
Town gas 40 MJ/m3
Hydrogen 12 MJ/m3
Combustible
waste
6-12 MJ/kg
RDFJ 18 MJ/kg

11. 11
RDF in Japan: RDFJ RDF in EU
What is RDF?
Drying by chemical addition
Putrescible fraction is included
Part of wastes from mechanical
treatment of waste (e.g. sorting,
crushing, compacting)
Also called as Combustible waste

12. 12
Combustible Waste in Japan
What is Combustible Waste?
Combustible Waste in EU: 19 12 10
Part of wastes from mechanical
treatment of waste (e.g. sorting,
crushing, compacting)
Also called as Refuse derived fuel
MSW for Thermal treatment
Source separated MSW: other than
incombustibles, packaging,
recyclable, bulk, hazardous, etc.

13. 13
Combustible Waste in Japan
What is equivalent to
Combustible waste in Japan?
Mixed Municipal Waste in EU: 20 03 01
Waste that was not separated at
source, or mixture of separately
collected fraction described in; 20
01

14. Incident of Explosion at RDFJ Storage
• Explosion at storage silo (2003)
– 1st: Spontaneous ignition by self heating and pyrolysis
gas due to long term storage at closed condition
(without ventilation)
– 2nd: Water spray for fire extinction promoted
fermentation and flammable gas generation
14

15. Strict rules for RDFJ handling
• Japan Industrial Standard: JIS
– JIS Z7302 series; RDF test methods
– JIS Technical Report Z 0011：Densified Refuse Derived Fuel
15
Calorific value more than 12,500 kJ/kg
Moisture less than 10%
Ash less than 20%
Others
Contents of Total Chlorine, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Powder
and Bulk density, are required to report
• Guidelines for production and utilization of RDFJ
– Appropriate utilization of limes for drying
– Temperature control before storage
– Amount control of storage to prevent heat accumulation
– Careful delivering to storage to avoid powdering
– Control the substantial duration of storage
– Moisture control and ventilation at storage

16. Current situation of RDFJ
• Only 49 plants are under operation
• Annual Production: 300 thousand ton: 80% for
RDF power plant (specific furnace)
– Others for cement, pulping, district heating
• Risk for safety handling
16

17. Safer Solid Fuel
produced from Waste
17

18. RPF [Refuse derived Paper and Plastics
densified Fuel]
• From Industrial paper/pulp waste,
Industrial plastic waste or industrial
wood waste
• Stable quality of material: Products
(RPF) as well
18
Several solid fuel producers in EU (like
Remondis) also possess the brand
equivalent in RPF
(Source separated waste, industrial waste:
NCV 20-27 MJ/kg)
Firewood 14 MJ/kg
Charcoal 15 MJ/kg
Coal 26-29 MJ/kg
Coke 30 MJ/kg
Canola 23 MJ/L
Ethanol 23 MJ/L
Gasoline 33 MJ/L
LNG 41 MJ/m3
Town gas 40 MJ/m3
Hydrogen 12 MJ/m3
Combustible
waste
6-12 MJ/kg
RDFJ 18 MJ/kg
RPF/plastics 29 MJ/kg
Waste tire 33 MJ/kg

19. Quality Standard of RPF (JIS Z7311)
19
Class RPF-coke
RPF
A B C
GCV (MJ/kg) > 33 >25 >25 >25
JIS
Z7302-2
Moisture (%) <3 <5 <5 <5
JIS
Z7302-3
Ash (%) <5 <10 <10 <10
JIS
Z7302-4
Total Cl (%) <0.6 <0.3
<0.6
>0.3
<2.0
>0.6
JIS
Z7302-6

20. Current situation of RPF
• 227 Plants (most private)
• Annual production: 1.25 Mton
• Customer
– Papermill : elec., steam for drying
• 60%
– Printing, dying: steam for drying
• 35%
– Cement (coke alternatives)
20
Firewood 14 MJ/kg
Charcoal 15 MJ/kg
Coal 26-29 MJ/kg
Coke 30 MJ/kg
Canola 23 MJ/L
Ethanol 23 MJ/L
Gasoline 33 MJ/L
LNG 41 MJ/m3
Town gas 40 MJ/m3
Hydrogen 12 MJ/m3
Combustible
waste
6-12 MJ/kg
RDFJ 18 MJ/kg
RPF/plastics 29 MJ/kg
Waste tire 33 MJ/kg

21. SRF [Solid Recovered Fuel]
• Material: Mixed Municipal Waste
– “biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (20 01 08)” and
“biodegradables in garden and park wastes (20 02 01)”
were removed by source separation in some urban city
– Advantages for Less biodegradables in materials
• Production in Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
21

22. Importance of Standardization
• Common standard increases tradability
• Standardization of Quality control
process (Inspection process, assurance)
• Increase Safety: Prevention of incident in
production, handling and storage
22

23. Example: Zonal Distribution of SRF in Europe
23
Waste to Energy
Plants
Cement kilns
Energy plants (coal),
CHP, Regional heating
Furnace in Paper
manufacturers and
ceramics
Export factors:
Lack of treatment capacity
Landfill charge
Import factors:
Available User’s capacity
Renewable energy demand

24. Distribution of RDF・SRF in Asia
ESM of Waste, Development of Industry, Energy mix
24