Heritability (h2) refers to the degree of resemblance between relatives i.e. how much the progeny resemble its parents. Heritability (h2) is the most important genetic parameter on which different breeding strategies depend. The knowledge of h2 is a frontline for the formulation of breeding plans on scientifi c lines, which are used for selection of parents for future breeding program. In order to made breeding plans, there is need to know the h2 of different characters (traits). The extent of genetic control is different for different traits. The higher the h2, the greater is the genetic control on the trait, and the more rapidly selection will result in genetic progress. For
highlyheritable traits, differences in breeding values of animals have large effect on performance, and differences in environments have less important effect on performance. The opposite is true for lowly heritable traits. In other words, heritability could increase if genetic variation increases and it might also increase if the environmental variation decreases. As a rule, signifi cant genetic change can be made by selecting for highly heritable traits. For lowly heritable traits, selection is less effective; so performance may be improved through management. Therefore, the aim of this review is to defi ne heritability (h2) and assess its role in animal breeding.
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
Pedigree analysis of the closed nucleus of Iranian Sangsari sheepQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Genetic diversity in the closed nucleus of Iranian Sangsari sheep was analyzed by quantifying the generation interval, effective population size and the amount of inbreeding using pedigree records of 7311 animals born from 1989 to 2015. Animals born between 2012 and 2015 were selected as a reference population for estimating parameters derived from probability of gene origins. Average generation interval was 4.1 year in the studied period. Mean inbreeding coefficient increased by 0.12% per generation (P < 0.001) and average inbreeding coefficient of the animals in the reference population was 1.33%. Realized effective population size estimated from individual increase in coancestry was 96. The effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors and founder genome equivalent of the reference population were 95, 40 and 21.08 respectively. The highest contributing ancestor was a ram with a 7.7% contribution to the reference population. Considering the closed herd with no entry of animals from other herds, the genetic diversity of the population seemed fairly good. However, genetic diversity has been lost compared to the founder population as a result of unbalanced contribution of founders, bottlenecks and genetic drift. Therefore, strategies such as optimum contribution selection is recommended to achieve desired genetic gain while maintaining the genetic diversity at an acceptable level.
Modelling FMD vaccine requirements for multi-country FMD outbreaks in Europe ...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme surrounded increasing the supply of effective FMD vaccines.
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Study on Combining Ability and Heterosis in Maize (Zea mays l.) Using Partial...Premier Publishers
In the present study, six diverse maize inbred lines were crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals by using a half diallel mating design to obtain 15 single crosses. Inbred parents and their F1 single crosses with a check were evaluated to assess the role of general and specific combining ability and heterosis for some quantitative traits. Significant general combining ability variances was observed only for cob height and number of kernels per row and specific combining ability variances were observed for plant height, cob length, Number of kernel rows per cob, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per cob, cob weight, thousand grain weight and grain yield per plant. The GCA/SCA ratio was less than unity for all studied traits. Based on GCA estimates, it could be concluded that the best combiners were ML10, ML14 and ML15 inbred lines for most of the studied traits. This result indicated that these inbred lines could be considered as good combiners for improving these traits. Significant positive SCA effects were found for all studied traits. Based on SCA effects, it could be concluded that the crosses, ML06×ML10, ML10×ML15, and ML15×ML17 could be exploited by the maize breeders to increase maize yield. Three F1 hybrids such as ML06×ML10, ML10×ML15, and ML15×ML17 proved to be the outstanding hybrids to immediate further steps for commercial cultivation. Conclusively, the F1 hybrid, ML15×ML17 was the best combination as evaluated through combining ability and standard heterosis.
Genetic parameters is an important issue in animal breeding. Parameters that are of interest are heritability, genetic correlation and repeatability, and those are computed as functions of the variance components.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
Pedigree analysis of the closed nucleus of Iranian Sangsari sheepQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Genetic diversity in the closed nucleus of Iranian Sangsari sheep was analyzed by quantifying the generation interval, effective population size and the amount of inbreeding using pedigree records of 7311 animals born from 1989 to 2015. Animals born between 2012 and 2015 were selected as a reference population for estimating parameters derived from probability of gene origins. Average generation interval was 4.1 year in the studied period. Mean inbreeding coefficient increased by 0.12% per generation (P < 0.001) and average inbreeding coefficient of the animals in the reference population was 1.33%. Realized effective population size estimated from individual increase in coancestry was 96. The effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors and founder genome equivalent of the reference population were 95, 40 and 21.08 respectively. The highest contributing ancestor was a ram with a 7.7% contribution to the reference population. Considering the closed herd with no entry of animals from other herds, the genetic diversity of the population seemed fairly good. However, genetic diversity has been lost compared to the founder population as a result of unbalanced contribution of founders, bottlenecks and genetic drift. Therefore, strategies such as optimum contribution selection is recommended to achieve desired genetic gain while maintaining the genetic diversity at an acceptable level.
Modelling FMD vaccine requirements for multi-country FMD outbreaks in Europe ...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme surrounded increasing the supply of effective FMD vaccines.
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Study on Combining Ability and Heterosis in Maize (Zea mays l.) Using Partial...Premier Publishers
In the present study, six diverse maize inbred lines were crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals by using a half diallel mating design to obtain 15 single crosses. Inbred parents and their F1 single crosses with a check were evaluated to assess the role of general and specific combining ability and heterosis for some quantitative traits. Significant general combining ability variances was observed only for cob height and number of kernels per row and specific combining ability variances were observed for plant height, cob length, Number of kernel rows per cob, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per cob, cob weight, thousand grain weight and grain yield per plant. The GCA/SCA ratio was less than unity for all studied traits. Based on GCA estimates, it could be concluded that the best combiners were ML10, ML14 and ML15 inbred lines for most of the studied traits. This result indicated that these inbred lines could be considered as good combiners for improving these traits. Significant positive SCA effects were found for all studied traits. Based on SCA effects, it could be concluded that the crosses, ML06×ML10, ML10×ML15, and ML15×ML17 could be exploited by the maize breeders to increase maize yield. Three F1 hybrids such as ML06×ML10, ML10×ML15, and ML15×ML17 proved to be the outstanding hybrids to immediate further steps for commercial cultivation. Conclusively, the F1 hybrid, ML15×ML17 was the best combination as evaluated through combining ability and standard heterosis.
Genetic parameters is an important issue in animal breeding. Parameters that are of interest are heritability, genetic correlation and repeatability, and those are computed as functions of the variance components.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Mendelian genetics put forward the concept of dominant and recessive traits, where the phenotypes are controlled by single genes. These traits are known as monogenic or Mendelian traits.
There are features or traits in human genetics which are controlled by multiple genes and whose inheritance does not follow the rules of Mendelian genetics. Such traits are known as complex traits.
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football athlete experienced acute posterior leg pain while pushing off on the line of scrimmage. Ultrasound (US) showed a midsubstance plantaris tendon rupture, an injury that, to our knowledge, has only been described once before in the medical literature [1]. US was also used to assist with rehab progression and return to previous level of activity, which was achieved three weeks after the injury. While there currently are no guidelines regarding return to sport after this injury, this case demonstrates that once pain is controlled and ROM restored, progression through rehabilitation and return to elite level sport is simply based on symptoms.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Kratom is an herbal product that is derived from Southeast Asian Mitragyna speciose tree leaves [1-10]. This compound is used for many purposes such as stimulation, euphoria, or analgesia [1-10]. It has been recently identified as a drug of abuse by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration [2,8]. Side-effects from this compound have not been well documented. We describe a case of a 36-year-old female who develop nephrotoxicity after taking an herbal supplement. She took kratom as an adjunctive therapy for back pain management. She developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes without evidence of bile duct obstruction. Liver enzymes normalized several weeks after Kratom discontinuation. We advise clinicians to be vigilant about Kratom’s hepatotoxic potential on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
Methods: Two groups were selected by non-probability random sampling technique including case group of 154 patients with
suspected dengue (fever>2days and <10days) and control group of 146 patients with febrile illness other than dengue. Clinical,hematological and serologic markers of cases and control groups were analyzed. The frequency distribution was used to compare categorical serologic markers and paired sample T test was applied for hematologic variables before and after treatment of dengue using SPSS version 21.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
Center of the Sino-Central African Friendship (CHUSCA) of Bangui.
Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
to a tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. These psychotic symptoms subsequently abated with placement of a
ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case description: 60-year-old female was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility on a psychiatric involuntary commitment petition due to progressive paranoia, homicidal ideation and psychosis. The work up showed a calcified six cm tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. The patient initially rejected treatment but later became amenable to placement of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
(VPS).
More from SciRes Literature LLC. | Open Access Journals (20)
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
SCIRES Literature - Volume 4 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page -002
ISSN: 2640-4397
INTRODUCTION
Breeding works for next generation in order to improve the mean
of the next generation from the present one, to do this task different
tool is essential; from those tools h2
is the front line. It is one of the
most important considerations in determining appropriate animal
evaluation methods, selection methods and mating systems [1]. It
measures the relative importance of hereditary and environmental
influences on the development of a specific quantitative trait, more
specifically; it measures that part of the total variability of the trait
caused by genetic differences among the animals on which the
measurements were taken [2]. Heritable traits are measured by
estimating the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic
differences to the total phenotypic variation in a population.
Heritability is an important concept in quantitative genetics,
particularly in selective breeding and behavior genetics but is less
widely used in population genetics [3]. Heritability could increase
if genetic variation increases, causing individuals to show more
phenotypic variation, like showing different levels of intelligence. On
the other hand, h2
might also increase if the environmental variation
decreases, causing individuals to show less phenotypic variation, like
showing more similar levels of intelligence [4].
Heritability tells the breeder how much confidence to put in the
phenotypic performance of an animal when choosing parents of the
next generation [2]. For highly heritable traits where h2
exceeds 0.40,
the animal’s phenotype is a good indicator of genetic merit or breeding
value, for lowly heritable traits, where h2
is below 0.15, an animal’s
performance is much less useful in identifying the individuals with
the best genes for the trait. So h2
is one important component of the
equation used to predict genetic progress from selection to improve a
trait [5]. In other words, heritability measures the relative importance
of genetic variance in determining phenotypic variance. It describes
the percentage of phenotypic variance that is heritable [1]. In general,
the aim of this review is to define the term heritability and assess its
use in animal breeding.
BROAD (H²) AND NARROW (H²) SENSE DEFI-
NITION OF HERITABILITY
Heritability in broad sense definition, indicates that all the
genetic contributions to a population's phenotypic variance
including additive, dominant (intragenic) and epistatic (intergenic)
[3]. Because of gene combination, values (dominance and epistasis)
cannot be transformed in to next generation, so it does not reflect the
relationship between the performance of animals and their potential
as parents. Therefore, when we see from a selection perspective it is
not a useful measure [6].
H2
= GV/PV or H2
= 2
A + σ2
D+ σ2
I/ σ2
p
In reverse, narrow sense definition indicates the only response
of additive genetic effect on the total phenotypic performance of
an individual. If a selective pressure such as up grading of livestock
is exerted, the response of the trait is directly related to narrow-
sense definition [7]. The observed response to selection leads to an
estimate of the narrow-sense heritability or realized heritability. This
is the guideline underlying artificial selection or breeding program.
This indicates the proportion to which phenotypes are determined
by the genes inherited from their parents. This type of heritability is
interesting one by the animal breeder [1].
h2
= σ2
A/σ2
p or h2
= σ2
A/ PV
HERITABILITY IN ANIMAL BREEDING
Heritability plays an important role in the formulation of breeding
plans for animal performance improvement. An important aspect of
these plans is ‘selection’, this is, the processes of choosing parents to
produce the next generation, on which the improvement depends.
For the selection to be effective it is necessary that the members of the
population on which the selection is practiced vary in their genetic
make-up with regard to the character in question [8]. In other words,
it is only the genetically determined variation which can be utilized
for a permanent improvement of the production characteristics in a
population. If all (or most) of the variation existing in the population
Abstract
Heritability (h2
) refers to the degree of resemblance between relatives i.e. how much the progeny resemble its parents. Heritability
(h2
) is the most important genetic parameter on which different breeding strategies depend. The knowledge of h2
is a frontline for the
formulation of breeding plans on scientific lines, which are used for selection of parents for future breeding program. In order to made
breeding plans, there is need to know the h2
of different characters (traits). The extent of genetic control is different for different traits.
The higher the h2
, the greater is the genetic control on the trait, and the more rapidly selection will result in genetic progress. For highly
heritable traits, differences in breeding values of animals have large effect on performance, and differences in environments have
less important effect on performance. The opposite is true for lowly heritable traits. In other words, heritability could increase if genetic
variation increases and it might also increase if the environmental variation decreases. As a rule, significant genetic change can be made
by selecting for highly heritable traits. For lowly heritable traits, selection is less effective; so performance may be improved through
management. Therefore, the aim of this review is to define heritability (h2
) and assess its role in animal breeding.
Keywords: Breeding program; Environment; Genetic control; Management; Selection
Table 1: Form of analysis of covariance.
Source d.f. S.S.(x) S.S.(z) S.P.(xz)
Between sires s-1 Bxx Bzz Bxz
Within sires N-s Wxx Wzz Wxz
Table 2: Form of analysis of half-sib families.
Source d.f. M.S E(M.S.)
Between sires s-1 M1 σ2
w + λσ2
s
Within sires N-s M2 σ2
w
Table 3: Form of analysis of Full-Sib Correlation Estimate.
Source d.f M.S E(M.S.)
Between sires s-1 M1 σ2
w + λ2σ2
d + λ32
s
Between dams/
sires
∑ (di-1) M2 σ2
w + λ1σ2
d
Between progeny/
dams/sires
∑i∑j (nij-1) M3 σ2
w
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ISSN: 2640-4397
is attributable to environment, selection of phenotypically superior
individuals will not result in any (or material) alteration in the genetic
composition of the next generation [9]. Hence, a basic pre-requisite
to the planning of a breeding program is that of the total variability
existing in the population, how much of this is caused by differences
in the genetic make-up of the individuals. A quantitative measure of
this is provided by the heritability coefficient [2].
HOW IS HERITABILITY USED IN BREEDING
PROGRAMS
Heritability tells the breeder how much confidential to the
phenotypic performance of an animal when choosing parents of the
next generation. Heritability is one of the important components
of the equation used to predict genetic progress from selection to
improve a trait. For the most simple form of selection called “mass
selection” or selection on phenotypes measured on individuals in
a population, so it shows how important efforts to improve a trait
through improved management or environmental conditions may be
compared to genetic selection [5]. Using the definition above where h2
is the percentage of differences between animals due to genetic effects,
then “1- h2”
is the percentage of differences between animals not due
to genetic causes that can be transmitted. The higher that percentage
is, the more likely it would be that improved through management
(or some other genetic techniques such as crossbreeding) might be
used to improve these lowly heritable traits [5].
IMPORTANCE OF HERITABILITY FOR SE-
LECTION
Heritability has an important role for selection of polygenic traits.
The final object of selection is to choose those animals with the best
breeding values to become parents of the next generation. To do
this, we need good information about the heritable traits of animals
for selection. Because the only information available for selection is
phenotypic information of the animals, so heritability is very meaning
full. When the trait is highly heritable, selection is more important
than crossbreeding and management, but when the trait is lowly
heritable selection is no appropriate rather than crossbreeding and
management of the animals [10]. Heritability provides a measure of
genetic variation, that is, the variation upon which all the possibilities
of changing the genetic composition of the population through
selection depend. In other words, knowledge of its magnitude gives
the idea about the scope for effecting genetic improvement through
selection [8].
PREDICT THE GENETIC GAIN FROM SELEC-
TION
When the more desirable animals are chosen as parents of the
next generation, the predicted change is the result of heritable fraction
of the superiority of the parents over the average of the population
from which they were chosen [1]. Therefore, the expected change in
the mean of the next generation will be predicted by this equation:
ΔM = h2
x SD
Where,
h2
Heritability
ΔM is the expected change in the mean of the next generation
SD is the selection differential of the selected parents
Heritability also gives a measure of the accuracy with which
the selection for a genotype can be made from a phenotype of the
individual or a group of individuals. In general the percentage of h2
dictates the choice of selection method and breeding system. High
h2
estimates indicate that additive gene action is more important for
that trait, and selective breeding i.e. mating of the best to the best
animal should produce more desirable progeny. Low estimates, on
Table 4: Analysis of variance for isogenic lines.
Source d.f. M.S. E(M.S.)
Between lines L-1 MG σ2
E + λ σ2
G
Within lines N-1 ME σ2
E
Table 5: Estimates of heritability for some traits in dairy cattle: Source: Bennet
[5] .
Trait Holstein Jersey Trait Holstein Jersey
Production Traits
ME (mature
equivalent)
Milk Yield
0.30 0.35
Lifetime Actual Milk
Yield
0.15
ME Fat Yield 0.30 0.35
Lifetime Actual Fat
Yield
0.15
ME Protein
Yield
0.30 0.35
Lifetime Actual
Protein Yield
0.14
Fat Percent 0.58
Days of Productive
Life
0.13
Protein
Percent
0.51
Somatic Cell Score,
Lactation Average
0.10
Lactose
Percent
0.43 Lifetime Net Income 0.20
Age at First
Calving
0.14
Productive Life,
USDA
0.085
First Calving
Interval
0.05
Linear Type Traits
Stature 0.42 0.39 Feet and Leg Score 0.17
Strength 0.31 0.25
Fore Udder
attachment
0.29 0.22
Body Depth 0.37 0.25 Rear Udder Height 0.28 0.26
Dairy Form 0.29 0.23 Rear Udder Width 0.23 0.23
Rump Angle 0.33 0.31 Udder Cleft 0.24 0.20
Thurl Width 0.26 0.20 Udder Depth 0.28 0.38
Rear Legs
Side View
0.21
Front Teat
Placement
0.26 0.24
Rear Legs
Rear View
0.11 0.10 Teat Length 0.26 0.26
Foot Angle 0.15 0.10 Final Score 0.29 0.23
Health, Fitness, and Reproductive Traits
Dry Matter
Intake
0.30 Incidence of Mastitis 0.06
Body
Condition
Score
0.25 Incidence of Ketosis 0.01
Energy
Balance
0.20
Incidence of
Retained Placenta
0.02
Persistency
of Milk Yield
0.11 Incidence of Metritis 0.01
Days to First
Breeding
0.04
Days to Last
Breeding
0.06
Number of
Inseminations
0.02
Interval to First
Luteal Activity
0.16
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ISSN: 2640-4397
the other hand, indicate that probably non-additive gene actions such
as over dominance, dominance, and epitaxy are important and are
not heritable [8].
ESTIMATION OF HERITABILITY
A heritability estimate is a partial description of one trait in one
group of animals at some particular time. It may vary (for each trait)
during one time period from herd to herd, or it may vary in the
same herd from time to time. This is natural because herds differ in
genetic makeup and because there are many different environmental
circumstances from herd to herd or within a herd from year to year.
These genetic and environmental differences influence the size of
the numerical value of the terms (i.e., genetic variance, Vg
and total
variance, Vp
) used in the estimation of heritability [2].
The numerical value of a heritability estimate can be increased or
decreased by changes in either of its component parts. An increase
results from a reduction in the environmental variance or from an
increase in genetic variance. Conversely, a decrease results from an
increase in environmental variance or from a reduction in genetic
variance [2].
Being one of the most important characteristics of metric traits,
heritability is a very important indicator on the decisions that must be
takenintheprocessofgeneticbreedingofanimalpopulations.Genetic
differences between populations, specific effects of environment
conditions resulted in the determination of stable heritability for each
population [11-13]. Heritability is the most important estimator as
concerns the estimate of the weight of additive genetic variance, as
well as of the environment. In case of populations with a high degree
of homozygosis, higher values were registered in comparison with
heterozygote populations, under conditions of the same traits [11].
As we know, heritability is the ratio of the additive genetic variance
to the total variance, and the additive genetic variance is the chief
determinant of the resemblance between relatives, this suggests that
the heritability can be derived from estimates of either a regression
coefficient or an intra-class correlation among related individuals.
This is the basic principle on which all the different methods of
estimation of heritability rest [8].
There are different methods, in order to estimate heritability
the most common are discussed below, based on regressions and
correlations among related individuals. Regression Estimates, Half-
Sib Correlation Estimate, Full-Sib Correlation Estimate, and Isogenic
Lines Correlation Estimate are among the methods [8]. Combinations
of half-sib and full-sib families, Regression of off-springs on mid-
parents and Regression of F2 on F1 data are also used.
Regression estimates
Model: zij = μ + si + xj + eij
Where: si is effect of ith
sire; xj is the measurement on dam and eij
is the environmental deviation.
The intra-sire regression of offspring on dam is Wzx/Wxx and
hence, h2
= 2 Wzx/Wxx
Half-Sib correlation estimate
Model: Zij = μ + s i + eij
Where: zij is the observation on the progeny of jth
(j = 1,2,…ni )
dam mated to the ith sire (i = 1,2,…,s), in μ is the general mean, si is
the effect of the ith
sire and eij is the uncontrolled environmental and
genetic deviations attributable to individuals within sire groups.
Where: σ2
s is the between-sire component and σ2
w is the within-
sire component. Here, N = ∑ni (the total number of daughters).
Hence the heritability of the concerned character can be estimated as:
h2
=4 (M1- M2)/ M1 (λ-1) M2
Full-Sib correlation estimate
Model: Zijk = μ + si + dij + eijk
Where: zijk is the observation on the kth
progeny of the jth dam
mated to ith sire; μ is the general mean; dij is the deviation common
to the progeny of the jth dam and ith sire; and eijk is the random
deviation.
Isogenic lines correlation
When data are available on Isogenic lines such as identical twins,
clones or highly inbred lines, these can be analyzed to obtain the
estimate of intra-class correlation within lines. If it is the intra-class
correlation within lines, then t itself is an estimate of heritability in
broad sense [8].
Model: Xij = Gi + Eij
Where: Gi is the genotypic value, and Eij is the environmental
deviation. We also have: σ2
x = σ2
p = σ2
G + σ2
E
Where: total phenotypic variance is partitioned into two
components: ‘between lines’ and ‘within lines’ as shown in the table 4
given below. Where N = ∑ni (total number of individuals).
So the broad sense heritability coefficient is given by: σ2
G/σ2
E +
σ2
G
Estimates of heritability serve as a useful guide to the breeder, to
appreciate the proportion of variation, which is due to genotypic or
additive effects [1]. But each estimate of heritability listed above have
its own limitations.
CONCLUSION
Heritability is one of the most important concepts in animal
breeding. The magnitude of heritability dictates the choice of selection
method and breeding system. High heritability estimates indicate that
Table 6: Estimates of heritability for some traits in beef cattle and Merino de
palas sheep breed.
Beef Cattle Merino de palas Sheep
Breed
Trait h2
Trait h2
Conception Rate 0.05-0.17 Wight at Birth 0.24
Calving Ease 0.1-0.13 Wight at Weaning 0.29
Scrotal Circumference 0.48 Wight at Sheering 0.36
Birth Weight 0.31 Average Daily Increase 0.39
Weaning Weight 0.24 Wool Yield 0.52
Yearling Weight 0.33 Finesse 0.22
Frame Score 0.61 Waves 0.33
Mature Weight 0.53-0.79 Gloss Wool Oil 0.34
Carcass Weight 0.39 Total Milk Yield 0.3
Fat Thickens 0.0.34
Marbling score 0.46
Source: Bertand [14] Source: Creanga et al. [15]
5. International Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology
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ISSN: 2640-4397
additive gene action is more important for that trait, and selective
breeding i.e. mating of the best to the best should produce more
desirable progeny. Low estimates, on the other hand, indicate that
probably non-additive gene action such as, dominance, and epistacy
is important so we go for management. There are several working
definitions, as heritability is used to help plan breeding programs,
determine management strategies, estimate breeding values of
individual animals and predict response to selection.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors forward their special thanks to friends, and the
community of Debre Berhan University, Department of Animal
Sciences.
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