International Journal of Data Structures vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of
Data Structures
IJDS Jan – Jun 2016
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! Fundamental data structures
! Recursive algorithms
! Dynamic information structures
! Language structures and compilers
! ASCII character set
! Pascal syntax diagrams
! Advanced data structures and algorithms
! B-trees
! Array data structure
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RKG Institute of Technology, GZB,
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Safar Irandoust
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B M Alaudeen
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University, Tirunelveli,India.
Sivaraj Rajappan
Velalar college of engineering and technology,
Anna University, India

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Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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International Journal of Data Structures focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Fundamental data structures, Recursive algorithms, Dynamic information structures, Language structures
and compilers, ASCII character set, Pascal syntax diagrams, Advanced data structures and algorithms, B-
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1. Problem Identification and Objectives of Fingerprint Image Enhancement
Mayur S. Patil, Sandip S. Patil 1
2. Review Insight on Fingerprint Image Enhancement
Mayur S. Patil, Sandip S. Patil 3
3. .NET Frame Work and Its Application Using Database Queries
Kshitij Singh Raghav 6
4. System Development Methodology for Automobile Workshop
Rajinish Kumar 14
5. System Testing for Various Industries
Kshitij Singh Raghav 17
Contents

IJDS (2016) 1–2 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Data Structures
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Problem Identification and Objectives of Fingerprint Image
Enhancement
Mayur S. Patil*, Sandip S. Patil
Department of Computer Engineering,SSBT’s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Fingerprints have been used for in excess of a century and it is the most widely used type of
biometric identification. Fingerprint identification is generally working in forensic science to
maintain criminal investigation, and in biometric systems such as commercial identification
devices as well as civilian.
Keywords: biometric identification, fingerprint image, performing minutiae extraction
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
One of the open issues in fingerprint
verification is the lack of robustness
against image quality degradation. The
performance of a fingerprint recognition
system is heavily affected by fingerprint
image quality. Several factors determine
the quality of a fingerprint image: skin
situation (e.g., dryness, temporary,
wetness, dirtiness or permanent cuts and
bruises), sensor conditions (e.g., dirtiness,
size, noise), user support, etc. Some of
these factors cannot be avoided and some
of them vary along time. The result of poor
quality images are specious and missed
features, thus degrading the performance
of the overall system. Therefore, it is very
important for a fingerprint recognition
system to estimate the quality and validity
of the captured fingerprint images. We can
either reject the degraded images or adjust
some of the steps of the recognition system
based on the estimated quality. In
particular, the issue of how many minutiae
points should be used for matching a
fingerprint is unresolved. The fingerprint
of an individual is unique and remains
unchanged over a life time. A fingerprint
is formed from an impression of the
pattern of ridges on a finger.
A ridge is defined as a distinct curved
segment, as well as valley is the area
between two neighboring ridges. The
minutiae, which are the neighborhood
discontinuities in the ridge flow sample,
supply the features that are used in
identification. Details such as the
orientation, type and location of minutiae
are taken into relation when performing
minutiae extraction.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
 Remove the noise from the input
image.
 Increase the quality of fingerprint
image.
 Enhancement using rotational filter.
 Show the histogram of both images.
 Show the PSNR and SNR ratio of
images.
SUMMARY
The problem identification describes about
identifying the problem that we have to
face while fingerprint image enhancement
some of them are noises and quality of

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Review Insight on Fingerprint Image Enhancement
Mayur S. Patil*, Sandip S. Patil
Department of Computer Engineering, SSBT’s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Several algorithms for automatic fingerprint image quality assessment have been proposed in
literature. Also, the benefits of incorporating automatic quality measures in fingerprint
verification have been shown in recent studies.
Keywords: automatic fingerprint image quality, false acceptance rate (FAR) and false
rejection rate (FRR)
HISTORY
Raju Rajkumar et al.[1]
The fingerprint enhancement method using
directional filter is effective in both dry
fingerprint images and wet fingerprint
images. It removes noise in between the
ridge and filling the white hole in the
ridge. This leads to decrease the False
Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False
Rejection Rate (FRR), in fingerprint
minutiae extraction.
Chasten Gottschlich et al.[2]
For the intention of enhancing curved
structures in noisy images, he introduces
curved Gabor filters which nearby adapt
their character to the flow of direction.
These Gabor filters facilitate the selection
of filter parameters which raise the
smoothing power not including creating
artifacts in the enhanced image. These
filters are useful to the curved.
Vipin et al.[3]
Proposed an enhancement method based
on Gabor filtering in the wavelet domain.
This filter is chosen because it has both
frequency-selective and orientation-
selective properties and has optimal
resolution in both spatial and frequency
domain. This filtering is done on images
results from wavelet decomposition and
then finally, image is reconstructed to get
enhanced image. Experiments are
conducted on the 500dpi resolution
fingerprint images commercially available
from FVC2002 fingerprint database.
R. Dharmendra et al.[4]
Discuss regarding the enhancement of
fingerprint image for the fingerprint
recognition. This aim can decayed into
feature extraction, the feature matching as
well as image pre-processing. For the
every sub-task, some usual and the up-to-
date methods in literatures are analyze.
Based on analysis, integrated solution for
fingerprint recognition is developed for the
demonstration. MATLAB is also used in
this project, for program, optimization at
coding level and algorithm.
Benazir K.K. et al.[5]
Present a fast fingerprint enhancement
method and new implementation of
techniques for fingerprint image
enhancement. Tentative results show
incorporate enhancement algorithm
improve the verification accurateness.

International Journal of Data Structure
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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.NET Frame Work and Its Application Using Database Queries
Kshitij Singh Raghav*
Department of Computer Science Application, Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
Abstract
The Internet revolution of the late 1990s represented a dramatic shift in the way individuals
and organizations communicate with each other. Traditional applications, such as word
processors and accounting packages, are modeled as stand-alone applications: they offer
users the capability to perform tasks using data stored on the system the application resides
and executes on. Most new software, in contrast, is modeled based on a distributed
computing model where applications collaborate to provide services and expose functionality
to each other. As a result, the primary role of most new software is changing into supporting
information exchange (through Web servers and browsers), collaboration (through e-mail
and instant messaging), and individual expression (through Web logs, also known as Blogs,
and e-zines – Web based magazines). Essentially, the basic role of software is changing from
providing discrete functionality to providing services.
Keywords: ASP.NET, CLR code, .NET, user interface
INTRODUCTION
The .NET Framework represents a unified,
object-oriented set of services and libraries
that embrace the changing role of new
network-centric and network-aware
software. In fact, the .NET Framework is
the first platform designed from the
ground up with the Internet in mind.
Microsoft .NET Framework is a software
component that is a part of several
Microsoft Windows operating systems. It
has a large library of pre-coded solutions
to common programming problems and
manages the execution of programs written
specifically for the framework. The .NET
Framework is a key Microsoft offering and
is intended to be used by most new
applications created for the Windows
platform.
Benefits of the .NET Framework
The .NET Framework offers a number of
benefits to developers:
(1) A consistent programming model
(2) Direct support for security
(3) Simplified development efforts
(4) Easy application deployment and
maintenance
The .NET Class Library is a key
component of the .NET Framework – it is
sometimes referred to as the Base Class
Library (BCL). The .NET Class Library
contains hundreds of classes you can use
for tasks such as the following:
(1) Processing XML
(2) Working with data from multiple data
sources
(3) Debugging your code and working
with event logs
(4) Working with data streams and files
(5) Managing the run-time environment
(6)

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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System Development Methodology for Automobile Workshop
Rajinish Kumar*
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Delhi, India
Abstract
We have seen the process of the “Automobile Workshop” and get in problem to a great
extent. All process is done manually. All the automobile industries doing their whole work on
paper. It was a hectic task and it takes a lot of time and manpower. So they decided to do
automation of their agency. This paper is based on the concept that how through computer
applications of intranet we can help and improve automobile industry.
Keywords: automobile, project, system performance
INTRODUCTION
System Development Life Cycle Phases
Initiation Phase
The initiation of a system (or project)
begins when a business need or
opportunity is identified. A project
manager should be appointed to manage
the project. This business need is
documented in a concept proposal. After
the concept proposal is approved, the
system concept development phase begins.
System Concept Development Phase
Once a business need is approved, the
approaches for accomplishing the concept
are reviewed for feasibility and
appropriateness. The systems boundary
document identifies the scope of the
system and requires senior official
approval and funding before beginning the
planning phase.
Planning Phase
The concept is further developed to
describe how the business will operate
once the approved system is implemented,
and to assess how the system will impact
employee and customer privacy. To ensure
the products and/or services provide the
required capability on-time and within
budget, project resources, activities,
schedules, tools, and reviews are defined.
Requirements Analysis Phase
Functional user requirements are formally
defined and delineate the requirements in
terms of data, system performance,
security, and maintainability requirements
for the system. All requirements are
defined to a level of detail sufficient for
systems design to proceed. All
requirements need to be measurable and
testable and relate to the business need or
opportunity identified in the initiation
phase.
Design Phase
The physical characteristics of the system
are designed during this phase. The
operating environment is established,
major subsystems and their inputs and
outputs are defined, and processes are
allocated to resources.
Everything requiring user input or
approval must be documented and
reviewed by the user. The physical
characteristics of the system are specified

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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System Testing for Various Industries
Kshitij Singh Raghav*
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
Abstract
In today’s scenario testing in software industries is a very hot topic to discuss. Corporate
sector needs more and more advance testing tool for validating the data of users or clients
for better job. In this paper, I would like to highlight some useful testing in industries.
Keywords: GUI, organization, TCMF
SYSTEM TESTING
Once source code has been generated,
software must be tested to uncover (and
correct), as many errors as possible before
delivery to customer. Our goal is to design
a series of test cases that have a high
likelihood of finding errors. To uncover
the errors software techniques are used.[1–3]
These techniques provide systematic
guidance for designing test that:
(1) Exercise the internal logic of software
components, and
(2) Exercise the input and output domains
of the program to uncover errors in
program function, behavior and
performance.
Steps
Software is tested from two different
perspectives:
(1) Internal program logic is exercised
using “White box” test case design
techniques.
(2) Software requirements are exercised
using “black box” test case design
techniques.
In both cases, the intent is to find the
maximum number of errors with the
minimum amount of effort and time.
Strategies
A strategy for software testing must
accommodate low-level tests that are
necessary to verify that a small source
code segment has been correctly
implemented as well as high-level tests
that validate major system functions
against customer requirements. A strategy
must provide guidance for the practitioner
and a set of milestones for the manager.
Because the steps of the test strategy occur
at a time when deadline pressure begins to
rise, progress must be measurable and
problems must surface as early as possible.
Following testing techniques are well
known and the same strategy is adopted
during this project testing.[4,5]
Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses verification effort on
the smallest unit of software design – the
software component or module. The unit
test is white-box oriented. The module
interface is tested to ensure that
information properly flows into and of the
program unit under test the local data
structure has been examined to ensure that
data stored temporarily maintains its
integrity during all steps in an algorithm’s
execution. Boundary conditions are tested

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International Journal of Data Structures vol 2 issue 1