This document discusses international cooperation and assistance in the context of migration management. It defines international cooperation as cooperation between nations for reasons such as health, politics, tourism, etc. Effective migration management requires cooperation among states, stakeholders, and consideration of economic, social, political, and other factors. International cooperation can take various forms including bilateral cooperation between two countries, multilateral cooperation between countries and international organizations, and regional cooperation within geographic regions. Key aspects of developing international cooperation include addressing common challenges, finding cooperative solutions where interests overlap or conflict, and establishing balanced, equitable agreements.

1. INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
AND ASSISTANCE

2. •MEANING AND DEFINITION
•Cooperation is work together.
International cooperation means
cooperation between the nations
for any reasons like health,
political affairs, tourism etc..

3. IMPORTANCE
•Capitalization on migration to benefit
development can best succeed through
cooperative efforts
•Effective management of migration can only
begin to be achieved f there is a clear
understanding of the trends and follows in
migration movement
•International cooperation makes a difference in
managing labor migration
•In order to address trafficking in persons,
states need to share law enforcement
information to understand and follow patterns
and to break up organized crime networks

4. •Effective migration management requires
cooperation and dialogue, not only among
states but also among all interested
stakeholders, including
international,NGO’S,and private sector.
•Effective migration management is achieved
through balanced consideration of
economic,social,political,humanitarian,deve
lopemental,and environmental factors
taking into account the root cause of
migratory flows
•Migration management requires

5. COOPERATION MAY DEVELOP
WHERE:
•there is similar problems to resolve
•there is similar challenges to manage
•there are different migration related
interests and goals, but it is in states
political interest to find a cooperative
solution
•there are some common interests and
other conflicting interests

6. TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
• BILATERAL COOPERATION
• It has a vast history among countries. Cooperation is
defined as bilateral when originating in an agreement
between two countries and their respective official
financial or technical agencies. Government agencies
channeling funding to developing countries are known as
bilateral agencies. Early agreements were primarily in the
area of labor migration between states facing labor
shortages and those with a labor surplus.
• In recent days bilateral agreements are dealing with the
return of persons without authorization to stay,
sometimes including other forms of assistance or
cooperation.

7. MULTILATERAL COOPERATION
•Cooperation is defined multilateral
when the relationship is between a
country and multilateral international
organizations
•(e.g.: development banks united
nations agencies)or when the
relationship is exists more than two
countries

8. REGIONAL COOPERATION
• During 1990’s and continuing into this century,
multilateral regional consultative process(RCP) are
emerging are emerging as an effective mechanism to
carry forward cooperative efforts in regional or
international migration management, offering the
participating states the opportunity to share
experience with other states of the same geographic
region
• Participation in informal and no-binding. There is a
growing convergence of ideas among most RCP’s
regarding many of the key elements and principles
that can guide international migration management,

9. POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
•agreements should be balanced and will
normally require some give- and- take- by all
parties
•the benefits of the agreement for each party
should be meaningfull,nut realistic and
financially feasible
•cooperative approaches should include regular
evaluation
•cooperative agreements should address long-
term needs and not be limited to short and
medium –term goals

10. •interstate cooperation may include the
provision of assistance to some states by
other states
•parties to an agreement should strive for
transparent and focused dialogue and
exchange of information, particularly where
countries share an interest in specific
migratory patterns in order to facilitate
possible responsibility-sharing
arrangements
•consideration should be given to
developing equitable and effective

11. NATIONAL POLICIES AND
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
•Effective national policy is needed to
maintain a balance between measures that
address a number of migration-related
areas and to avoid favoring one area over
equally important areas.
• Effective national –policy should include
the policies that do not consider regular
migration and irregular immigration in
isolation from each other.

12. NATIONAL POLICIES MAY EFFECT OF
RELATED AREAS LIKE
•economic growth
•public services
•social cohesion
•public protection and national security
•supporter for human rights
•international development
•co ordination between responsible
authorities

13. FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
• Economic Cooperation
• Investment and capital cooperation
• Encompasses all forms of economic activities between
countries such as trade
• Economic support for developing countries
• Government development assistance, commercial loan,
export credit, direct· indirect investment by private
sectors, overseas construction, trading, emigration,
overseas employment, and mutual transfer of capital
• Cooperation on economic affairs between developed
countries, developing countries, and developed and
developing countries

14. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATION
•“Transfer of resources for development”
•Economic resources transferred from
developed countries or international
organizations to developing countries
•Accordingly, financial support for military
supplies, religious purposes, arts and cultural
activities, and costs for exports made to
developing countries with relatively higher
prices is not included in international
development cooperation

15. ODA (OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT
ASSISTANCE)
• As new demands for public aid rose in the 90s,
such as implementing market economy in former
socialist countries, OECD/DAC (development
assistance committee) have categorized
countries in need of developing aids as Part 1
(general developing countries) and Part 2 (former
socialist countries and selected developing
countries) in December 1996
• Categorized as public development aid, and
special purposes such as aid for former socialist
countries and selected developing countries are

16. NECESSITY OF INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
• 1. Humanitarian Obligation
• Intensified poverty in developing countries because of
aggravation of the gap between the rich and poor
• 1.2billion people live in extreme poverty with an average
income of under $1
• 2. Limitless Competition and Interdependence
• Increased interdependence and integration between
countries
• Establishment of WTO opens the age of limitless
competition
• Increased need for mutual trust and reciprocal

17. • 3. Reaction to Global Issues
• Rise of global issues such as environment
destruction, resource depletion, population
increase, terrorism, refugee outbreak, AIDS,
women exploitation, and post-war reconstruction
support
• Boundaries between international issues and
national issues are weakened because of
developing globalization
• A problem in a single nation spreads its effect to
the world (globalization of conflict)
• 4. Understanding of Other Cultures

18. ALCOB AS INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
ALCOB (APEC LEARNING COMMUNITY
BUILDERS)• A group of teachers, students and supporters of APEC
member economies for the purpose of realizing an
educational community
• Established by Korea’s proposal in the 26th APEC
HRDWG conference (2006.06)
• 5,000 individuals of 20 ALCoB member economies
(Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Chile, People’s
Republic of China, Hong Kong China, Indonesia,
Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines,
Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, the
United States and Viet Nam) and 3 economies from

19. MAIN ACTIVITIES:
•Dispatching international
educational collaborators,
international education cooperation
projects, ALCoB school network,
ALCoB future education conference,
APEC e-learning training programs

20. ALCOB AS INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
Exchange & Cooperation
• APEC Edutainment Exchange Program (AEEP)
• A program to cultivate the international leadership
abilities of youth, aiming at mutual understanding and
quality improvement for next-generation global leaders
through direct participation in project-based
international education exchange activities planned by
students over the world themselves.
• International ALCoB Conference
• An annual gathering for sharing the achievements of
ALCoB’s activities and exploring ideas for future
development

21. Volunteering
•ALCoB Internet Volunteers (AIV)
•AIV is a specialized education volunteer
activity stemming from ALCoB, and is the
largest human network in the APEC region
Education & Training
•APEC e-Learning Training Program (AeLT).
•APEC e-Learning Training Program is
targeting ALCoB education policy makers
in the APEC region strengthens trainees’
ALCoB spirit and basic competencies

22. •e-Learning International World Contest
•(e-ICON) e-ICON is an Olympiad of e-
Learning content development, , based on
international cooperation, global teams of
outstanding teachers and students in the
field of ICT develop e-Learning contents
•Research and development
•Human Resource Development-Public-
Private Partnership Forum (HRD-PPP)
•APEC Future Education Forum (AFEF)
•Asia-Pacific Cooperative Education Journal