The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of lymphomas in HIV-positive patients in Russia. The study analyzed data from 73 patients treated between 2006-2016 at several medical centers. It found that diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was most common, comprising 34% of cases. The 2-year overall survival was 64% and was improved with chemotherapy combined with antiretroviral therapy. Poor prognostic factors included elevated LDH levels and B symptoms. Rituximab improved outcomes for CD20-positive lymphomas. Autologous stem cell transplantation was found to be a safe treatment for relapsed/refractory cases. Genome editing of stem cells may provide a cure for HIV by generating HIV-resistant immune
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document discusses using data mining techniques to build a classification model to predict liver fibrosis stage in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 in Egypt. It analyzed laboratory tests and biochemical markers from 158 patient samples and compared the results to liver biopsies, which are the reference standard but invasive. A decision tree model was created to relate biomarker values to fibrosis scores. The goal was to determine if non-invasive markers could accurately stage liver fibrosis and potentially replace biopsies for monitoring disease progression.
Management of Hepatitis C with Natural and Synthetic Medicine icsp
This document summarizes a study comparing the management of Hepatitis C with natural and synthetic medicines. The study compared two Unani (Eastern medicine) formulations, Hepotin tablets and Vironil syrup, to the conventional allopathic drugs interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. Sixty patients with Hepatitis C were randomly assigned to receive either the Unani medicines or allopathic drugs for six months. Clinical signs and symptoms, biochemical markers, and viral load were measured and statistically compared between the two groups. The results showed the Unani medicines were as effective as the allopathic drugs in improving clinical symptoms, liver enzymes, and reducing viral load, with fewer side effects. The study provides evidence that Unani
1) The study aimed to use the PP65 antigenemia technique to diagnose active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in AIDS patients in Brazil and examine its occurrence in the region.
2) They found that 14 of 50 AIDS patients tested positive for PP65 antigenemia, indicating active CMV infection, while none of the 34 bone marrow transplant patients tested positive.
3) Having a CD4+ T-cell count below 100 cells/mm3 appeared to increase the risk of testing positive for PP65 antigenemia and active CMV infection, as more low CD4 count patients tested positive compared to higher CD4 count patients.
This case report describes a 57-year-old woman with newly diagnosed HIV who presented with axillary lymphadenopathy. Histopathological analysis of an excisional lymph node biopsy showed rare nests of Burkitt cells exclusively located within hyperplastic monocytoid B-cell areas, representing Burkitt microlymphoma (BmL). Follow-up PET/CT scans showed persistent lymphadenopathy, and a subsequent core needle biopsy confirmed Burkitt lymphoma (BL). This case provides novel insights into the early histopathogenesis of HIV-associated BL, showing that it can arise as nests of cells within prominent monocytoid B-cell areas seen in HIV lymphadenitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The document discusses how PET-guided treatment based on early PET scans after 2 cycles of chemotherapy can help escalate or de-escalate treatment for early and advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Studies have shown that escalating treatment to BEACOPP for early stage patients who are PET-positive after 2 cycles significantly improves outcomes, while de-escalating treatment by omitting radiation for early stage PET-negative patients is also effective. Randomized trials are still needed but results so far suggest PET-guided escalation of treatment to BEACOPP for advanced stage PET-positive patients and de-escalation to AB
The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPS) of Vascular Endothelial Growth Fac...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—
Aim: The aim of the present work was to evaluate associations between the risk of endometriosis and -460C/T (rs833061) and +405G/C (rs2010963) polymorphisms in the VEGF gene.
Methodology: In the present study, we examined group of 100 patients with endometriosis and 100 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Determination of genes polymorphic variants was made using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP).
Results: Presented study showed statistically significant increase in the endometriosis development risk for the -460T/T genotype (OR 3.39; 95% CI, 1.60-7.13; p = 0.002) and for the -460T allele (OR 2.49; 95% CI, 1.64-3.78; p <.0001), as well as for the +405C/C genotype (OR 2.16; 95% CI, 1.047-4.48; p = 0.035) in patients with endometriosis in comparison with healthy control group. We also observed positive association of the +405C/C genotype (OR 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.79; p = 0.019) as well as the +405C allele occurrence with an increased endometriosis development risk (OR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19-0.71; p = 0.005), assessed by the degree of rASRM classification stages.
Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that the -460C/T and +405G/C polymorphisms of the VEGF gene may be associated with endometriosis occurrence in Poland.
Keywords— endometriosis, genetic polymorphisms, VEGF.
This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of lymphomas in HIV-positive patients in Russia. The study analyzed data from 73 patients treated between 2006-2016 at several medical centers. It found that diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was most common, comprising 34% of cases. The 2-year overall survival was 64% and was improved with chemotherapy combined with antiretroviral therapy. Poor prognostic factors included elevated LDH levels and B symptoms. Rituximab improved outcomes for CD20-positive lymphomas. Autologous stem cell transplantation was found to be a safe treatment for relapsed/refractory cases. Genome editing of stem cells may provide a cure for HIV by generating HIV-resistant immune
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document discusses using data mining techniques to build a classification model to predict liver fibrosis stage in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 in Egypt. It analyzed laboratory tests and biochemical markers from 158 patient samples and compared the results to liver biopsies, which are the reference standard but invasive. A decision tree model was created to relate biomarker values to fibrosis scores. The goal was to determine if non-invasive markers could accurately stage liver fibrosis and potentially replace biopsies for monitoring disease progression.
Management of Hepatitis C with Natural and Synthetic Medicine icsp
This document summarizes a study comparing the management of Hepatitis C with natural and synthetic medicines. The study compared two Unani (Eastern medicine) formulations, Hepotin tablets and Vironil syrup, to the conventional allopathic drugs interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. Sixty patients with Hepatitis C were randomly assigned to receive either the Unani medicines or allopathic drugs for six months. Clinical signs and symptoms, biochemical markers, and viral load were measured and statistically compared between the two groups. The results showed the Unani medicines were as effective as the allopathic drugs in improving clinical symptoms, liver enzymes, and reducing viral load, with fewer side effects. The study provides evidence that Unani
1) The study aimed to use the PP65 antigenemia technique to diagnose active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in AIDS patients in Brazil and examine its occurrence in the region.
2) They found that 14 of 50 AIDS patients tested positive for PP65 antigenemia, indicating active CMV infection, while none of the 34 bone marrow transplant patients tested positive.
3) Having a CD4+ T-cell count below 100 cells/mm3 appeared to increase the risk of testing positive for PP65 antigenemia and active CMV infection, as more low CD4 count patients tested positive compared to higher CD4 count patients.
This case report describes a 57-year-old woman with newly diagnosed HIV who presented with axillary lymphadenopathy. Histopathological analysis of an excisional lymph node biopsy showed rare nests of Burkitt cells exclusively located within hyperplastic monocytoid B-cell areas, representing Burkitt microlymphoma (BmL). Follow-up PET/CT scans showed persistent lymphadenopathy, and a subsequent core needle biopsy confirmed Burkitt lymphoma (BL). This case provides novel insights into the early histopathogenesis of HIV-associated BL, showing that it can arise as nests of cells within prominent monocytoid B-cell areas seen in HIV lymphadenitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The document discusses how PET-guided treatment based on early PET scans after 2 cycles of chemotherapy can help escalate or de-escalate treatment for early and advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Studies have shown that escalating treatment to BEACOPP for early stage patients who are PET-positive after 2 cycles significantly improves outcomes, while de-escalating treatment by omitting radiation for early stage PET-negative patients is also effective. Randomized trials are still needed but results so far suggest PET-guided escalation of treatment to BEACOPP for advanced stage PET-positive patients and de-escalation to AB
The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPS) of Vascular Endothelial Growth Fac...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—
Aim: The aim of the present work was to evaluate associations between the risk of endometriosis and -460C/T (rs833061) and +405G/C (rs2010963) polymorphisms in the VEGF gene.
Methodology: In the present study, we examined group of 100 patients with endometriosis and 100 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Determination of genes polymorphic variants was made using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP).
Results: Presented study showed statistically significant increase in the endometriosis development risk for the -460T/T genotype (OR 3.39; 95% CI, 1.60-7.13; p = 0.002) and for the -460T allele (OR 2.49; 95% CI, 1.64-3.78; p <.0001), as well as for the +405C/C genotype (OR 2.16; 95% CI, 1.047-4.48; p = 0.035) in patients with endometriosis in comparison with healthy control group. We also observed positive association of the +405C/C genotype (OR 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.79; p = 0.019) as well as the +405C allele occurrence with an increased endometriosis development risk (OR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19-0.71; p = 0.005), assessed by the degree of rASRM classification stages.
Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that the -460C/T and +405G/C polymorphisms of the VEGF gene may be associated with endometriosis occurrence in Poland.
Keywords— endometriosis, genetic polymorphisms, VEGF.
This document summarizes studies evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. It discusses pivotal trials that led to FDA approval of nivolumab and pembrolizumab for relapsed/refractory HL after stem cell transplant and brentuximab vedotin. It also reviews mechanisms of action of PD-1 blockade in HL and efforts to combine checkpoint inhibitors with other agents or incorporate them into frontline treatment for high-risk patients.
Dr. Prashant Tembhare discusses minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCPALL). MRD detection using flow cytometry provides important prognostic information to guide risk-stratified therapy. High sensitivity MRD assays using 8-10 color flow cytometry with acquisition of millions of events can detect MRD levels as low as 0.001%. Accurately quantifying low-level MRD requires acquiring a large number of events to avoid false negative results. MRD levels detected by sensitive multi-parameter flow assays provide powerful prognostic information to identify patients who may benefit from intensified therapy or could potentially avoid excessive treatment.
This document summarizes prognostic factors and treatment approaches for follicular lymphoma. Some key points:
- Prognostic factors include age, histologic grade, FLIPI score, gene expression profiling, and metabolic tumor volume on PET scans.
- First-line treatment for symptomatic advanced disease is usually rituximab plus chemotherapy such as bendamustine, followed by rituximab maintenance for 2 years.
- The PRIMA trial showed improved progression-free survival with 2 years of rituximab maintenance compared to observation alone in patients achieving response to first-line treatment.
- The GALLIUM trial found improved progression-free survival for first-line treatment of follicular
Cacoub p hcv ehm & inflam pr cacoub du 15 01 15 odeckmyn
This document discusses extrahepatic manifestations associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It finds that:
1. Extrahepatic manifestations like vasculitis, arthralgia/myalgia, and autoimmune disorders are a major problem in chronic HCV infection, affecting 5-40%, 25-35%, and 10-40% of patients respectively.
2. Fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment from HCV infection are also significant, with 50-67% of patients experiencing fatigue and 28% experiencing depression prior to therapy. Sustained virological response is associated with decreased rates of fatigue.
3. Autoimmune disorders are thought to arise from polyclonal or oligoclonal B
350 million people globally have hepatitis B or C. HIV infection increases the risk of chronic hepatitis B and C and more rapid progression of liver disease. Treatment of hepatitis C in HIV patients with direct antiviral agents shows promise but data is still limited in HIV coinfected patients. Tenofovir is currently the best treatment for hepatitis B in HIV coinfected patients, as it is effective against both viruses. Regular screening and treatment according to viral load and liver disease stage is important to manage hepatitis coinfection in HIV patients.
Hepatitis-B and C in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies of Western Odisha, Indiainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a study examining hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen expression in liver tissue samples from liver transplant patients with either severe or mild recurrent HCV infection post-transplant. Liver samples were analyzed from 12 transplant recipients (6 with severe cholestatic hepatitis and 6 with mild recurrence) at three time points: pre-transplant, early post-transplant, and late post-transplant. HCV core antigen staining was stronger in the severe group, especially in explant samples. Serum HCV RNA levels were also higher in the severe group. The results suggest that strong HCV staining in explant samples may predict more severe recurrent disease post-transplant.
1) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection can cause a variety of extrahepatic manifestations including mixed cryoglobulinemia, a condition where low levels of cryoglobulins in the blood vessel can lead to inflammation.
2) Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 found on B cells, has shown effectiveness in treating the symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia, particularly rashes and kidney involvement.
3) Combining rituximab treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy may provide the best chance of achieving both clinical response and viral clearance for patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia caused by chronic hepatitis C infection.
This study examined 4 soldiers with Plasmodium falciparum malaria who had a positive direct antiglobulin test, indicating Coombs'-positive hemolytic disease. In 3 patients, the positive Coombs' tests and hemolytic episodes seemed related to the administration of quinine used to treat relapsed malaria. Two of these patients experienced quinine-related skin reactions. The fourth patient had compensated hemolysis and a positive direct Coombs' test that was unrelated to quinine therapy. Coombs'-positive hemolytic disease is an unusual complication of malaria that clinical evidence suggests may be caused by quinine in some cases, though the mechanism is unknown.
This document summarizes extrahepatic manifestations that are commonly associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Some key points:
- Vasculitis, arthralgia/myalgia, sicca syndrome, and autoantibodies are seen in 5-40%, 25-35%, 10-25%, and 10-40% of HCV patients, respectively.
- HCV can infect both hepatocytes, causing hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocarcinoma, as well as lymphocytes, leading to cryoglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Mixed cryoglobulinemia is strongly associated with
ASCO-2016 Update Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma & MyelomaChandan K Das
The document discusses results from several clinical trials related to lymphoma. The MAINTAIN trial found no significant difference in progression-free survival between the rituximab maintenance and observation arms for patients with mantle cell lymphoma. The E2408 phase II trial found that adding bortezomib to R-CHOP improved the complete response rate for patients with high-risk follicular lymphoma compared to R-CHOP alone. A trial of a "sandwich-like" GDP chemotherapy regimen with radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal NK/T-cell lymphoma reported a complete response rate of 81.9% after full treatment and 2-year overall and progression-free survival rates of 84.6% and 81.6%,
Study of Some Serological Markers (Hbs Ag, Anti-Hbs and AntHbc Igm) for Detec...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted in Diyala province for the period from15/ 1 / 2016 to 15 / 12/ 2016, In the Central Blood Bank in the public Health Laboratory in Diyala. The aim of the study was to detection the rate of Occult Hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors using ELISA test to screening different serological markers (HBs Ag, anti- HBs and anti- HBc IgM). The study included; 200 apparently healthy blood donors were attended central blood bank in Diyala. 183of blood donors were males and 17 were females. The age range was 18 years to 58 years. The results showed that the rate of HBs Ag among blood donors (4.5%), and the rate of anti-HBs was (10%), while the rate of anti-HBc IgM was (4%). The present results revealed that the rate of anti-HBs was (9.4%) among HBs Ag negative blood donors, and the anti-HBc IgM (4.1%).While the rate of positive serological markers was 13.6%. The present study showed that there was relationship between the HBs Ag positivity rate and anti-HBs against anti-HBc IgM do not have
1. Chronic HCV infection can lead to increased mortality from both hepatic and extrahepatic diseases such as liver cancer, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease.
2. HCV infection is associated with a variety of autoimmune manifestations and lymphoproliferative disorders, most notably mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis.
3. Treatment of HCV infection with direct-acting antivirals or pegylated interferon/ribavirin can result in remission of extrahepatic manifestations by achieving sustained virological response.
Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus using Data mining algorithm -Apriori, Decision ...ADEIJ Journal
Hepatitis C, which presents with symptoms such as acute fatigue and jaundice, is highly likely to become
chronic, and is the main cause of liver cancer, attracting much public attention. Moreover, the number of
infected people is increasing worldwide nowadays. However, we found that there are 6 different genotype
in hcv. In vaccine and medicine developing for viruses, analysis of them is most important. Therefore, we
decided to compare 6 genotype using Apriori algorithm and Decision tree algorithm. We tried to find out
some difference between genotype 1 and others by analyzing the genotype 1, since genotype 1 is most
common, and tried to find out the correlation between the genotype 1b and 2a with the highest number of
infections in Korea. With these algorithm, we were able to find several rules and differences between them.
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
1) WASp-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) show impaired activation of naive CD8+ T cells, especially at low antigen doses.
2) This is partly due to altered trafficking of antigen-bearing DCs from the periphery to lymph nodes. However, correcting DC migration does not fully rescue T cell activation.
3) In vitro and in vivo imaging revealed that cytoskeletal alterations in WASp-null DCs reduce their ability to form and maintain conjugates with naive CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes, contributing to defective T cell priming.
This document discusses HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections, providing perspectives from Thailand on optimal management. It outlines the natural history of HBV infection and conflicting results on whether telbivudine has activity against HIV. Guidelines are presented on determining active liver disease, treating HBV infection based on ART status, causes of transaminitis in coinfected patients, treating HCV infection, and contraindications for interferon and ribavirin use. Terminology for treatment response such as rapid virological response and sustained virological response is also defined.
This document discusses factors related to prognosis in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) based on results from the HEPAVIH cohort study. It finds that FibroScan score, albumin levels, platelet count, and age are independently associated with risk of liver complications or liver-related death. The risk of any complication or death from any cause is estimated at 10% after 5 years. Liver disease accounted for 27% of deaths. Effective treatment of HIV and HCV can reduce liver-related mortality in co-infected patients.
Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...iosrphr_editor
Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.
The training course brought together young people from 8 countries over 7 days in Georgia to learn about and implement the concept of collaborative consumption. Representatives from two participant countries each day coordinated sessions at a school in Bakuriani, in the central square of Borjomi city, and during intercultural nights. Participants experienced nights in Tbilisi, Kutaisi, and the Caucasus region to practice the principles of collaborative consumption.
March 2016 2 - digital business - leaders vs laggards lightning talkVMware Un:Think
This document discusses digital transformation from the perspectives of business leaders, CEOs, and CIOs. It provides definitions of digital transformation from Ericsson and The Guardian. Statistics are presented showing that more business leaders and CEOs now see technological advances and digital transformation as important, with the percentage doubling from 2014 to 2015. The document also notes that IDC and Gartner predict increasing percentages of IT budgets and resources will be spent supporting digital revenue streams and digital transformation initiatives by 2018 and 2020 respectively.
This document summarizes studies evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. It discusses pivotal trials that led to FDA approval of nivolumab and pembrolizumab for relapsed/refractory HL after stem cell transplant and brentuximab vedotin. It also reviews mechanisms of action of PD-1 blockade in HL and efforts to combine checkpoint inhibitors with other agents or incorporate them into frontline treatment for high-risk patients.
Dr. Prashant Tembhare discusses minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCPALL). MRD detection using flow cytometry provides important prognostic information to guide risk-stratified therapy. High sensitivity MRD assays using 8-10 color flow cytometry with acquisition of millions of events can detect MRD levels as low as 0.001%. Accurately quantifying low-level MRD requires acquiring a large number of events to avoid false negative results. MRD levels detected by sensitive multi-parameter flow assays provide powerful prognostic information to identify patients who may benefit from intensified therapy or could potentially avoid excessive treatment.
This document summarizes prognostic factors and treatment approaches for follicular lymphoma. Some key points:
- Prognostic factors include age, histologic grade, FLIPI score, gene expression profiling, and metabolic tumor volume on PET scans.
- First-line treatment for symptomatic advanced disease is usually rituximab plus chemotherapy such as bendamustine, followed by rituximab maintenance for 2 years.
- The PRIMA trial showed improved progression-free survival with 2 years of rituximab maintenance compared to observation alone in patients achieving response to first-line treatment.
- The GALLIUM trial found improved progression-free survival for first-line treatment of follicular
Cacoub p hcv ehm & inflam pr cacoub du 15 01 15 odeckmyn
This document discusses extrahepatic manifestations associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It finds that:
1. Extrahepatic manifestations like vasculitis, arthralgia/myalgia, and autoimmune disorders are a major problem in chronic HCV infection, affecting 5-40%, 25-35%, and 10-40% of patients respectively.
2. Fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment from HCV infection are also significant, with 50-67% of patients experiencing fatigue and 28% experiencing depression prior to therapy. Sustained virological response is associated with decreased rates of fatigue.
3. Autoimmune disorders are thought to arise from polyclonal or oligoclonal B
350 million people globally have hepatitis B or C. HIV infection increases the risk of chronic hepatitis B and C and more rapid progression of liver disease. Treatment of hepatitis C in HIV patients with direct antiviral agents shows promise but data is still limited in HIV coinfected patients. Tenofovir is currently the best treatment for hepatitis B in HIV coinfected patients, as it is effective against both viruses. Regular screening and treatment according to viral load and liver disease stage is important to manage hepatitis coinfection in HIV patients.
Hepatitis-B and C in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies of Western Odisha, Indiainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a study examining hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen expression in liver tissue samples from liver transplant patients with either severe or mild recurrent HCV infection post-transplant. Liver samples were analyzed from 12 transplant recipients (6 with severe cholestatic hepatitis and 6 with mild recurrence) at three time points: pre-transplant, early post-transplant, and late post-transplant. HCV core antigen staining was stronger in the severe group, especially in explant samples. Serum HCV RNA levels were also higher in the severe group. The results suggest that strong HCV staining in explant samples may predict more severe recurrent disease post-transplant.
1) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection can cause a variety of extrahepatic manifestations including mixed cryoglobulinemia, a condition where low levels of cryoglobulins in the blood vessel can lead to inflammation.
2) Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 found on B cells, has shown effectiveness in treating the symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia, particularly rashes and kidney involvement.
3) Combining rituximab treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy may provide the best chance of achieving both clinical response and viral clearance for patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia caused by chronic hepatitis C infection.
This study examined 4 soldiers with Plasmodium falciparum malaria who had a positive direct antiglobulin test, indicating Coombs'-positive hemolytic disease. In 3 patients, the positive Coombs' tests and hemolytic episodes seemed related to the administration of quinine used to treat relapsed malaria. Two of these patients experienced quinine-related skin reactions. The fourth patient had compensated hemolysis and a positive direct Coombs' test that was unrelated to quinine therapy. Coombs'-positive hemolytic disease is an unusual complication of malaria that clinical evidence suggests may be caused by quinine in some cases, though the mechanism is unknown.
This document summarizes extrahepatic manifestations that are commonly associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Some key points:
- Vasculitis, arthralgia/myalgia, sicca syndrome, and autoantibodies are seen in 5-40%, 25-35%, 10-25%, and 10-40% of HCV patients, respectively.
- HCV can infect both hepatocytes, causing hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocarcinoma, as well as lymphocytes, leading to cryoglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Mixed cryoglobulinemia is strongly associated with
ASCO-2016 Update Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma & MyelomaChandan K Das
The document discusses results from several clinical trials related to lymphoma. The MAINTAIN trial found no significant difference in progression-free survival between the rituximab maintenance and observation arms for patients with mantle cell lymphoma. The E2408 phase II trial found that adding bortezomib to R-CHOP improved the complete response rate for patients with high-risk follicular lymphoma compared to R-CHOP alone. A trial of a "sandwich-like" GDP chemotherapy regimen with radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal NK/T-cell lymphoma reported a complete response rate of 81.9% after full treatment and 2-year overall and progression-free survival rates of 84.6% and 81.6%,
Study of Some Serological Markers (Hbs Ag, Anti-Hbs and AntHbc Igm) for Detec...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted in Diyala province for the period from15/ 1 / 2016 to 15 / 12/ 2016, In the Central Blood Bank in the public Health Laboratory in Diyala. The aim of the study was to detection the rate of Occult Hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors using ELISA test to screening different serological markers (HBs Ag, anti- HBs and anti- HBc IgM). The study included; 200 apparently healthy blood donors were attended central blood bank in Diyala. 183of blood donors were males and 17 were females. The age range was 18 years to 58 years. The results showed that the rate of HBs Ag among blood donors (4.5%), and the rate of anti-HBs was (10%), while the rate of anti-HBc IgM was (4%). The present results revealed that the rate of anti-HBs was (9.4%) among HBs Ag negative blood donors, and the anti-HBc IgM (4.1%).While the rate of positive serological markers was 13.6%. The present study showed that there was relationship between the HBs Ag positivity rate and anti-HBs against anti-HBc IgM do not have
1. Chronic HCV infection can lead to increased mortality from both hepatic and extrahepatic diseases such as liver cancer, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease.
2. HCV infection is associated with a variety of autoimmune manifestations and lymphoproliferative disorders, most notably mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis.
3. Treatment of HCV infection with direct-acting antivirals or pegylated interferon/ribavirin can result in remission of extrahepatic manifestations by achieving sustained virological response.
Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus using Data mining algorithm -Apriori, Decision ...ADEIJ Journal
Hepatitis C, which presents with symptoms such as acute fatigue and jaundice, is highly likely to become
chronic, and is the main cause of liver cancer, attracting much public attention. Moreover, the number of
infected people is increasing worldwide nowadays. However, we found that there are 6 different genotype
in hcv. In vaccine and medicine developing for viruses, analysis of them is most important. Therefore, we
decided to compare 6 genotype using Apriori algorithm and Decision tree algorithm. We tried to find out
some difference between genotype 1 and others by analyzing the genotype 1, since genotype 1 is most
common, and tried to find out the correlation between the genotype 1b and 2a with the highest number of
infections in Korea. With these algorithm, we were able to find several rules and differences between them.
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
1) WASp-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) show impaired activation of naive CD8+ T cells, especially at low antigen doses.
2) This is partly due to altered trafficking of antigen-bearing DCs from the periphery to lymph nodes. However, correcting DC migration does not fully rescue T cell activation.
3) In vitro and in vivo imaging revealed that cytoskeletal alterations in WASp-null DCs reduce their ability to form and maintain conjugates with naive CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes, contributing to defective T cell priming.
This document discusses HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections, providing perspectives from Thailand on optimal management. It outlines the natural history of HBV infection and conflicting results on whether telbivudine has activity against HIV. Guidelines are presented on determining active liver disease, treating HBV infection based on ART status, causes of transaminitis in coinfected patients, treating HCV infection, and contraindications for interferon and ribavirin use. Terminology for treatment response such as rapid virological response and sustained virological response is also defined.
This document discusses factors related to prognosis in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) based on results from the HEPAVIH cohort study. It finds that FibroScan score, albumin levels, platelet count, and age are independently associated with risk of liver complications or liver-related death. The risk of any complication or death from any cause is estimated at 10% after 5 years. Liver disease accounted for 27% of deaths. Effective treatment of HIV and HCV can reduce liver-related mortality in co-infected patients.
Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...iosrphr_editor
Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.
The training course brought together young people from 8 countries over 7 days in Georgia to learn about and implement the concept of collaborative consumption. Representatives from two participant countries each day coordinated sessions at a school in Bakuriani, in the central square of Borjomi city, and during intercultural nights. Participants experienced nights in Tbilisi, Kutaisi, and the Caucasus region to practice the principles of collaborative consumption.
March 2016 2 - digital business - leaders vs laggards lightning talkVMware Un:Think
This document discusses digital transformation from the perspectives of business leaders, CEOs, and CIOs. It provides definitions of digital transformation from Ericsson and The Guardian. Statistics are presented showing that more business leaders and CEOs now see technological advances and digital transformation as important, with the percentage doubling from 2014 to 2015. The document also notes that IDC and Gartner predict increasing percentages of IT budgets and resources will be spent supporting digital revenue streams and digital transformation initiatives by 2018 and 2020 respectively.
Програма Еразмус+ вже з 2014 року працює. Що ми про неї знаємо?..Що залишилося ЄВС (європейська волонтерська служба), молодіжні обміни, тренінги, студійні візити. Тут можна знайти трохи українською про цю програму й можливості для українців. Більше англійською: http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/opportunities-for-individuals/young-people/european-voluntary-service_en
HDC Building Solutions is an engineering company that provides structural design, fabrication, and erection services for pre-engineered buildings and steel structures. It was founded in 2008 by experienced executives to cater to pre-engineering buildings. The company prides itself on providing high quality products and services even during adverse market conditions. HDC has a team of qualified engineers and a fabrication unit located in Hosur, Tamil Nadu. Some of its projects include structures for various industries around Hosur, Bangalore, and other parts of South India.
This document provides a summary of the 2016 European Hotel Valuation Index. Some key points:
- Hotel investment and visitation in Europe increased in 2015, driven by factors like a weaker euro. Hotel values rose 5% on average across Europe.
- Madrid had the highest hotel value growth again in 2015. Dublin, Birmingham, and Manchester also saw strong growth. Athens rebounded with double-digit value increases.
- Paris and Geneva were relatively weaker performers due to security issues and currency changes respectively. Russian markets like Moscow and St. Petersburg remained challenged.
- The report analyzes value changes, transactions, investments, and performance in major European hotel markets. It provides an index of relative hotel values across
The document outlines an agenda for an evening event including lightning talks on topics like containers taking over the world and the role of operations in an automated world. It then discusses the transition from rigid IT structures to more dynamic digital approaches and concepts like microservices, containers, and designing for failure. The rest of the document discusses infrastructure trends like software-defined data centers, the software stack with IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, and potential next steps like unikernels.
The document provides an overview of the major areas of activity and projects carried out by the Organization in 2015, which included increasing transparency and accountability of public authorities, promoting civic engagement, developing freedom of speech and access to information, and ensuring sustainable institutional development. Key projects discussed include the CHESNO civic movement, Strong Communities of Donetsk Region, Freedom of Speech and Access to Public Information, and Reanimation Package of Reforms. The document also provides financial reporting and analysis of the Organization's development and strategic planning.
IT's for U - EVS opportunity in Ukraine for ItaliansAlona Glazkova
Small Ukrainian NGO is looking for 1 Italian volunteer for long term EVS (12 monthes). Here is shortly about hosting city - Kremenchuk, hosting organisation - Kremenchuk informative elucidative center European Club, and hosting locations - Space of Ideas and libraries. You can also download infopack here: http://www.prostir.org.ua/?p=1029
Este documento presenta una introducción a la función comercial de las empresas agropecuarias. Explica conceptos clave como mercado, investigación de mercados, segmentación de mercados y el marketing-mix. También cubre temas como descuentos, ciclo de vida de productos y el papel creciente de Internet, el comercio electrónico y la nueva economía basada en el conocimiento para las empresas agrícolas.
Собираем самые актуальные новости из digital каждые две недели. Будь в курсе вместе с нами! // The news over the past two weeks from digital world. Stay informed along with us
This document describes a study that aimed to determine the genotypes of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among Libyan patients using a Line Immune Probe Assay (LiPA). Blood samples were collected from 75 HCV-infected Libyan patients and genotyped using the LiPA technique. The results found that genotype 4 was the most predominant, comprising 60% of samples, followed by genotype 1a at 26.7%. Some differences in genotype distribution were seen between HIV-infected and non-infected groups. In conclusion, the distribution of HCV genotypes in Libya is consistent with neighboring countries, with genotype 4 being the most common.
This study aimed to determine the genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Libyan patients using the line probe assay (LiPA) technique. Blood samples were collected from 75 HCV-infected Libyan patients and genotyped using the INNO-LiPA HCV II kit. The results found that genotype 4 was the most prevalent, accounting for 60% of samples, followed by subtype 1a at 26.7%. Less common genotypes identified included 1b, 2a/2c, 1a/1b, and 2. There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between age groups, sexes, or between those with and without HIV co-infection. The distribution of HCV genotypes in Libya is consistent with neighboring countries, with
3TC-DTG Dual Therapy and Its Implications in Hepatic Steatosis in People Livi...semualkaira
Hepatic disease is one of the major comorbidities
in people living with HIV. We intended to define the incidence of
NAFLD and to identify any factors which may be associated with
such a condition.
This study examined the association between blood group antigens, CD4 cell count, and hemoglobin patterns in HIV-infected patients. 240 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients and 120 healthy controls were analyzed. There was no significant association found between ABO/Rh blood groups or hemoglobin genotypes between the two groups. However, a significant association was observed between CD4 cell count and ABO blood group, with blood groups A and AB having higher average CD4 counts. The study suggests blood group A may confer some immunity against HIV infection.
This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN) monotherapy in 78 hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive hemodialysis patients. An early viral response was seen in 61.5% of patients at 12 weeks. However, only 19.2% had undetectable HCV RNA levels at end of treatment. A sustained viral response was achieved in 14.1% of the initial population. Adherence was poor, with 32% unable to complete the 48-week treatment due to adverse effects. Adverse events were common, occurring in 83% of patients. The incidence of serious adverse events was high at 0.19 per patient-year. The study
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Polymorphism of the Il28b Gene (Rs8099917, Rs12979860) and Virological Response of Pakistani Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3 Patients to Pegylated Interferon Therapy
Assessment of serum lipid profile in patients with chronic hepatitis cTanveer00786
1. The document discusses a study that assessed the serum lipid profiles of 100 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C.
2. It found that 63% of patients had normal lipid levels, 3% were hyperlipidemic, and 34% were hypolipidemic.
3. The study indicates that progression of hepatitis C viral infection can lead to decreased levels of lipids.
The document discusses markers for predicting liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It found that levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher in patients with chronic HBV compared to healthy controls, indicating liver inflammation, though all results remained within normal ranges. Levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin did not differ significantly between the two groups. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and IgA levels were significantly higher in chronic HBV patients, while complement C3 and C4 levels did not differ, suggesting normal liver function.
1. HIV transmission through blood transfusion was a major issue historically due to lack of screening tests, but effective testing has now greatly reduced the risk.
2. In India, over 14,000 cases of HIV transmission through blood transfusion were reported from 2009-2016, though the number reported in 2018-19 was lower at around 1,342.
3. Diagnostic testing for HIV has advanced from ELISA and rapid tests that detect antibodies to more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) that can detect HIV within 11 days of exposure.
Every year universal expiries after viral hepatitis are 1.4 million. The organization has known a method to treat 80% of HCV patients by 2030. In Pakistan, HCV occurrence is 1%. There is no correct indication about the real occurrence of HCV chronic infection, though current meta-analyses approximation that currently, about 130-150 million people live with chronic hepatitis C and that HCV reasons about 500,000 deaths each year The purpose of this review article to describes the introduction of HCV, risk factors of HCV, Early treatment option sand result of sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin on the treatment of HCV.
Molecular localization of epstein barr virus and rb tumor suppressor gene exp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the Rb tumor suppressor gene in prostate tissues. Seventy-two tissue samples, including 40 from prostate cancer and 20 from benign prostatic hyperplasia, were tested for EBV and Rb expression. EBV was detected in 47.5% of cancer samples but only 10% of benign samples, and not in healthy controls. Rb expression was also detected in 47.5% of cancer samples and 10% of benign samples. The high rate of co-expression of EBV and Rb in cancer tissues suggests these factors may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis.
Laboratory monitoring of Progression of HIVAnkita Mohanty
This document discusses laboratory monitoring of HIV progression and treatment. It covers epidemiology of HIV globally and in India, the HIV lifecycle and progression from acute to latent to AIDS stages. Key markers for monitoring disease progression include CD4 count, complete blood count, serum neopterin, beta-2 microglobulin, and viral load. Resistance testing and therapeutic drug monitoring are also outlined for evaluating treatment response and failure. Guidelines for viral load and CD4 monitoring at different stages of infection and treatment are provided.
Antiretroviral Resistance in HIV-1 Patients at a Tertiary Medical Institute in Saudi Arabia: a Retrospective Study and Analysis.
Journal Club,
Virology Rotation , 1/5/2019
The document discusses a study aiming to rapidly diagnose bacterial sepsis in high-risk patients. The study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene and measurement of the DcR3 serum level within 48 hours of hospitalization. Of 52 patients, 25 tested positive by PCR and had elevated DcR3 levels, indicating sepsis. PCR results correlated well with blood culture results but provided faster results. The study suggests PCR and DcR3 measurement provide rapid and specific diagnosis of bacterial sepsis.
This study investigated the expression of CD44 standard (CD44st) and variant isoforms (CD44v) in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and normal pancreatic duct cells. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry showed that CD44st, CD44v3, CD44v4, CD44v5, and CD44v6 were moderately expressed in all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested. In contrast, normal pancreatic duct cells expressed very low levels of these CD44 variants. Stimulation of pancreatic cancer cells with growth factors did not affect CD44 expression, except IFNγ which downregulated CD44v6. The constitutive expression of CD44 variants seems associated with the malignant state of invasive pancreatic carcinoma.
The relationship between the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis c and the be...Alexander Decker
This study examined the molecular epidemiology and prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Jordan. Researchers tested 1929 patients for HCV antibodies between 2010-2011. A total of 149 patients (9%) tested positive, with the infection being twice as common in males compared to females. The most common causes of infection were blood transfusion (68%), kidney dialysis (17%), addiction treatment centers (6%), and unknown causes (9%). HCV RNA detection and genotyping was performed on positive samples. The results suggest blood transfusion is a major route of HCV transmission in Jordan and screening of blood donors has helped reduce prevalence over time.
1. The study compared levels of liver enzymes and CD4+ cells in three groups: ART-naive HIV patients, HIV patients following ART, and HIV-negative controls.
2. Liver enzyme levels of AST and ALP were significantly higher in ART-naive patients compared to the other two groups, indicating HIV infection alone may impact liver pathology. CD4+ cell counts were also lowest in ART-naive patients.
3. Following ART treatment, liver enzyme and CD4+ cell levels improved in HIV patients, though ALT levels remained higher than controls, suggesting ART can positively impact liver function in HIV patients.
Akram et al-2018-journal_of_viral_hepatitisDr.Arifa Akram
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA among Chronic and potential Occult HBV patients in resource‐limited settings by Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification assay
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
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Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi patients.
1. IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB)
e-ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, p-ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, Volume 1, Issue 6 (Sep. – Oct. 2015), PP 49-54
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV
Infected Saudi patients.
Eed EM1&2
, HusseinYM1&3
Ghonaim MM1&2
, Khalifa AS4&5
Alzahrani SS6
,
Alhazmi AS1
and Alwakeel HR7
1-
Medical Laboratories Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
2-
Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
3-
Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
4-
Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department Faculty of pharmacy, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
5-
Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
6-
Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
7-
Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt.
Abstract: The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Keywords: Hepatitis B virus, Interleukin 28B, Interleukin-16.
I. Introduction:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1].
Patients with chronic HBV infections are at an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) [2]. HBV is considered hyper-endemic in Saudi Arabia, where infections are acquired mainly
through horizontal and less commonly by vertical transmission [3]. Data about prevalence of HBV infection in
Saudi Arabia varies, WHO reports mentioned that it is about 8%. On the other hand, Al-Thaqafy et al., [4]
reported a lower rate of about 4%. This prevalence diminishes greatly in lower age groups [5]. This fall in the
prevalence was attributed to initiation of vaccination program in 1990 that aimed for vaccinating all Saudi
children at school entry. Mandatory vaccination of healthcare workers and hemodialysis patients was also
introduced around this time [3]. Despite significant decline in the prevalence of HBV infection in Saudi Arabia,
it still causes significant morbidity and mortality and imposes a great burden on the country's healthcare system
[6].
Chronic HBV infection is a result of the dynamic interactions between virus and host immune response
and the natural course varies greatly among different individuals. Some patients showed more rapid progression
of liver disease, while others remain at inactive carrier state with a relative benign prognosis. Several host and
viral factors have been reported to be associated with the natural course of chronic HBV infection [7].
Genotypes, basal core promoter mutations and viral loads of HBV may influence the progression of HBV-
related liver disease [8,9]. Similarly, age, sex, host immune status and metabolic factors of the host affect
disease progression [10].
Currently, the genetic determinants of host immune responses to HBV infection remain unclear.
Studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at or near the interleukin 28B gene (IL28B)
region on chromosome 19, which encodes interferon lamda 3 (IFN-λ3), are associated with spontaneous
hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance and sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C
(CHC) treated with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin [11]. Furthermore, a recent study showed that
patients with lower serum levels of interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) in combination with
favorable IL28B genotypes had higher chance of spontaneous HCV clearance [12]. The influence of IL28B
polymorphisms on host immune response to HBV infection is not fully understood. It is possible that genetic
2. Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi patients.
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variations at IL28B region determine host susceptibility to HBV infection and influence the progression of liver
disease [13].
IL16 is one of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and has a wide array of biological functions,
initially identified as lymphocyte chemo-attractant factor [14]. It activates T-cells, monocytes, macrophages and
dendritic cells through binding to the CD4 molecule. In addition, IL16 can stimulate the production of different
pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1b, IL6, IL15 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by monocytes [15].
Recently, genetic polymorphisms of IL16 have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to a range of
cancers, including nasopharyngeal, colorectal, gastric and prostatic cancer [16]. To our knowledge, there is no
study examined the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL16 and IL28B genes
and HBV-related HCC in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship
between IL16 and IL28B gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic HBV infection and HBV related HCC.
II. Material and methods
2.1 Subjects: The study included 187 Saudi individuals who were categorized into three groups; group I: 70
healthy controls, group II: 75 patients with chronic HBV infection and group III: 42 HBV infected patients
complicated with HCC. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected, through a structured data
collection sheets. Chronic hepatitis B patients were diagnosed by being HBs Ag positive for at least six months
and hepatitis B virus core antibody (Hbc Ab) positive. The infection was confirmed by detection of HBV-DNA
by PCR. HBV-related HCC was diagnosed based on pathological findings and/or radiological results (computed
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) combined with elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level (>400
ng/ml).Patients with HCV or HIV co-infection and those having other chronic liver disease were excluded.
2.2. Collection of Blood Samples: after a written consent, 4 ml of venous blood were drawn from each
individual after an overnight fasting. One ml of blood was collected in heparinized tube for DNA extraction and
determination of IL28B and IL16 genotypes. The other 3 ml of blood were collected in plain tubes for
separation of sera to be tested for liver functions, viral markers and AFP.
2.3 Biochemical measurements: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma
glutamyle transferase (GGT), albumin and serum bilirubin (total and direct) were measured by routine
enzymatic methods (Spinreact, Girona Spain). Serum AFP concentration was measured by ELISA according to
the Manufacturer’s recommendation using Elecsys 2010 (Roche Diagnostics, Madison USA). HBV markers
were measured by commercially available ELISA kits (Bio-Rad, CA, USA).
2.4. DNA extraction and genotyping: Genomic DNA of the studied individuals were extracted according to
the Manufacturer’s instructions from 200 μl of whole blood using DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden,
Germany) [14]. The IL28B (rs12979860 and rs8099917) and IL16 (rs11556218 and rs4072111) SNPs were
studied by the PCR-RFLP method as formerly described (18 and 14 respectively). Primer set, restriction
endonuclease and RFLP fragment products are shown in table 1. PCR reactions were set up to amplify the
IL28B gene DNA using Amplitaq Gold PCR master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) with a 20 μl
reaction. The temperature profile, which was used for the PCR amplification of both SNPs consisted of a 94°C
for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 20 seconds, 66°C for 20 seconds and 72°C for 20 seconds,
followed by a 72°C for 5 minutes. PCR reactions were set up to amplify the IL16 gene DNA using Amplitaq
Gold PCR master Mix with a 20 μl reaction tube type. The reaction conditions of both SNPs consisted of a 94°C
for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 20 seconds followed by annealing phase (61°C in case of
rs11556218 and 67°C in case of rs4072111) for 20 seconds and 72°C for 20 seconds, followed by a 72°C for 5
minutes. For the RFLP assay, the PCR amplicon containing the SNP was digested with 10 units of each of the
restriction endonucleases (table 1) for at least one hour. The digested PCR products were visualized after
separation on 3% agarose gel containing 0.5 µg of ethidium bromide per ml [13,17].
2.5. Statistical analysis: The results for continuous variables are expressed as Means ± SD. The means of the
groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (AVOVA). The statistical significances of
differences in frequencies of variants were tested using chi-square (x2
) test. A difference was considered
significant at P<0.05. All data were evaluated using SPSS software version 16.0.
III. Results
3.1 Demographic and laboratory biochemical parameters: The age and gender of the studied 3 groups
are shown in table (2). The majority of the studied subjects were males (65.4%). There was no
significant difference in the age and gender between the 3 groups. The laboratory biochemical
parameters of them are shown in table (2). HBV patients with HCC had statistically significant
differences in their serum bilirubin (total and direct), AST, ALT, ALB and GGT, (P<0.001). Serum
AFP level was higher in HCC group (881 ± 158 ng/ml) than chronic HBV (881 ± 158 ng/ml).
3. Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi patients.
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3.2 IL16 genotypes and alleles distributions: The IL16 genotype rs11556218 polymorphism was significantly
different among the studied groups. HCC patients and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of
rs11556218TG genotype (33.2% and 33.3% respectively) than controls (15.7%). On the other hand,
rs11556218GG genotype was more commonly found among HCC patients (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV
(2.7%). The IL16 genotype rs4072111CT polymorphism had higher prevalence among HCC patients and
chronic HBV patients (47.6% and 46.7% respectively) than controls (28.6%). While, rs4072111TT genotype
had a higher prevalence among HCC patients (14.3%) compared to the other two groups (2.7% and 2.9%).
Regarding allele distributions of rs4072111, HCC subjects had significantly higher T allele frequency than
controls (38.1% and 17.1% respectively) (table 3).
3.3 IL28B genotypes and alleles distributions: IL28B rs12979860 genotype was characterized in all subjects.
Overall, CT and TT genotypes were significantly less frequent in patients with chronic HBV and HCC patients
(CT, 18.7% and 16.7% and TT, 2.7% and 7.1% respectively) compared to controls (CT, 35.7% and TT,
10.0%) while on the opposite, IL28B rs8099917 TG genotypes were more frequently found among HBV with
HCC (19%) compared to Chronic HBV (8%). Regarding allele distributions, no significant (𝑃˃0.05) difference
was detected between the 3 groups (table 4).
Table (1) The primer sequences, restriction endonuclease and RFLP fragments of IL28B and IL16 genes
SNP The primer set
(Macrogen, Korea)
Base
change
RE enzyme
(Fermentas,
Lithuania)
PCR-RFLP fragments
IL28B
rs12979860
Sense, 5’-GCGGAAGGAGCAGTTGCGCT-3’ C>T BstUI CC: 196 & 45 bp
Antisense, 5’-
GGGGCTTTGCTGGGGGAGTG-3’.
CT: 241, 196& 45 bp
TT: 241 bp
IL28B
rs8099917
Sense, 5’-
CCCACTTCTGGAACAAATCGTCCC-3’
T> G BsrDI TT: 552 bp
Antisense, 5’-
TCTCCTCCCCAAGTCAGGCAACC-3’.
GT: 552, 322 & 230 bp
GG: 322 & 230 bp
IL16
rs11556218
Sense5’-
GCTCAGGTTCACAGAGTGTTTCCATA-3’
T>G Nde I TT:171bp
Antisense, 5’-
TGTGACAATCACAGCTTGCCTG-3’.
GG:147 & 24bp
TG:171, 147 & 24bp
IL16
rs4072111
Sense, 5’-CACTGTGATCCCGGTCCAGTC-3’ C> T BsmA I CC:164bp
Antisense, 5’-
TTCAGGTACAAACCCAGCCAGC-3’.
TT:140 &24bp
CT:164, 140 & 24 bp
Table (2): Demographic and biochemical laboratory parameters of the studied groups
Control group
(n = 70)
Chronic HBV
(n = 75)
HBV with HCC
(n = 42)
Age (Mean± SD) 51.2 ± 5.4 49.7 ± 2.5 57.2 ± 6.5
Gender
- Male
- Female
43 (61.4%)
27 (38.6%)
44(58.7%)
20 (41.3%)
26 (61.9%)
16 (38.1%)
AFP (ng/ml) 2.9 ± 1.3 7.5 ± 5.2 881 ± 158a,b
ALT (IU/L) 26 ± 2 121 ± 38 a
72.2 ± 29.2a
AST(IU/L) 22 ± 5 45.5 ± 27 83.3 ± 23.3a
GGT (IU/L) 14 ± 5.2 29 ± 5.3 a
180 ± 51.2a
Albumin (g/dl) 4±1.1 3.5±0.4 1.9±0.8a,b
T-Bil. (mg/dl) 0.8 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 1.5 16 ± 8.4a,b
D-Bil. (mg/dl) 0.1 ± 0.03 0.6 ± 0.2 5.7 ± 1.3a,b
a
Significant difference from control group
b
Significant difference from chronic HBV group.
4. Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi patients.
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Table (3): Genotype frequencies of IL16 genes among the different studied groups
SNP Control group
(n = 70)
Chronic HBV
(n = 75)
HBV with HCC
(n = 42)
rs11556218
TT
TG
GG
T allele
G allele
48(68.6%)
11 (15.7%)
11 (15.7%)
107(76.4%)
33(23.6%)
48 (64.0%)
25 (33.3%) 1
2 (2.7%)
121(80.6%)
29(19.4%)
22(52.4%)
14(33.2%) 2
6(14.4%) 3
58(69.0%)
22(31.0%)
rs4072111
CC
CT
TT
C allele
T allele
48(68.6%)
20 (28.6%)
2 (2.9%)
116(82.9%)
24(17.1%)
38 (50.7%)
35 (46.7%) 4
2 (2.7%)
111(74.0%)
39(26.0%)
16(38.1%)
20(47.6%) 5
6(14.3%) 6
52(61.9%)
32(38.1%)7
1
Significant difference from control group (P=0.0141), 2
Significant difference from control group (P= 0.030)
3
Significant difference from Chronic HBV group (P = 0.016), 4
Significant difference from control group (P = 0.025),
5
Significant difference from control group (p=0.042), 6
Significant difference from Chronic HBV group and control
(P = 0.023, 0.018)
7
Significant difference from control group (P = 0.0004).
Table (4): Genotype frequencies of IL28B genes among the different studied groups
SNP Control group
(n = 70)
Chronic HBV
(n = 75)
HBV with HCC
(n = 42)
rs12979860
CC
CT
TT
C allele
T allele
38 (54.3%)
25 (35.7%)
7 (10.0%)
101(72.1%)
39(27.9%)
59 (78.7%)
14 (18.7%) 1
2 (2.7%)
132(88%)
18(12%)
32 (71.2%)
7 (16.7%) 2
3 (7.1%)
71(84.5%)
13(15.5%)
rs8099917
TT
TG
GG
T allele
G allele
55 (78.6%)
15 (21.4%)
0 (0%)
125(89.3%)
15(10.7%)
69 (92.0%)
6 (8.0%) 3
0 (0%)
144(96%)
6(4%)
34(81.0%)
8(19.0%)
0(0%)
76(90.5%)
8(9.5%)
1
Significant difference from control group (P = 0.021) 2
Significant difference from control group (P = 0.030)
3
Significant difference between chronic HBV versus control group (P=0.022)
IV. Discussion
HBV infection is a serious and common infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality in many
areas of the world. It has been associated with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC [18]. The genetic
background of the host and host-pathogen interactions may affect the outcome of infection [19]. Single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) may change the structure and biological function of genes encoding cytokines
or regulatory molecules that may affect immunopathogenesis of HBV infection [20]. Detection of the effect of
these polymorphisms may help to develop new strategies for prevention and treatment of HBV infection [19].
In this study, we investigated the effect IL16 gene polymorphisms on the occurrence of HCC in Saudi
population. Our results revealed that IL16 rs11556218 TG and GG polymorphisms were significantly higher
among patients with HCC. IL16 rs4072111CT polymorphism was significantly higher among chronic HBV and
HCC patients compared to the control group. Moreover, IL16 rs4072111TT polymorphism was significantly
higher among HCC patients when compared with either chronic HBV or the control group. These results are
consistent with that reported by Shan et al., [13] who indicated that IL16 SNPs were associated with chronic
HBV infection and HCC. Previous studies suggested that IL16 rs4072111 and rs11556218 polymorphisms were
related to the course of hepatitis B infection and IL16 gene polymorphisms were suggested as considerable host
genetic factors which affect the susceptibility to chronic HBV infection [21]. Recently, rs11556218` and
rs4072111 genetic polymorphisms of IL16 gene have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to a
range of cancers [13]. The rs11556218 TG genotype was reported to be associated with a significantly higher
risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) compared to the TT genotype and patients carrying the G allele were
more labile to develop NPC [15]. Moreover, TG and GG genotypes were associated with a significantly higher
risk of gastric cancer compared to patients with the TT genotype. The role of IL16 in the development of HCC
may be attributed to its role in inflammation and tumor growth and progression. IL16 can augment inflammation
in Th1-mediated hypersensitivity and the link between inflammation and cancer is well established. The
5. Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi patients.
www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
inflammatory microenvironment can increase mutation rates and enhance the proliferation of mutated cells [22].
Although, IL16 may help in killing virus-infected cells and minimizing cellular damage during HBV infection,
the host immune response may be fairly weak and fail to completely clear the infection. This results in chronic
stimulation of the antigen-specific immune response in persistently infected patients and leads to continued
expression of cytokines and recruitment of activated lymclear cells to the liver leading to liver damage, hepatic
fibrosis and ultimately HCC [13,23].
In the present study, IL28B polymorphisms (rs12979860 and rs8099917) were investigated to
determine the potential influence of the IL28B polymorphism on HBV infection outcome. Our results revealed
that IL28B rs12979860 CT polymorphisms were significantly lower among both chronic HBV and HCC
patients and IL28B rs8099917 TG polymorphism was significantly lower among chronic HBV patients when
compared with that of the controls. These results are consistent with a recent study [24] that reported an
association between IL28B polymorphisms (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) and the outcome of HBV
infection. IL-28B was found to inhibit HBV replication in hepatocyte cell lines. It has been suggested as a
potential treatment for viral hepatitis [25]. IL28B triggers a cascade through the JAK-STAT pathway that up-
regulates the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The effects of IL28B are similar to those of IFN-α and β; however, it
binds to a distinct receptor that triggers a different set of ISGs [14]. Recently, IL28B was identified as a key
factor of the immune response to HCV that strongly determines the outcome of HCV infection [26,27]. It is
reported that polymorphisms near IL-28B gene are strongly associated with sustained viral response and
spontaneous viral clearance in patients with chronic HBV infection. Genetic variation of IL-28B may prevent
progression of HBV infection by reducing viral load and liver inflammation [28].
Our results showed higher prevalence of the major alleles rs12979860 CC (78.7% and 71.2%), and
rs8099917 TT (92.0% and 81.0%) in subjects with chronic HBV and HCC patients respectively as compared to
the controls. However these alleles were demonstrated as favorable predictors in terms of spontaneous clearance
of HCV infection. These results may indicate that IL28B polymorphisms have a distinct effect on the immune
response to HCV in spite of the same signal from both type I IFNs and IL28B through the JAK-STAT pathway.
ISGs were found to play a major role in non-cytolytic inhibition of HBV replication in a transgenic
mouse model and IFN-l2 (IL28A) was demonstrated to inhibit HBV replication through up-regulated ISGs in
HCC cell lines. Moreover, there are differences between HBV and HCV infection regarding their replication
strategies, mechanism of viral persistence and host response [25,29]. Guo et al., [30] reported that patients with
the rs8099917 TG and GG genotypes had an increased risk of null virological response in HCV/HBV dually-
infected patients. However, IL28B was reported to have no role in the development of chronic HBV infection
among HIV-infected patients. Moreover, on comparing patients with persistent infection with individuals
recovered from HBV infection, IL28B polymorphism was found to have no role in clearance of HBV and the
outcome of HBV infection [31,32]. In another study, which investigated the effect of rs12979860 polymorphism
on the INF-α responsive HBV, the rs12979860 CC genotype was not associated with spontaneous HBV
recovery [33]. Furthermore, no significant association was found between IL28B rs12979860 genotypes and the
risk of developing HCC in Turkish patients [34].
V. conclusion
In conclusion, SNP of IL16 was significantly higher among chronic HBV and HCC patients. The SNP of
IL28B that was proposed to have an association with HCV recovery does not have the same effect on HBV
recovery and the effects of this SNP cannot be generalized to chronic viral infections. Additional studies are
needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of this SNP in HBV infection and to clarify the
possible role of IL28B polymorphism on the risk of developing HCC in larger patient groups.
Acknowledgment:
This study was funded by the Academic Research Center at Taif University, project number 1-435-3303.
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