IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Intraepithelial lymphocyte distribution differs between the bulb and the seco...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Evaluation of intraepithelial duodenal lymphocytosis (IDL) is important in celiac disease (CD). There is no established cut-off value for increased number of IELs in the bulb. We therefore investigated the relation between IEL counts in the bulb and duodenal specimens in non-celiac subjects.
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi pa...iosrjce
The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
ABSTRACT- Disseminated cryptococcosis is generally seen in immunocompromised patients mainly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis among patients of disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare presentation, which is presented in cases with cirrhosis of liver. It can be confused with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Strong clinical awareness and index of suspicion in a cirrhotic patient with peritonitis as well as early diagnosis and treatment is required as it is difficult to distinguish from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We describe here a case of disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal peritonitis in a cirrhotic male.
Key-words- Liver cirrhosis, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcal peritonitis
Intraepithelial lymphocyte distribution differs between the bulb and the seco...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Evaluation of intraepithelial duodenal lymphocytosis (IDL) is important in celiac disease (CD). There is no established cut-off value for increased number of IELs in the bulb. We therefore investigated the relation between IEL counts in the bulb and duodenal specimens in non-celiac subjects.
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi pa...iosrjce
The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
ABSTRACT- Disseminated cryptococcosis is generally seen in immunocompromised patients mainly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis among patients of disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare presentation, which is presented in cases with cirrhosis of liver. It can be confused with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Strong clinical awareness and index of suspicion in a cirrhotic patient with peritonitis as well as early diagnosis and treatment is required as it is difficult to distinguish from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We describe here a case of disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal peritonitis in a cirrhotic male.
Key-words- Liver cirrhosis, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcal peritonitis
Using a case-control model for study, viral markers were investigated for their use in predicting water health and contamination source. Samples were taken from three separate watersheds: Agricultural, Urban, and a Reference. From each of these, sub-samples were taken with respect to an identified contamination source: up-stream, down-stream, and at the site of contamination. Each sample was filtered in order to isolate viral particles and viral genetic material (DNA and RNA) was shotgun sequenced using the MiSeq bench top sequencer. Data was quality filtered and matched to a database in order to identify the viruses from which these reads came. Samples were compared to one another in order to identify significant differences in viral communities.
Vitamin D deficiency ( plasma 25(OH)D levels
<50 nmol/L)(20 ng/ml) was ubiquitous in patients with ARDS and
present in the vast majority of patients at risk of
developing ARDS following oesophagectomy.
Fall 2014 HIV Update.Clinical Impact of New Data From ICAAC 2014, IDWeek 2014...Hivlife Info
In this downloadable slideset, Joseph J. Eron, Jr., MD and Jürgen K. Rockstroh, MD, review key HIV studies presented at the 2014 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2014 IDWeek, and 2014 HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 1.70 MB
Using a case-control model for study, viral markers were investigated for their use in predicting water health and contamination source. Samples were taken from three separate watersheds: Agricultural, Urban, and a Reference. From each of these, sub-samples were taken with respect to an identified contamination source: up-stream, down-stream, and at the site of contamination. Each sample was filtered in order to isolate viral particles and viral genetic material (DNA and RNA) was shotgun sequenced using the MiSeq bench top sequencer. Data was quality filtered and matched to a database in order to identify the viruses from which these reads came. Samples were compared to one another in order to identify significant differences in viral communities.
Vitamin D deficiency ( plasma 25(OH)D levels
<50 nmol/L)(20 ng/ml) was ubiquitous in patients with ARDS and
present in the vast majority of patients at risk of
developing ARDS following oesophagectomy.
Fall 2014 HIV Update.Clinical Impact of New Data From ICAAC 2014, IDWeek 2014...Hivlife Info
In this downloadable slideset, Joseph J. Eron, Jr., MD and Jürgen K. Rockstroh, MD, review key HIV studies presented at the 2014 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2014 IDWeek, and 2014 HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 1.70 MB
508 search for genomic and proteomic risk factors and protective factors asso...
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) In Iraqiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Clinical Features and Patterns of CD4+ T Lymphocyte Counts Among HIV/AIDS Pat...IjcmsdrJournal
Background:The use of CD4+ T Lymphocyte count as a vital component to ascertain the stage of HIV/AIDS disease as well as monitor the progress of the disease continues to take centre stage in the management of HIV/AIDS in Africa and beyond. Most health centres in Sub-saharan Africa rely on cut off reference values from different races and distant parts of the world.
Aim:This study was designed to establish the range of CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts among the HIV-negative individuals and also HIV-positive patients at initial booking in the anti-retroviral clinic of our hospital where clinical diagnosis was established.
Methods:Patients were recruited into the study as they report to the hospital on daily basis; structured questionnaires were administered where socio-demograhic and relevant clinical information were obtained. Blood samples (3-5mls) were collected using aseptic techniqueand processed where HIV screening was conducted, and CD4+ T Lymphocyte cell count was carried out using Cyflow (Partec, Germany). Results were fed into Microsoft excel 2007 version and analysed using SPSS 14.
Results:A total of 386 HIV-positive and 145 HIV-negative individuals were recruited into the study. The average CD4+ T Lymphocytes count among the HIV negative individuals was 850 cells /μL and ranged from 200 to 1950 cells/μL with CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts of less than 300 cells/μL being 5 (3.4%). The CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts of less than 500 cells/μL among the HIV-negative individuals was 19(13.1%). However, the CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts among HIV-infected individuals ranged from 50 to 1450 cells/μL, 0.8% (n=3) while 45.9% (n=177) presented with CD4+ T Lymhocyte counts of 50 or less and less than 250 cells/μL respectively. The fact that 75.9% (n=293) of the patients had a CD4+ T Lymphocyte counts of less than 500 cells/μL shows the general late presentation of patients with HIV infection at our health settings, and as much as 50% of these were aware of their HIV status the very first time.
Red cell alloimmunization in blood transfusion dependent Patients with Sickle...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Bovine tuberculosis: Occupational hazard in Abattoir workersiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Dr. Rahul VC Tiwari - Fellowship In Orthognathic Surgery - Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala - 29th publication iosr jdms 3rd name
Assessment of Renal Function and Serum Levels of Alpha Tocopherol in HIV Sero...paperpublications3
Abstract: Increased Oxidative Stress markers in HIV/AIDS Patients may be as a result of free radicals generation and evidence is accumulating that Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) mimics AIDS progression but may be costly due to its Nephrotoxicity. In this research serum levels of Alpha tocopherol ( α- tocopherol), Urea, Creatinine as well as CD4 Counts were measured in 70 HIV Seropositive Patients (40 on HAART and 30 HAART-Naïve) and Thirty (30) apparently healthy individuals as controls in Federal Medical Centre Katsina, Nigeria.CD4 Counts, Serum Levels of Alpha tocopherol, Urea and Creatinine of HIV-HAART and HAART Naïve were 0.72±0.27mg/dl, 16.8±5.6 mmol/l, 237±123 µmol/l and 646±254cell/µl and 0.3±0.1mg/dl, 10.4±2.9 mmol/l, 91±26 µmol/l and 364±17 cell/ µl respectively. There were significantly (p<0.05) increased CD4 counts, serum levels of Alpha tocopherol, Urea and Creatinine in HIV/AIDS Patients on HAART compared to HAART- Naive. This is an indication that HIV/AIDS are predisposed to oxidative stress and that also HAART has debilitating effects on kidneys.
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
ISSN: 2250-3013, www.iosrphr.org
Volume 2 Issue 5 ‖‖ Oct-Dec. 2012 ‖‖ PP.38-42
Evaluation of Pcv, Cd4+ T cell Counts, ESR and WBC Counts in
Malaria Infected Symptomatic HIV (Stage 11) Male HIV/ Aids
Subjects on Antiretroviral Therapy (Art) In Nnewi, South
Eastern Nigeria
1
Ezeugwunne I.P.,2Onyenekwe C.C.,2Ahaneku J.E., 3Ifeanyichukwu M.,
1
Meludu S.C,3Chukwuanukwu R.C.,4Onwurah W.O,5Osuji F.N,6Okwara E.C.
1
Department of Human Biochemistry; 2Department of Chemical Pathology;
3
Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
4
Department of Haematology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi;
5
Immaculate Heart Hospital and Maternity, Nkpor; Anambra State;
6
Department of Chemical Pathology, Imo State University Teaching
Hospital, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Abstract––This study was designed to assess the values of PVC, CD4+ T cell counts, ESR and WBC counts
in malaria infected HIV male subjects on ART. A total of 273 male participants aged between 18 and 60
(42±13) years were randomly recruited for the study. The Based on WHO HIV staging and classification, 69
participants were classified as symptomatic HIV (stage 11) male participants on ART (Lamivudine, Stavudine
and Nevirapin); 69 participants were classified as symptomatic HIV (stage 11) male participants not on ART;
68 participants as asymptomatic HIV male groups and 68 participants as HIV seronegative controls. Blood
samples were collected from the participants for the determination of HIV status by immunoassay and
immunochromatography; CD4+T cell counts by Cyflow method, WBC counts, packed cell volume (PCV), and
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) by standard laboratory methods. The CD4+T cell counts, PCV and ESR
values were significantly different when observed amongst the malaria infected groups (p<0.05) respectively.
Nevertheless, the value of WBC count was not significantly different when observed amongst the groups
(p>0.05). The implication of this finding is that both HIV and malaria co- infection has an adverse effect on
the values of CD4+T cell counts, PCV and ESR in the host.
I. INTRODUCTION
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an endemic disease that causes death among young
adults worldwide (Amegor et al., 2009). It is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Onyancha,
2009).
Malaria is a life threatening disease that causes major health problem in the tropics. It is caused by
Plasmodium species. Malaria was observed to be endemic in Nigeria and it is the leading cause of morbidity and
mortality in the Country (Onwujekwe et al., 2000; FMH, 2001). Cohen et al, (2005) observed an increased
prevalence of severe malaria in HIV-infected adults’ subjects in South Africa. While Onyenekwe et al., (2007)
also observed an increased prevalence of severe malaria in HIV-infected malaria subjects in endemic area of
Southern Nigeria.
Presentation of severe malaria has been observed in HIV subjects with CD4 +T cells count less than
2000 x 106 cells/ l (Cohen et al, 2005). Onyenekwe et al., (2007) reported a tripled prevalence of malaria
infection in symptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Some researchers have observed that HIV/AIDS causes
anaemia (Sullivan, 2002; Volberding, 2002). The explanation given by some researcher was that the anaemia
observed in HIV/AIDS subjects may be as a result of the direct attack of the reticuloendothelial cells by the
virus (Jacobson et al., 1990). Anaemia has been shown to be statistically significant predictor of progression to
the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and it is related with increased risk of death in subjects with HIV
infection (Belperio and Rhew, 2004). Hence, this study was designed to determine the values of PCV, CD4 +T
cell counts, WBC and ESR levels in HIV and malaria co-infection.
38
2. Evaluation of pcv, cd4+ t cell counts, esr and….
II. MATERIAL & METHODS
Subjects
A total of 549 adult male participants aged between 18 and 65 (39 ±12) years were randomly recruited
at the Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Centre in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital
(NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria. Based on World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria for staging HIV, the
participants were grouped as follows: 139 symptomatic HIV (stage 11) participants on ART, 136 symptomatic
HIV (stage 11) participants not on ART, 136 asymptomatic HIV participants and 136 HIV seronegative male
participants.
Hematological analysis
Five (5) ml of EDTA blood sample were collected from each subject and were analysed for malaria
parasite (MP), haematocrit (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC), CD4+T-cell counts, HIV screening with
confirmation and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
III. METHODS
Determination of Antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Human plasma.
Two different methods were used, namely, Abbott determine TM HIV -1 and HIV-2 kit, which is an in-
vitro visually read immunoassay (Abbott Japan Co.Ltd.Tokyo, Japan) and HIV-1 and 2 STAT-PAK Assay kit,
which is an Immunochromatographic test for the quantitative detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in
Human plasma (CHEMBIO Diagnostic system, Inc, New York, USA). For the Abbott determine TM HIV -1 and
HIV-2 kit, the procedure described by the manufacturer was used for the analysis. Briefly, 50 µl of participant
serum samples separated from the corresponding whole blood samples in EDTA were applied to the
appropriately labeled sample pad. After 15 minutes but not more than 60 minutes of sample application, the
result was read. This method has inherent quality control that validates the results. For the
Immunochromatographic method for HIV -1 and HIV-2, the procedure described by the manufacturer was used
for the analysis. In brief, 5 ml of participant’s plasma was dispensed into the sample well in the appropriately
labeled sample pad. Three drops of the buffer supplied by the manufacturer was added into the appropriately
labeled sample pad. The results of the test were read at 10 minutes after the addition of the running buffer. This
method has inherent quality control and validates the results.
Determination of malaria parasitaemia by Thick and thin film as will be described by WHO (1995).
Thick and thin films will be prepared for each participant’s blood sample. The thin films were fixed
with methanol and both thick and thin films were stained with Giemsa (1 in10 dilution) for 10 minutes, after
which they were examined microscopically with oil immersion (x 100) objective. The malaria parasite counting
was done using the thick blood films while the thin blood films were used for species identification. Malaria
parasites were counted according to the method of World Health Organisation (1995). 200 leukocytes were
counted and if 10 or more parasites were identified, then the number of parasites per 200 leucocytes was
recorded; but if after counting 200 leukocytes and 9 or less parasites identified then, 500 leukocytes was
recorded. In each case the parasite count in relation to the leukocyte count was converted to parasite per
microlitre of blood using this mathematical formular:
Malaria parasite density /µl= number of parasites x 8000
Number of leukocytes
Where 8000, is the average number of leukocyte per microlitre of blood, which is taken as the standard (WHO,
1995).
Determination of the packed cell volume as described by cheesbrough, 2000
EDTA blood sample from each participant was aspirated into micro-haematocrit capillary tubes. One
end of the capillary tube was subsequently sealed with plastercin and placed in the micro-haematocrit
centrifuge. A steady packing of the red blood cells was achieved with a centrifugation speed of 12000 g for 5
min. The PCV was measured using a Haematocrit reader and reported as a ratio of the whole blood volume in
litre/litre.
Determination of WBC counts using turk’s solution as described by cheesbrough, 2000
Into appropriately labeled test tubes containing 0.38ml of Turk’s Solution (1% ammonium oxalate, 2ml
of Glacial acetic acid, 100ml of distilled water and 2drops of aqueous voilet) was added 20µl of EDTA Blood of
participant respectively. The solution was allowed to stand for 5 min and through capillary action the mixture
was introduced into charged new improved neubauer chamber. The population of WBC in the four corner cells
was read under the microscope using x10 objective lens. The amount of WBC was then calculated for each
participant adjusting for the dilution.
39
3. Evaluation of pcv, cd4+ t cell counts, esr and….
Determination of CD4+T-cells count by Cyflow SLGreen
50 µl of whole blood in EDTA anticoagulant was dispensed into a partec test tube and
10 ml of CD4 PE antibody was added. The reaction mixture was mixed and incubated in the dark for 15 min.
After the incubation, 800 µl of the already prepared diluted buffer was added to each reaction tube and mixed.
The partec tubes containing these reactions were plugged in position in the Cyflow SL Green (Partec,
Germany), which has already been connected to flow max software, CD4 count template data file and CD4
count instrument. The test was run on the Cyflow for 90 sec. The results were displayed as histogram and
printed. The CD4+ T-cell count was read off the histogram correcting for the dilution factor.
Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) by westergren as described by cheesbrough, 2000
0.4ml of sodium citrated anticoagulant was pipetted into a clean test-tube. 1.6ml of the Blood in the
EDTA bottle was added into the test-tube and its content mixed. A westergren pipette was inserted into the test-
tube and Blood was drawn to the zero mark with the aid of a rubber sucker. The filled ESR tube was allowed to
stand vertically on the ESR stand for 1 hour. The area where the plasma stopped after 1 hour was read off as
ESR and the result recorded accordingly.
Statistical analysis
The result of the analysis was statistically analysed. Students’t-test and one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) were used to compare means. The analysis was performed with the use of Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software package, version 13.0. P <0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
RESULT:
The mean (±SD) PCV (l/l) values in malaria infected male participants were: 0.38 ± 0.04 in HIV
participants on ART; 0.34 ± 0.09 in HIV participants not on ART; 0.38 ± 0.05 in asymptomatic HIV
participants and 0.42 ± 0.04 in HIV seronegative participants. There was significant difference observed
amongst the groups (p<0.05). Also, there was significant difference observed between groups (p<0.05)
respectively but similar value was observed between symptomatic HIV participants on ART and asymptomatic
HIV participants (p>0.05).
The mean (±SD) CD4+T cell counts (/ml ) in malaria infected male participants were: 258.74 ± 174.81
in HIV participants on ART; 189.86 ± 59.46 in HIV participants not on ART; and 382.15 ± 152.23 in
asymptomatic HIV participants. There was significant difference observed amongst the groups (p<0.05). Also,
there was significant difference between the groups (p<0.05) respectively.
The (±SD) ESR values (mm/h) in malaria infected male participants were: 27.84 ± 22.85 in HIV
participants on ART; 38.36 ± 4.61 in HIV participants not on ART; 25.66 ±20.40 in asymptomatic HIV
participants and 8.85 ± 8.74 in HIV seronegative participants. There was significant difference observed
amongst the groups (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the ESR value was significantly higher in HIV participants on ART
compared with that in HIV seronegative participants (p<0.05). The ESR value was also significantly higher in
HIV participants not on ART and asymptomatic HIV participants compared with that in HIV seronegative
participants (p<0.05, in each case).
The (±SD) WBC counts (x 109 / ml) in malaria infected male participants were: 4.19± 0.99 values in
HIV participants on ART; 4.65 ± 1.62 in HIV participants not on ART; 4. 30 ± 0.90 in asymptomatic HIV
participants and 4.94 ± 1.00 in HIV seronegative participants. There was similar value observed amongst the
groups (p>0.05). (See table1).
Table 1: Mean (±SD) Hematological parameters in symptomatic HIV (stage 11) malaria infected male
participants with and without ART, asymptomatic HIV male participants and HIV seronegative control group.
WBC
counts
CD4 counts (x
Variables PCV (l/l) (cell/ml) ESR (mm/h) 109/ml)
(A) Symptomatic HIV male participants on ART 258.74± 27.84 ± 4.31 ±
(n=139) 0.38± 0.04 174.81 22.85 0.99
(B) Symptomatic HIV male participants not on ART 189.86± 38.36± 4.55 ±
(n=138) 0.34± 0.09 59.46 4.61 0.83
382.15± 25.66 ± 4.39 ±
(C) Asymptomatic HIV participants (n=136) 0.38 ± 0.05 152.23 20.44 0.83
40
4. Evaluation of pcv, cd4+ t cell counts, esr and….
(D) HIV
Seronegative 8.85 ± 4.53 ±
Control participants (n=136) 0.42± 0.04 ------- 8.74 1.07
17.97 34.00 10.40 1.00
F (p) value (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (>0.05)
AVB (<0.05) (<0.05) (>0.05) -------
AVC (>0.05) (<0.05) (>0.05) -------
AVD (<0.05) -------- (<0.05) --------
BVC (<0.05) (<0.05) (>0.05) --------
BVD (<0.05) --------- (<0.05) --------
CVD (<0.05) --------- (<0.05) --------
Key: F (p) value = symptomatic HIV male on ART, symptomatic HIV male not on ART and
HIV seronegative control compared (using ANOVA).
A V B = symptomatic HIV male on ART compared with symptomatic HIV male not on ART (using student’s t-
test).
A V C = symptomatic HIV male on ART compared with asymptomatic HIV male participants (using student’s
t-test).
A V D = symptomatic HIV male on ART compared with seronegative control (using student’s t-test).
B V C = symptomatic HIV not on ART compared with asymptomatic HIV male participants (using student’s t-
test).
B V D = symptomatic HIV not on ART compared with HIV seronegative control subjects (using student’s t-
test).
C V D = Asymptomatic HIV male participants compared with HIV seronegative control subjects (using
student’s t-test).
IV. DISCUSSION
In this study, the PCV value was significantly reduced in malaria infected HIV/AIDS participants on
ART when compared with that in HIV participants not on ART. This reduced value may be due to the fact that
immune systems of those not on antiretroviral therapies are more depressed or immunocompromised than the
immune system of those not on ART, hence the lower value of PCV observed in them. This finding support the
fact that ART improves Hematological parameters, hence the improved level of PCV on those on ART than on
those not on ART (Amegor, 2009 et al., 2009; Byomakesh et al., 2009).
The study also observed an improved CD4+T cell counts on malaria infected HIV participants on ART
than in other HIV seropositives. The reduced CD4+T cell counts observed in HIV seropositives may be
attributed to cell death caused by the HIV infection (Mark et al., 2005). Ifeanyichukwu et al., (2011) observed
that the degree of T cell activation and rate of CD4+T cell depletion in HIV infection appears to associate with
the disease progression.
In this study, the ESR level was observed to be higher in malaria infected HIV positive groups. Higher
level was observed in participants not on ART. This may be due to immune depletion by the viral infection
which may allow the invasion of opportunistic infection (Ukibe et al., 2010) and even the presence of malaria
infection itself. ESR has been reported to be increased in febrile conditions as a result of presence of infection
(Cheesbrough, 2000).
V. CONCLUSION
The findings in this study, led to the conclusion that HIV and malaria co-infection are capable of
lowering the values of CD4+T cells, PCV and increasing the value of ESR host.
41
5. Evaluation of pcv, cd4+ t cell counts, esr and….
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