interior.ppt
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This document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's interior based on seismic wave data. It describes key discontinuities like the Mohorovicic discontinuity that separates the crust from the mantle. The mantle contains a low-velocity zone corresponding to the asthenosphere where rocks are close to their melting point. Below the mantle is an outer liquid core and inner solid core based on the detection of seismic shadow zones. Heat flow in Earth occurs mainly through convection in the liquid outer core. Paleomagnetic evidence from ancient rocks indicates Earth has maintained a liquid outer core and magnetic field for billions of years.
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Page 22 2.1 IntroductIonStudying the Earthโs interior .docx
Page | 22
2.1 IntroductIon
Studying the Earthโs interior poses a significant challenge due to the lack of
direct access. Many processes observed at the Earthโs surface are driven by the
heat generated within the Earth, however, making an understanding of the interior
essential. Volcanism, earthquakes, and many of the Earthโs surface features are a
result of processes happening within the Earth.
Much of what we know regarding the Earthโs interior is through indirect means,
such as using seismic data to determine Earthโs internal structure. Scientists dis-
covered in the early 1900โs that seismic waves generated by earthquakes could
be used to help distinguish the properties of the Earthโs internal layers. The veloc-
ity of these waves (called primary and secondary waves, or P and S waves) changes
based on the density of the materials they travel through. As a result, seismic waves
do not travel through the Earth in straight lines, but rather get reflected and re-
fracted, which indicates that the Earth is not homogeneous throughout.
The Earthโs interior consists of an inner and outer core, the mantle, and the
crust. Located in the center of the Earth is the inner core, which is very dense
and under incredible pressure, and is thought to be composed of an iron and nick-
el alloy. It is solid, and surrounded by a region of liquid iron and nickel called the
outer core. The outer core is thought to be responsible for the generation of the
Earthโs magnetic field. A very large portion of the Earthโs volume is in the man-
tle, which surrounds the core. This layer is less dense than the core, and consists
of a solid that can behave in a plastic (deformable) manner. The thin outer layer
of the Earth is the crust. The two types, continental and oceanic crust, vary from
each other in thickness, composition, and density.
2.1.1 Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
โข Determine the different layers of the Earth and the distinguishing
properties of each layer
2earthโs InteriorRanda Harris and Bradley Deline
Page | 23
Introductory GeoloGy earthโs InterIor
โข Understand how seismic waves behave within the different layers of the
Earth
โข Understand how seismic tomography has been used to gain a better
understanding of the Earthโs interior
โข Understand the Earthโs magnetic field and how it changes over time
โข Learn how to use the program Google Earth for geological applications
2.1.2 Key terms
2.2 InterIor oF the eArth
The study of seismic waves and how they travel through the Earth has been
very useful in helping to determine the changes in density and composition within
the Earth and in locating the boundaries be-
tween the inner core, outer core, mantle, and
crust. Seismic waves are energy waves
generated during earthquakes; two types
known as P and S waves propagate through
the Earth as wave fronts from their place of
origin. P-waves are compressional waves
that move back and f.
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The document discusses the interior structure of the Earth. It is divided into four major layers:
1) The crust is the outermost solid rock layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust.
2) Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. The upper mantle includes the asthenosphere and transition zone.
3) In the Earth's core, seismic waves indicate the outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid.
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The document provides information about studying the Earth's interior. It discusses the different layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core) and their compositions. Key points include:
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Page 22 2.1 IntroductIonStudying the Earthโs interior .docx
Page | 22
2.1 IntroductIon
Studying the Earthโs interior poses a significant challenge due to the lack of
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- 1. THE EARTHS INTERIOR โข Seismic Wave Review 1. p-waves and s-waves 2. velocity = Distance / time 3. seismic waves travel at different speeds through different materials
- 2. Geologic Discontinuities 1. seismic waves reflect and refract at discontinuities or boundaries between geologic materials (ie. rocks) 2. velocity relationships
- 3. Geologic Discontinuities 3. Paths of Seismic Waves i. homogeneous composition = straight ii. non-homogeneous composition = curved
- 4. Composition and Structure of the Earths Interior 1. Crust: Oceanic and Continental Crust i. Continental Crust (1) felsic (granitic): 6 km / sec (2) 35 km thick ii. Oceanic Crust (1) mafic (basalt): 7 km / sec (2) 5-10 km thick (3) denser than continental crust
- 5. Composition and Structure of the Earths Interior 2. Isostasy i. continental crust floats on top of oceanic curst
- 6. 3. Mantle i. Andrija Mohorovi i (1909 (1) discovered a discontinuity at a depth of about 30 km (2) Mohoroviฤiฤ Discontinuity (Moho) (a) p-waves below travel at 8km / sec (b) p-waves above travel at 6.5km / sec (3) the Moho separates the crust from the mantle
- 8. 3. Mantle ii. low-velocity zone (1) 100 - 250 km deep (2) p- and s-wave velocities decrease (3) corresponds to the asthenosphere (a) a layer in which the rocks are close to there melting point and are less elastic (b) magmas are produced here(?) (c) discontinuous (?)
- 10. 4. Core i. 1906 R.D. Oldham (1) discovered that seismic waves arrived later than expected at seismic stations more than 130 degrees from an earthquake focus (2) he postulated the existence of a core that transmits seismic waves at a slower rate than shallower depths (3) only very weak p-waves between 103-143 degrees from an earthquake focus: P-wave shadow zone ii. Inge Lehman (1936) (1) postulated that the Earth has a solid inner core (2) explains the existence of weak p-waves in the shadow zone
- 12. 4. Core iii. Harold Jeffreys (1926) (1) discovered that s-waves were no just simply slowed by the core but were blocked by it (2) large and complete s-wave shadow at locations greater than 103 degrees
- 14. Internal Heat and Heat Flow 1. heat is due to meteor impact and radioactive decay 2. earth cools by conduction and convection i. conduction (1) hot particles transfer heat to cool particles (2) very inefficient and cannot explain the solid mantle (must be another mechanism) ii. convection (1) heated liquid expands and rises since it is less dense than cool material around it
- 18. Magnetic Field 1. William Gilbert (1600) realized the earth is a big magnet 2. supports theory that the outer core is liquid
- 19. Magnetic Field 3. paleomagnetism i. the earths magnetic field is recorded in cooling rocks that contain material that will align to a magnetic field - thermoremanent magnetism
- 20. Magnetic Field 3. paleomagnetism iii. since rocks that are 3.5 billion years old record a magnetism, the earth had a magnetic field at that time - fluid core iv. magnetic stratigraphy (1) about ยฝ of the rocks on earth contain a magnetic field opposite to today's field (2) patterns have been recognized and we can use it as a stratigraphy (a sequence) to tell approximate age