The document discusses the major changes in the 19th century including the rise of nationalism, spread of democracy, industrial revolution, advancements in science, and modern imperialism. It provides details on how each of these changes occurred and impacted society. Nationalism grew as people identified with their own ethnic groups and countries. Democracy expanded through both peaceful and violent means in different nations. The industrial revolution transformed manufacturing and transportation through new technologies. Inventions in science improved medicine and living standards. Towards the late 19th century, imperialism increased as powerful nations sought to build overseas empires and dominate new territories for economic and political gain.

1. The Challenges & Responses of the Nineteenth Century

2. The Challenges and Responses of the Nineteenth Century
 The nineteenth century was an era of challenges and responses
 It was a period of major changes which affected men and society
Six (6) important changes in the century were:
 1. The struggle for nationalism
 2. The gradual spread of democracy
 3. The modernization of living through the Industrial Revolution
 4. The advance of science
 5. The march of imperialism
 6. Modern Imperialism Starts a Process of Historic Change

3. 1. Nation Struggle for Nationalism
 Nationalism is a feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that
they possess a common tradition, culture, and common ideals or goals
 When people become aware that they are different from another group,
they become proud of their group. They become willing to serve this group,
their nation. They become patriotic. They develop pride in their own country
 This is the main reason why Rizal would encourage studies about the
Philippines
 “I would stimulate these Philippine studies, wrote Rizal to his bosom German
friend, Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, which are like nosce te ipsum (know
thyself) that gives the true concept of one’s self and drives nations to do great
things”

4. 2. Men Fight for Democracy
 With the growth of nationalism came the struggle for democracy, human
rights, and fundamental freedoms.
 Nationalism and democracy were the political ideals of the nineteenth
century
 France
 Democracy succeeded through a revolution
 Following the establishment of the Third French Republic in 1875, France got
many laws which advanced democracy
 One of these gave every man the right to vote

5.  England
 Democracy was established peacefully through a series of reforms passed by
the Parliament
 The Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884 enhanced its progress
 Suffrage was extended to more people. New elections were created
 A cabinet system was adopted under which the ministers were made
responsible to the House of Commons and not to the King or House of
Lords
 Slavery was abolished in British colonies
 Funds were provided for education
 The employment of women and children under ten years was prohibited

6.  Belgium
 A very liberal constitution was adopted in 1831
 Switzerland
 To make democracy more responsive to the needs of the people, complete
manhood suffrage was approved in 1848
 The “referendum” which allows a bill passed by the legislature to be
presented to the people for approval and the “initiative” which gives the
voters the right to propose laws for approval of the legislature were also
adopted
 Outside of Europe democracy made significant progress in the British
Dominions

7.  Australia
 Introduced the secret ballot system, and adopted manhood suffrage in 1885
 New Zealand
 Adopted manhood suffrage in 1893
 United States
 Democracy made remarkable progress when two men from the common people,
Andrew Jackson, and Abraham Lincoln, were elected president
 The American Civil War (1860-1865) ended slavery
 Spain, Italy, and Russia
 Democracy made slow progress

8.  Philippines
 Democracy was even slower than Spain, Italy, and Russia
 Jose Rizal led the crusade for this by working for the rights of man and wrote:
 “We…..fight so that there may be more justice and more liberty
and for the sacred rights of man”
3. The Effects of the Industrial Revolution are Multifarious
 The 19th century witnessed the progress of the Industrial Revolutions
 This led to a series of changes in the industry, two of which were the shift
from hand work to machine work, from the domestic system to the
factory system

9.  The spinning jenny, spinning frame, spinning shuttle, cotton gin and sewing
machine hastened the revolution in manufacturing
 Coal, iron, and steel became the basic material for industry
 The revolution in transportation was brought about by the invention of
steam boats, steam locomotives, airplanes, automobiles, and balloons
 The telephone, telegraph, wireless telegraphy, cable, postal service, and
newspapers revolutionized communication
 Inventions of machines resulted in the establishment of factories, and
brought about far-reaching results

10.  The Industrial Revolution encouraged migration
 An increase in population came about
 Nationalism was stimulated. Modern means of communication and
transportation brought the people of a nation closer
 The growth of liberalism was fostered. A new economic philosophy, laissez-
faire (“let well enough alone” or “hands off”)
 Industrial capitalism developed
 The Industrial Revolution brought about the victory of the middle class

11. 4. Responses to the Growing Social Problems are Created by
Industrial Revolution
 Proposals to remedy the evils of the Industrial Revolution were suggested
by the liberals, the socialists, the communists, and the Catholic Church
 The liberals adopted the laissez-faire policy
 The socialists believed that the government should own and manage the
means of production for the benefit of all and not only for a few individuals
 Karl Marx, the co-author of the Communist Manifesto, advocated
revolutionary communism

12.  The Catholic Church reacted to the evils of industrialism by advocating the
following Christian principles announced by Pope Leo XIII in Rerum Novarum
(The Conditions of Labor)
 1. Rights must be religiously respected
 2. It is the duty of the public authority to prevent and punish injury
 3. The poor and the helpless have a claim to special consideration whenever there is a
question of protecting the rights of individuals
 4. Since private property is as universal as human nature, the State has the right to
regulate the use of private property and to protect it
 5. The preservation of life is the bounden duty of each and all members of society. The
worker is entitled to a just and decent living wage which will enable him to live in
reasonable comfort as a human being, to develop his faculties, and to attain his
ultimate goal in life

13.  6. The State has the duty to provide favorable working conditions
 7. The workers have the right to form unions
5. Science Becomes the Servant of Man
 During the 19th century, science became the concern of most. Rizal in his
Noli Me Tangere stressed a point on this :
 “To the Jesuits, the Philippines owes her dawning system of instruction in the
natural sciences, the soul of the 19th century”
 People became interested in science. Many of its secrets were discovered
primarily with the use of systematized experimentation

14.  Chemistry made great advances through the work of John Dalton, an
Englishman who formulated the atomic theory
 Marie Curie, a Pole, discovered the important element radium
 The most exciting work of the century was in medicine
 Louis Pastuer – a Frenchman who started his career as a teacher of chemistry,
discovered that germs cause diseases in man and animals
 Robert Koch – a German physician, discovered the germ that caused anthrax
and developed a method of inoculation t prevent it
 Dr. Joseph Lister – an English surgeon, introduced antiseptics, which prevent
infection. He began the modern practice of hospital sanitation

15.  The use of anesthetics advanced medical practice
 Dr. Crawford Long demonstrated the anesthetic properties of either in a
surgical operation in 1842
 Dr. William Morton, a dentist from Boston, was the first to use ether to ease
the pain of tooth extraction in 1846
 In Scotland, Dr. James Simpson used chloroform for the first time in 1847
6. Modern Imperialism Starts a Process of Historic Change
 Imperialism is the activity of a nation in extending its control and authority
beyond its territorial boundaries through the acquisition of new territories

16.  It also means the desire of a civilized nation to rule over weak or “backward
peoples”
 Great modern powers acquired colonies, concessions, or spheres of
influence for several reasons
 1. Economic – to secure raw materials, markets for manufactured products,
additional food supplies, outlets for surplus population, and fields for
investment of surplus capital
 2. Political – acquisition of regions necessary for national defense and of
territories for patriotic ends in view
 3. Religious – expansion is made to be able to spread a particular religion

17.  Modern imperialism began in the second half of the 19th century and the
reason for this was primarily economic
 It grew out of a desire to look for markets where raw materials could be
bought, finished products of home could be sold, and surplus capital
invested
 The two most common techniques of economic imperialism were economic
penetration by asking permission to do business for foreign capitalists
followed later by political control in order to protect economic interests
 The Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century inspired nations to begin
modern imperialism

18.  This resulted in the building of empires. South America, Africa, Asia, and the
Pacific Ocean became the centers for empire-building
 England, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Jap, Portugal, Russia, and the
United States took a slice of many regions of the world for varied reasons
 19th-century imperialism has both its supporters and opponents
 There are those who believe that imperialism had done many good things
for the conquered countries. Sanitation, education, better means of
transportation and communication, scientific methods of agriculture,
improved ways of living, progressive ideas on religion, government and
recreation, and enriched culture are cited to support this contention

19.  Imperialism abolished such practices as sutee, cannibalism, slave traffic,
and slavery
 Those who opposed imperialism believed that it had done more harm than
good
 They cite the exploitation of natural resources to enrich the colonizing
country and racial discrimination in supporting their thesis
 The policy of divide and rule adopted for the colonies is believed ti have
held back progress by promoting disunity