Presentation made in the APEC workshop on Food Security and Climate Change, in Hanoi, Vietnam on 19th April. Outlines what Climate Smart Agriculture is, and concrete cases across the globe. Presentation made by Andy Jarvis.

1. 19th April, 2017
State of development in
climate smart agriculture

2. 2013
1. What is Climate Smart
Agriculture?

3. In order to meet global
demands, we will need
60-70%
more food
by 2050.
Food security
is at risk
Why is CSA important? –
Food Security

4. Why is CSA important? –
Adaptation
Climate drives ~32-39% yield variation: our systems are
sensitive to climate, not resilient to it
Ray et al. 2015

5. 2013
Global wheat
and maize
yields:
response to
warming
Why is CSA important? –
Adaptation

6. 13
Agriculture-related activities are 19-29%
of global greenhouse gas emissions
(2010)
Agriculture
production (e.g.,
fertilizers, rice,
livestock, energy)
Land-use change
and forestry including
drained peatlands
Industrial
processes
Waste
Percent, 100% = 50
gigatonnes CO2e per
Non-Ag
Energy
70
11
4 2
Why is CSA important? –
Mitigation

7. “Business as usual”
(BAU) agriculture
emissions would
comprise >70% of
allowable emissions to
achieve a 2°C world
Gt CO2e per year
12 15
36
70
2010 2050
(Business as usual)
2050
(2°C target)
Non-agricultural
emissions
Agricultural and land-
use change
emissions
>70%
48
85
21
Why is CSA important?
Mitigation

8. Message 1:
Agriculture and climate not in tune: CSA
a means of improving this relationship

9. CSA options involve farms,
landscapes, food systems and
services landscape
crops
livestock
fish
food system
services
Photo: N. Palmer, CIAT

10. CSA options for landscapes
landscape
Ensure close
links between
practice and
policy (e.g. land
use zoning)
Manage livestock
& wildlife over
wide areas
Increase cover of
trees and
perennials
Restore degraded
wetlands, peatlands,
grasslands and
watersheds
Create
diversity of
land uses
Harvest
floods &
manage
groundwater
Address
coastal
salinity &
sea surges
Protect against
large-scale erosion

11. CSA options for crops & fields
crops
Crop diversification and
“climate-ready” species
and cultivars
Altering cropping
patterns & planting
dates
Better soil and nutrient
management e.g.
erosion control and
micro-dosing
Improved water use
efficiency (irrigation
systems, water micro-
harvesting)
Monitoring &
managing new trends
in pests and diseases
Agroforestry,
intercropping &
on-farm
biodiversity

12. CSA options for livestock
livestock
High-quality diets that
increase conversion
efficiency and reduce
emissions
Herd management e.g.
sale or slaughter at
different ages
Changing patterns of
pastoralism and use of
water points
Livestock diversification
and “climate-ready”
species and breeds
Improved
pasture
management
Use of human
food waste for
pigs &
chickens

13. CSA options for fisheries
& aquaculture
fish
Better physical
defences against
sea surges
Quota
schemes
matched to
monitoring of
fish stocks
Greater
energy
efficiency in
harvesting
Rehabilitation of
mangroves &
breeding grounds
Less dependence
of aquaculture on
marine fish feed
Reducing
losses and
wastage

14. CSA options for food systems
food system
More creative
and efficient
use of by-
products
Less energy-
intensity in
fertilizer
production
Improving
resilience of
infrastructure for
storage & transport
(e.g. roads, ports)
Changing
diets
Greater
attention to
food safety
Reducing post-
harvest losses &
consumer wastage

15. CSA options for services
services
Monitoring &
data for food
security, climate
& ecosystems
Early warning
systems &
weather
forecasts
Mobile phone, radio
& other extension
or information for
farmers
Research
that links
farmers &
science
Weather
insurance &
micro-finance
Financial transfers &
other “safety nets” for
climate shocks

16. CSA Science: How much do we actually
know?

17. So what practice is CSA?
Not
CSA
CSA
Many practices/programs/policies
can be CSA somewhere
But none are likely CSA everywhere
Rosenstock et al. unpublished
Context

18. Compendium of CSA practices
65 practices/22 indicators
Key word search
Abstract/title review
Full text review
Data extraction
144,567
papers
16,254
papers
6,100
papers
~120,000 data points
Photo:
K. Tully

19. Studies with indicators for at least one
component of CSA
Random sample of 815 studies

20. Studies with indicators for all three
components of CSA
Random sample of 815 studies
Need a new paradigm for research

22. Most common CSA practices tested
• Improved varieties
• Intercropping
• Integrated nutrient
management
• Water Harvesting
• (dropped) Irrigation
• No/reduced tillage
• Crop residues
incorporation
• Farmer
Managed
Natural
Regeneration
• Intercroping
• Tree Planting
• Pruning
Agronomy Agroforestry
• Improved
breeds
• Fodder
Schrubs
• Silvopasture
Livestock Energy
• Solar panels
• Improved
cookstoves

23. Ma 40 m.a.s.l 182 HH
Climate-Smart Village
Climate-related risks
Prolong droughts, heavy rains, unusual floods, decline of natural flows, landslides,
severe and long cold and hot spells, typhoon, soil erosion, land degradation, water
pollution and GHG emission from current productions systems at high level.

24. Ma 40 m.a.s.l 182 HH
Climate-Smart Village

25. • Indicators & targets to achieve
• Agricultural snapshot
• Future climate impacts
• Ongoing & promising CSA
practices
• Institutions & policy entry
points
• Finance mechanism
Climate Smart Profiles
Vulnerability & Impacts + Readiness
Stocktaking
for CSA
Action
Situation Analysis
Risks and Enabling Conditions

26. CSA in the Philippines
Selected CSA practices and technologies for productive systems key for
food security in the Philippines
Potential changes in net trade under a climate change scenario
(2020-2050 averages)

27. Smartness assessment of CSA practices

28. Scaling CSA in Vietnam
Policy
Institutions
Finance

29. 2013
2. There are significant successes in
CSA
https://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/climate-
smart-agriculture-success-stories-farming-
communities-around-world

30. Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying
(AWD)
30% water
20-50% GHG
Without compromising
yield
• Keep flooded
for 1st 15 days
and at flowering
• Irrigate when
water drops to
15 cm below the
surface
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 15.0
8.7
-42%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
tCO2-eq/ha*season
4.9
3.9
-20%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-22%-28%
6.0
4.7
6.4
4.6
Hilly mid-slopes Delta low-lying
Summer-
Autumn
Winter-
Spring
Sander et al. in press IRRI
AWDConventional

31. Silvopastoral systems –
triple CSA win
12.74
21.12
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
iSPS
Conventional
iSPS Conventional
Kg CO2eq/Kg dead weight
-40%

32. Outcomes: CIS scaling in Senegal
(CCAFS,Anacim, ISRA, MoA)
ANACIM-Radios
Comunitarias
2012
2015
• 7.4 Millones
• 14 regions; 82 radios y
SMS
• Insumo Agricola
determina variedades y
fechas de siembre
Escalamiento “vertical” via cambios
institucionales y de politicas
Escamiento “horizontal” a través de
enfoques participativos y de TICs
2014
• 3.9 Millones
• Pronostocps integrados en
Plan Nacional de Agricultura
CCAFS-ANACIM
2011
33 agricultores
6 aldeas

33. Pulling the pieces together:
Supporting Colombia’s
domestic climate smart agenda
Climateresilience
Baseline
Adapted
technologie
s
Adapted
technologies
+
Climate-
specific
management
Adapted
technologies
+
Climate-
specific
management
+
Seasonal
agroclimatic
forecasts
Adapted
technologies
+
Climate-
specific
management
+
Seasonal
agroclimatic
forecasts
+
Efficient
resource use
+
Enabling
environment
NAPs and
NAMAs
Climate smartness
Adapted
technologies
+
Climate-
specific
management
+
Seasonal
agroclimatic
forecasts
+
Efficient
resource use

34. Big data for climate
management
(c)
(d)
(e)
(b)
(a)
R2 = 45.79
Slope (>3°) and de external drain ( at least
slow ) = Associated with high yield.
25 kg/ha is the minimum
phosphorus to exploit the
plan potential.
From the 238 events, only 23 (10%) apply more than 25
kg/ha of phosphorus and 198 not fertilized.
Change the harvest method from manual to
mechanized can gain 100 kg/ha
However only 59 events (25%) are harvest with the
combined method.
The plant population at 20 day after
germination should be above the 65000
plants/ha
Currently, 158 (66%) plots, have less than 70 000 plants
Actualmente, En 158 (66%) lotes, hay menos de 70 000
plantas.ha-1 a los 20 días

35. Requires a comprehensive approach
• Partnerships: research and development, science and
policy, public and private
• Knowledge generation: practices/technologies,
programmatic elements (insurance, climate information
services)
• Work on CSA enablers: (sub-)domestic policies, UNFCCC
global process, donor agendas
• Incentive mechanisms: innovative finance, private sector
Looking forward: Building evidence,
systematic learning and scaling of CSA

36. https://csa.guide/

37. www.ccafs.cgiar.org
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