This document discusses the various types of value that species can provide, including instrumental value which relates to the benefits species provide to humans, and intrinsic value which relates to a species' inherent right to exist. It then examines these values in more depth, describing the food, medicinal, economic, ecological, and other values provided by microorganisms, plants, insects, birds, mammals and other animal species. Examples are given for many different types of species. The document also discusses species' recreational, spiritual and indicator values and how they are important for research, education and ecosystem functioning.

2. 

3.  Types of Value of Species
 Domestic and Wildlife Species
 Food value
 Medicinal value
 Research value
 Clothes, Tools and Shelter value
 Fuel
 Economic value
 Recreational value
 Services
 Spiritual value
 Scientific or Educational Value
 Ecological value
 Indicator species
Contents

4. 
Types of Value of Species
Instrumental Value
 If an organism has a
benefit to another form of
specie it is said to have
instrumental value.
 Many species of plants,
micro-organisms and
animals have
instrumental value to
humans.
Intrinsic Value
 Species has its own right
to live and play for its
own ecological role.

5. 
Instrumental value of species :
 Relate to basic human needs .
 Because of the materialistic uses of a species.
 For purely aesthetic or spiritual reasons.
 As a member of ecosystem or as model of science and
education.
Instrumental value of Species

6. 
Domestic and Wildlife
Species
 Domesticated species
controlled by humans for
a very long time. Their
breeding is controlled,
where they live is
controlled and what they
eat is controlled.
Example:
 Plant species: Rose,
potato
 Animal species: Cow,
Dog
 Wild animals go wherever
there is food for them and
their behavior is governed by
that, the time of year and
climatic conditions.
Example:
 Plant species: Deodar
Cedar, Coral Tree.
 Animal species:
Pangolin, Black bear

8. 
Microorganisms: Bacteria
 Leuconostoc bacteria
involved in pickling of
vegetables, produce dextrins
from sucrose.
 Lactococcus bacteria Used as
starter in yoghurt manufacture
 Alphaproteobacteria of
Current industrial Importance
are:
Gluconobacter
Zymomonas

9. 
Animals: Mammals
 Chinkara and Astor
markhor is important as
source of meat for humans
 Pangolin is hunted for its
meat, which is considered
tasty, and for making
medicinal oil.

10. 
Conti…
 In Nigeria, giant rats sell
for three times as much as
mutton.
 In Liberia, monkey meet
costs the same as beef.
 The nuts in Brazil come
from wild because in
orchards there is a lack of
pollinators.

11. 
Birds
 Red deer is a common
livestock in Newzeland.
Venison sold in market
comes from captive herds
of deer.
 Black partridge is hunting
for food
 Poaching of Indian
peacocks for their meat
and feathers

12. 
Plant Species
 Buffalo gourd from
southeastern North
America is a rich source
of proteins, oil,
carbohydrates.

14. 
 The significant portion of our modern medicines obtained
from organisms.
 In U.S.A, the figure is:
Medicinal value
41% from plants
3% from animals
13% from
microorganisms

15. 
Microorganisms
 Streptomyces bacteria
produce many antibiotics
(Streptomycin) as well as
non-anti-microbial drugs
 Microorganisms derived
medicines include
pencillin, tetracyclin,
antibiotics, vaccines and
hormones.

16. 
Animal Species: Insects
 The Brazilian social wasp
Polybia paulista inject
venom that kills cancer cells,
leaving the healthy cells
around it.
 Blister beetle secretions
(Protein blockers) are used
to fight infections
 Maggots eat necrotic (dead)
flesh and leave the healthy
flesh alone
 One species of ant “devil’s
ant” appears to produce
chemicals that can help
with arthritis sufferers

17. 
Reptiles
 Mugger crocodiles used in
indigenous medicines.
 Indian Gharial crocodiles
eggs collected for their
medicinal properties

18. 
Mammals
 Chemicals used to prevent
blood clot were isolated
from the saliva of two
blood sucking animals..
 World Wildlife Fund
(WWF) report says
Hakims and quacks in
Sindh province exploit sea
otters’ bones and flesh to
prepare sexual medicines.

19. 
Conti…
 Pangolin-derived TCMs can even
cure cancer, reducing swelling,
promoting blood circulation, and
stimulating lactation in breast-
feeding women.

20. 
Plant Species
 Rosy periwinkle is used
for curing cancer such as
Holdkin’s disease and
acute lymphocytic
leukemia
 Pacific yew contains high
concentration of taxol,
very effective for curing
ovarian cancer.

22. 
Animals: Insects
 Robin moth Caterpillar
used extensively in
physiological and
biochemical research.
 Drosophila is used
widely in molecular
biology research.

23. 
Mammals
 The role of mice, rats,
primates, as surrogates for
people in medical
research.
 Research on the
metabolism of black bear
during winter dormancy
has given insight to
researchers concerned
with kidney function and
bone metabolism

24. 
Conti…
 Researches studying
leprosy have found
armedellos as the best
surrogate for humans

25. 
Plant Species
 Ethno-botany.
 Argan tree (A. spinosa)
was introduced into
Tunisia have research
value with, particularly,
the almond oil to
decrease blood
cholesterol and
hypertension.

27. 
Animals Species: Mammals
 Chinkara and Astore
markhor horns are used a
lesser degree for trophies.
 Pallas cat hunted for
warm, durable fur
 Eurasian otter is hunted
due to the demand for
their fur.

28. 
Conti…
 Trinkets and toys for
wealthy adults such as
spotted cat fur coats, rhino
horn dragger handles.
 Pangolin skins are used to
manufacture leather goods
as boots and shoes
 In the past fishermen kept
sea otter as pet and used it
as an important fishing
tool.

29. 
Reptiles
 Mugger crocodiles skin, a
material that is widely
used in shoes, handbags,
and other luxuries.

30. 
Plant Species
 Brazilian rosewood
guitars.

32. 
Conti…
Animal species
 Sperm whale oil has
special properties as a
lubricant.
Plant species
 Zizyphus jojoba (jojoba)
produces an oil and can be
easily cultivated.
 Trees provide most of this
material. 1.8 billion cubic
meters per year, World
Resource Institute.
 Agricultural residues are
fuel of carbon and well burn
given sufficient heat and
oxygen.

34. 
Microorganisms
 Corynebacterium
glutamicum is used for the
industrial manufacture of
products .

35. 
Animal Species: Insects
 Robin moth eggs and
pupae useful for small
livestock industry that
developed. Silk
formation of their larvae
is useful for silk
industry.

36. 
Mammals
 Body parts of honey
badger as skin and claws
are source of valuable
material.
 Small Indian civets use in
making coffee, in making
perfumes and different
scents.

37. 
Conti…
 Kabul Markhor raised
$107,000 & 700 orders to
customers across 35
different countries.
 According to estimates in
international market,
value of seized pangolin
scales is approximately $
150,000.

38. 
Plant Species
 The sago palm
(Metroxylon sagu) grows
in Indonesia, it is said
“nobody.
 Several mint species are
common in cosmetics and
perfumes e.g., lavender -
Lavandula angustifolia.

40. 
Animal Species: Birds
 Chukors are favorite
game species among
western hunters.
 Every year thousands of
Houbara bustard are
captured in Pakistan and
Iran for export to Arab
states to be used in falcon
training for sport.

41. 
Mammals
 Ecotourism.
 Excessive hunting of
Kashmir markhor for its
impressive horns.
 Hanuman langur is use as
pet trade.
 Dogs, cats, and roses are a
large part of trade.

42. 
Plant Species
 Commonly, ornamental
plants are grown for the
display of aesthetic
features including:
flowers, leaves, scent.
such as the prominent
thorns of Rosa sericea and
cacti.

44. 
Insects and Bacteria
 Pollination services
rendered to farmers by
bees, and other species.
 Decomposition of organic
matter by termites.
 Degradation of oil spills
by bacteria.

45. 
Plant Species
 Removal of pollution
from air and water by
plants .
 Many plants species play
a great role in cleaning
environment and cause of
rainfall.

46. 
 People love life a phenomena called “biophilla” (E. O.
Wilson, 1989).
 Our aesthetic, spiritual and emotional affinity for other
species is revealed in symbols we choose for our
governments, religions, and athletic teams.

47. 
Animal Species: Insects
 Due to size and
appearance, Robin moth
are favorite of collectors.

48. 
Mammals
 In 1976, a gold coin of
Astor markhor was
introduced of 3000 Rs in
Pakistan
 Sulaiman markhor is the
national animal of
Pakistan and official
symbol of ISI

49. 
Mammals
 Kashmir Stag is a state
Animal of Jammu and
Kashmir.

50. 
Birds
 We are inspired by the
majesty of a Golden
Eagle.
 The raven in the totem
of several native
American tribes.

51. 
Plant Species
 Sugar maple leaf is
emblem of Canada.
 Jasmine rose is a state
flower of Pakistan etc.
 The banana slug mascot
of the University of
California at Santa Cruz.

53. 
Bacteria and Animal Species
 Agrobacterium
tumefaciens produced
genetically modified
plant. i.e. Golden Rice
 Scientists are studying
toxins produced by
grasshoppers that may
offer pain relief
 Many anthropologist
studied our nearest
relatives to understand
the social interactions

54. 
Birds
 Birds offered the
inspiration to fly in air.
 The ability of bats to fly
in the dark inspired the
development of sonar
radar.
 The Darwin’s finches
were instrument in the
development of his
famous theory of “Natural
selection”.

55. 
Plants Species
 Mendel’s peas opened the
door to genetics.

56. 
 Every species being a part of an ecosystem has an
ecological role to play.
 act as producers, consumers, decomposer and many other
roles.
 “dominant species”.
 “controller species”.
 Biologists focus more on population health of keystone
species.
 Purple sea star an inter-tidal predator is keystone specie

57. 
Animal Species: Birds
 Black drongo is beneficial
to agriculture, because it
destroys large variety of
insects which are pests,
thus it is conserved
 The endangered red-
cocked wood pecker in
southern U.S pine forest
plays a keystone role.

58. 
Mammals
 Honey badgers are very
efficient at controlling
rodent and insect
populations, effectively
reducing some pest-borne
diseases.
 Pangolins saves crops and
plants from insect pests,
they are natural pest
controller as disappear.

59. 
Plant Species
 Simarouba amara, from
South and Central America,
provides nectar and pollen
for bees , moths.
 fruit consumed by monkeys
and birds
 Seeds eaten by leaf cutter
ants.
 Its dead bark is consumed by
termites

60. Insects and Bacteria
 Presence of dragonfly,
and damselfly nymphs,
stoneflies in aquatic
systems can define the
health of that aquatic
environment.
 Enterococcus bacteria:
Used to monitor water
quality.
Plant Species
 Lichens are good
indicators of air
pollution

61. 
Animal Species
 Impact of DDT on
peregrines, brown
pelicans, some other birds.
 Mugger crocodile
considered as bio-
indicator.
 Smooth-coated otter is
sensitive to deterioration
in water quality, toxicity
and pollution. Its presence
is an indicator of wetland
health.

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Knowledge.
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