Instrumental and intrinsic values of biodiversity Uploaded by Mujahid Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. mujahid.hussain7877@gmail.com

2. Instrumental and Intrinsic Values
of Biodiversity from diversified
regions of Pakistan
DR. ABDUL GHANI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF BOTANY
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA,
SARGODHA

4. Biodiversity
Variety of living things
1. Ecological diversity
 different habitats, niches,
species interactions
2. Species diversity
 different kinds of
organisms, relationships
among species
2. Genetic diversity
 different genes &
combinations of genes
within populations
16 June 2010 4

5. Biodiversity
Total: Estimates to 100-300 million, Known: 1.7—2.1 million species

6. Current Status of Biodiversity

7. Biodiversity of Pakistan

8. Basic Human Needs
 Hunter and gatherer
societies
 Totally depended on
biodiversity and explored
it for:
 Food
 Clothing
 Shelter
 Medicine

9. Basic Human Need-Food
 Except salt and a few other additives,
every thing we and our other inhabitants
of the planet earth eat, is always an
element of biodiversity.
 Vast bulk of our food comes from a
relatively small number of domesticated
species.

10. Instrumental Values-Food Plants

11. Instrumental Values-Food
Plants
 Cereals for carbohydrates (wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millets and
sugarcane)
 Vegetables (flowers, fruits, roots)
 Beans (legumes/pods, seeds, sprouts, etc.)
 Fruits:
-summer season-Mango king of fruits, grapes, water
melons, cantaloupes, banana, coconut, apricots, peaches and
cherry, strawberry
-Winter season fruits-Citrus, ground nuts)
 Spices
 Herbal medicines
 Fodders

12. Rice (Oryza sativa)Maize (Zea mays L.)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

13. Millets
Triticale (× Triticosecale)Avena sativa L.
Sorghum

14. Buckwheat
(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Saccharum officinarum

15. Wild Vegetables
Agaricus campestris Amaranthus viridis L
Bauhinia variegate L Chenopodium album L.

16. Wild Vegetables
Cordia myxa (Lassora) Cordia myxa (Lasoori)
Caralluma sp.Cichorium intybus L.

17. Wild Vegetables
Malva neglecta Wallr. Medicago denticulata
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringa oleifera Lam.

18. Wild vegetables
Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaca oleracea L.
Solanum nigrum Solanum nigrum

19. Brassica triangle

20. Diversity in Brassica

21. Legumes
Vicia sativa
Cicer arietinim

22. Fodders
Trifolium ripens
Sesbania sesban Medicago denticulata
Medicago sativa
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Cajanus cajan

23. Food & clothing

24. Multipurpose Animals
 Food-Milk and meat
 Loading and riding
 Wool for making
garments

25. Microorganisms
 We cannot recognize
the array of
organisms involved in
the production of
 Yogurt
 cheese,
 bread, and
 alcoholic beverage.

26. Wild species
 Wild species relate three ways to food for
people.
 Domesticated species closely relate to wild
species and critical source of:
1. genetic material (germplasm) for agricultural
breeders,
2. source of new domesticates for future
3. improve domesticated species and
important for disease resistance.

27. Wild species
 Buffalo gourd-Southeastern
US a rich source of protein,
oil and carbohydrates, so being
domesticated as a crop in semi-
arid regions.
 Wild animals and plants still
remain a major food source for
rural people).
 In many countries wild species
abound at marketplace and
command a good price.

28. Wild Species
 Red deer is a
common livestock in
New Zealand. Its
Venison (meat) sold in
market comes from
captive herds of deer.
 In Nigeria giant rats
sell for three times as
much as mutton.

29. Wild species
 In Liberia monkey
meet costs the same
as beef.
 Much fish on the
streets all over the
world comes from wild
populations.
 Trout in Pakistan liked
by tourists

30. Wild Migratory Birds
 Can not be raised in captivity
 Fowls
 Pigeons
 Cranes
 Houbara bastard
 Quails
 Blackbirds, etc.

31. Wild species
 The nuts in Brazil
come from wild
because in orchards
there is lack of
pollinators.

32. Wild species-Medicines
 Medicines: sometimes all
medicine used to come
from other organisms.
 Even today herbal
medicine remains a legacy
of the past.
 Today 80% of the people
in developing countries
rely on traditional
medicines.

33. Wild species-Medicines
 A significant portion of our modern
medicine contains active ingredients
directly obtained from organisms.
 In U.S.A the figure is
 ≈ 41% for plants,
 13% from microorganisms and
 3% from animals.
 Many medicines-aspirin and
anesthetics contain chemicals
originally isolated from organisms and
later synthesized by chemists.
Hunter, 2006

34. Wild species-Medicines
 Source of secondary
compounds for deterring
plants eating animals
 Rosy periwinkle (Madagascar)
has two chemicals for curing
cancer (Holdkin’s disease and
acute lymphocytic leukemia).
 Pacific yew has high
concentration of Taxol, very
effective for curing ovarian
cancer, breast cancer and
others.

35. Wild species
 Micro-organisms derived
medicines include
penicillin, tetracycline,
 a variety of antibiotics and
vaccines,
 Chemicals used to prevent
blood clot were isolated
from the saliva of two
blood sucking animals,
leeches and vampire bats.

36. Intrinsic values

37. Services
 Pollination services rendered to farmers by
bees, and other species. In absence of these
services farmers rent bee hives because wild
pollinators have been decimated by
insecticides.
 Degradation of oil spills by bacteria,
 Decomposition of organic matter by termites
and many other organisms.
 Removal of pollution from air and water by
plants and other organisms.

38. Services
 We are inspired by the majesty of a Golden
eagle.
 Find spiritual comfort in the transformation of a
caterpillar into a monarch butterfly.
 Our aesthetic, spiritual and emotional affinity
for other species is revealed in symbols we
choose for our governments, religions, and
athletic teams, e. g.
 sugar maple leaf is emblem of Canada.
 Jasmine/rose, state flowers, etc.

39. Scientific and educational values
 The credit of our
knowledge goes to our
fellow inhabitants of
planet earth.
 Birds offered inspiration
to fly in air.
 Ability of bats to fly in
dark inspired the
development of sonar
radar.
 Mendel's peas opened
the door to genetics.

40. Protection of Biodiversity
Need to Stop over-harvesting
 Sustainable yield
 Enforcement of Hunting
& fishing laws in
developing nations ?
Protect habitat
 Refuges, parks, preserves
Regulated International
trade of endangered
species
40

41. Conservation of Food Resources
 Use of natural resource is not need based
but greed based
 Need to Adopt Ecofriendly Lifestyle
 Make sustainable use of natural resources
 Follow the idea of “Deferred Gratification”

42. Take Home Message
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said,
“Do not waste water even if you were at running stream”
Almighty Allah commands in Quran,
“Eat and drink but do not waste verily those who waste
resources are brothers of devils.