This is a brief, concise, relevant and to the point PPT about instruction and its role in L2 acquisition specially second language instruction which may happen in ESL/EFL classrooms.
The document discusses various language teaching approaches, methods, procedures and techniques. It defines each term and provides examples. Approaches describe theories of language learning that inform practices. Methods are practical realizations of approaches, including procedures and techniques. Procedures are sequences of techniques. Techniques are specific classroom activities. Some common approaches discussed include Grammar-Translation, Direct Method, Reading Approach, Audiolingualism, Cognitive Approach, Affective-Humanistic Approach, Comprehension-Based Approach and Communicative Approach.
The document discusses the Language Experience Approach (LEA), a teaching method that uses students' own words and experiences to help develop reading and writing skills. It involves students dictating a story about a personal experience, which the teacher writes down. Students then read the story repeatedly. This helps reading comprehension as students are reading self-generated material. The LEA supports vocabulary growth and provides opportunities for meaningful reading and writing activities linked to students' own experiences and oral language.
Power Point Oral Approach Of Method Of Teaching EngglishMarda Ely Shinta
The document discusses the oral approach method of teaching English as a foreign/second language. It was developed in the 1930s by British leaders like Harold Palmer and A.S. Hornby. The goals are to assess students' knowledge, introduce target language, and improve pronunciation, speaking and reading abilities. Key aspects include a focus on vocabulary and grammar control, using spoken language and new language points in each lesson, and structured textbook materials and visual aids. The method is based on behaviorist learning theory and structuralist language theory. It emphasizes accuracy, response, and automatic control through controlled oral drills and repetition.
The whole language approach emerged in the 1970s as a method of teaching children to read. It focuses on learning language as a whole through real communication, reading, and writing for pleasure. In this approach, reading is acquired through trial and error rather than direct instruction, and children are encouraged to guess words from context clues and use invented spelling. Teachers act as facilitators rather than transmitters of knowledge, focusing on students' needs, experiences, and interests to collaboratively create meaning.
The document provides an overview of ACC4300-2 Learning unit on Language Teaching Methodologies from Australia City College (ACC). It describes ACC's comprehensive three-part unit that teaches trainee teachers to contrast different teaching methodologies and evaluate their effectiveness. It also gives examples of methodologies like the Audio-lingual Method and roles of teachers and learners. The unit aims to help teachers discover their teaching style and research prominent styles of Language Teaching Methodology.
This document contains a syllabus for a "Language Teaching Strategies" course. The syllabus provides information on the course objectives, which are to develop students' pedagogical competence and ability to internalize major and minor teaching methods for English. Specific objectives include identifying concepts for language teaching/learning, comparing strategies for teaching English to different ages/levels, and applying strategies in an eclectic way. The methodology uses Kolb's strategies and approaches like ABP, ABPro. The course aims to equip students with a range of teaching strategies and apply them depending on learners' levels and environments.
The document discusses different approaches, methods, and techniques for teaching English. It defines approach, method, and technique, giving the example of how the communicative approach is implemented through the interactive method using various classroom techniques. It then describes the structural approach, its objectives and limitations. Several examples are provided to illustrate grammatical structures. The document also discusses the functional approach and natural approach, providing their key principles and implications for teachers and students. It gives examples of how a natural approach lesson would be implemented.
This document outlines the theory and techniques of task-based language instruction. It discusses the roles of the teacher and students, types of tasks, task cycles, modes of interaction, language areas addressed, error correction approaches, advantages and disadvantages. The key aspects are that tasks provide opportunities for meaningful communication and language use, the teacher facilitates while students actively work together to complete tasks using their linguistic resources.
The document discusses various language teaching approaches, methods, procedures and techniques. It defines each term and provides examples. Approaches describe theories of language learning that inform practices. Methods are practical realizations of approaches, including procedures and techniques. Procedures are sequences of techniques. Techniques are specific classroom activities. Some common approaches discussed include Grammar-Translation, Direct Method, Reading Approach, Audiolingualism, Cognitive Approach, Affective-Humanistic Approach, Comprehension-Based Approach and Communicative Approach.
The document discusses the Language Experience Approach (LEA), a teaching method that uses students' own words and experiences to help develop reading and writing skills. It involves students dictating a story about a personal experience, which the teacher writes down. Students then read the story repeatedly. This helps reading comprehension as students are reading self-generated material. The LEA supports vocabulary growth and provides opportunities for meaningful reading and writing activities linked to students' own experiences and oral language.
Power Point Oral Approach Of Method Of Teaching EngglishMarda Ely Shinta
The document discusses the oral approach method of teaching English as a foreign/second language. It was developed in the 1930s by British leaders like Harold Palmer and A.S. Hornby. The goals are to assess students' knowledge, introduce target language, and improve pronunciation, speaking and reading abilities. Key aspects include a focus on vocabulary and grammar control, using spoken language and new language points in each lesson, and structured textbook materials and visual aids. The method is based on behaviorist learning theory and structuralist language theory. It emphasizes accuracy, response, and automatic control through controlled oral drills and repetition.
The whole language approach emerged in the 1970s as a method of teaching children to read. It focuses on learning language as a whole through real communication, reading, and writing for pleasure. In this approach, reading is acquired through trial and error rather than direct instruction, and children are encouraged to guess words from context clues and use invented spelling. Teachers act as facilitators rather than transmitters of knowledge, focusing on students' needs, experiences, and interests to collaboratively create meaning.
The document provides an overview of ACC4300-2 Learning unit on Language Teaching Methodologies from Australia City College (ACC). It describes ACC's comprehensive three-part unit that teaches trainee teachers to contrast different teaching methodologies and evaluate their effectiveness. It also gives examples of methodologies like the Audio-lingual Method and roles of teachers and learners. The unit aims to help teachers discover their teaching style and research prominent styles of Language Teaching Methodology.
This document contains a syllabus for a "Language Teaching Strategies" course. The syllabus provides information on the course objectives, which are to develop students' pedagogical competence and ability to internalize major and minor teaching methods for English. Specific objectives include identifying concepts for language teaching/learning, comparing strategies for teaching English to different ages/levels, and applying strategies in an eclectic way. The methodology uses Kolb's strategies and approaches like ABP, ABPro. The course aims to equip students with a range of teaching strategies and apply them depending on learners' levels and environments.
The document discusses different approaches, methods, and techniques for teaching English. It defines approach, method, and technique, giving the example of how the communicative approach is implemented through the interactive method using various classroom techniques. It then describes the structural approach, its objectives and limitations. Several examples are provided to illustrate grammatical structures. The document also discusses the functional approach and natural approach, providing their key principles and implications for teachers and students. It gives examples of how a natural approach lesson would be implemented.
This document outlines the theory and techniques of task-based language instruction. It discusses the roles of the teacher and students, types of tasks, task cycles, modes of interaction, language areas addressed, error correction approaches, advantages and disadvantages. The key aspects are that tasks provide opportunities for meaningful communication and language use, the teacher facilitates while students actively work together to complete tasks using their linguistic resources.
The document discusses different teaching methods and lesson planning approaches. It begins by describing traditional grammar translation and direct methods. It then covers the communicative approach which emphasizes interaction and functional language use over formal structures. Another section discusses "learning by teaching" where students take on teaching responsibilities. Finally, it contrasts teacher-directed instruction, where the teacher sets objectives and activities, with student-centered approaches that give students more autonomy and focus on intrinsic motivation. In summary, the document provides an overview of the evolution of language teaching methods from traditional to more modern communicative and student-centered approaches.
Structural Approach and Communicative Approach in Language TeachingPriyanka Nain
The slides talk about the difference between method and approach first then there is a description of Structural Approach, its features and demerits. Then we have slides that describes Communicative Approach, its features,role of teacher in this approach and demerits. As a whole the slides present difference between these two approaches.
This document summarizes several approaches to language teaching including the grammar-translation method, audio-lingualism, cognitive-code teaching, direct method, and interactive communicative approach. It also discusses theories of second language acquisition including behaviorism, cognitive approaches, naturalistic approaches, input hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, affective filter hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, and communicative language teaching. Finally, it mentions models of language including the attention-processing model and implicit/explicit models.
This document discusses various techniques for teaching English, including group work, role play, storytelling, dramatization, and language games. It provides details on how each technique can be implemented and their benefits. Group work engages students intellectually and emotionally, exposes them to language, and develops independence. Role play helps practice communication skills. Storytelling promotes listening comprehension and engagement. Dramatization provides opportunities for speaking practice and builds vocabulary. Language games help practice language skills while preventing boredom.
This document discusses different teaching methods for foreign languages. It defines a teaching method as having an orientation based on a learning theory, objectives, tasks, and roles. Several orientations are described, such as grammar-based and communicative. Four common teaching methods - Grammar Translation, Direct, Audio-Lingual, and Communicative - are then outlined in detail, comparing their characteristics, focuses, advantages, and disadvantages. The document provides an overview of the philosophies and practices of different approaches to teaching foreign languages.
Particularly useful for teachers looking for materials on the following topics: Teaching Speaking, Teaching Speaking and Grammar, Teaching Speaking in Communicative Context, Teaching the Macro Skills, Approaches in Teaching Grammar, Communicative Teaching of Grammar, and Language Teaching.
This document summarizes several language teaching methods: Total Physical Response (TPR), The Silent Way, Community Language Learning, Suggestopedia, and provides details on their key principles and techniques. TPR uses physical movement and delays speech to reduce stress. The Silent Way emphasizes problem solving and uses visual aids, with the teacher remaining silent. Community Language Learning views students as "clients" and emphasizes building trust and support. Suggestopedia aims to accelerate learning by creating a relaxed environment that reduces psychological barriers through music and role-playing.
The document discusses task-based language teaching (TBLT). It defines tasks as classroom activities that focus on meaning over form and involve students comprehending, manipulating, or interacting with the target language. TBLT moves learning from fluency to accuracy plus fluency by integrating the four language skills. The teacher's role is to select and sequence tasks and prepare students, while students participate in groups, monitor their learning, and take risks using the new language. The document outlines the framework of TBLT including the task cycle and language focus after tasks. It notes advantages like meaningful communication and exposure to language, and disadvantages like requiring creativity and resources.
The Silent Way is a language teaching method developed by Caleb Gattegno in the 1970s that emphasizes learner independence and autonomy. Some key principles are that the teacher should be silent as much as possible to encourage student production, students rely on their own resources and problem-solving abilities to learn, and learning involves discovering structures rather than repeating them. The teacher sets up learning situations, uses tools like color-coded charts and rods, and provides feedback, while being mostly silent to help students develop their own inner criteria for language. The goal is for students to become independent, autonomous, and responsible learners.
Information gap and tpr (total physical response) activites. PowerPoint prese...Maraciaff
The document discusses the information gap principle which promotes real communication in the classroom. It facilitates language acquisition by having students request and provide information through activities like communicative drills, role-plays, and opinion gap activities. These activities prevent lessons from becoming mechanical and encourage student involvement through meaningful input and interaction. Suggested teaching methods that utilize the information gap principle are total physical response and other activity types that create opportunities for students to comprehend and convey information through different responses.
The PPP method is a widely used teaching method with three stages: presentation, practice, and production. In the presentation stage, new language is introduced through activities like warm-ups and examples. The practice stage focuses on form, with drills and exercises for controlled practice and error correction. In the production stage, students use the new language in less structured tasks like communicative activities and personal interactions to promote fluency.
This document discusses strategies for teaching English, including learning strategy training and classroom management. Learning strategy training involves identifying problems students have in learning a new language and developing solutions. It includes metacognitive strategies like thinking aloud, checklists and teacher modeling, as well as cognitive strategies like mental repetition and association, and social/affective strategies like role playing and cooperation. Classroom management establishes rules, expectations and tips for teachers to maintain positive behavior and motivation, such as starting strictly and being prepared and patient. Voice levels from silent to crowd noise are presented to control class volume.
The document discusses various approaches and methods for teaching language, including:
- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) which takes ideas from multiple methods and focuses on communication.
- Grammar-Translation which teaches grammar rules and translation exercises to read literature.
- Direct Method which uses only the target language and teaches concrete vocabulary through objects.
- Audio-Lingualism which teaches grammar inductively and relies on behaviorism and drills.
- Task-Based Learning which uses tasks to accomplish concrete goals and teaches necessary language.
The Silent Way is a language teaching method developed by Caleb Gattegno in the 1970s. Some key points of the method include:
1. The teacher remains mostly silent while students produce the language as much as possible with guidance from instructional materials.
2. Learning is facilitated through problem-solving, discovery, and use of physical objects like Cuisenaire rods to link words and concepts.
3. Students aim to become independent, autonomous learners who rely on their own resources and correct themselves.
4. Lessons focus first on pronunciation and use charts, rods, and other materials to illustrate sound-meaning relationships without translation. The teacher guides without correction to help students learn.
This is the PPT version of an action research paper written by Dr. Edward Roy Krishnan. He is passionate about teaching and learning. He has a blog at www.affectiveteaching.com.
Task-based learning (TBL) involves students completing meaningful tasks using the target language. It focuses on developing fluency over accuracy. A task for TBL purposes is an activity with a non-linguistic outcome that requires students to use available information to arrive at a solution. Key aspects of TBL include information gaps, reasoning gaps, and opinion gaps in tasks. Lessons typically involve a pre-task introduction, the task itself in small groups, and a review of results. TBL advocates for a more student-centered approach and has been shown to improve motivation through authentic language use.
Here in This Presentation i m presented Types of Classroom Interaction ,Objectives,
Characteristics of Classroom Interaction,
Structuring of Classroom Interaction etc .
The document outlines the Presentation-Practice-Production (PPP) methodology for teaching English as a second language. It describes the three main stages: the presentation stage introduces new language through activities like songs, games, or stories; the practice stage helps students use the language through sentences and questions; and the production stage gives students opportunities to experiment with the language through activities like role-plays and discussions. Overall, PPP provides a general structure for moving students from controlled, structured speech to more independent language use.
The document discusses the Presentation, Practice, Production (PPP) methodology for teaching English as a second language. It involves three stages: presentation of new language, practice exercises for students to use the language with guidance, and production activities for independent language use. PPP builds students up from initial presentation to independent production, helping develop fluency. It balances linguistic structures with real communication.
The document discusses three popular teaching methodologies: direct method, presentation-practice-production (PPP), and community language learning (CLL).
The direct method focuses on using the target language without translation and emphasizing speaking skills. PPP follows a three step structure of presenting new language, practicing it, and then having students produce and use it. CLL builds a supportive learning community where the teacher acts as a counselor and students determine their own learning needs.
This document provides guidance and best practices for teaching English to primary school students. It discusses using a communicative, analytic approach focused on the learner. Key recommendations include supplementing lessons with visuals and movement; teaching vocabulary directly and indirectly; gradually introducing simplified grammar patterns; using a process approach to writing; and establishing classroom routines in English. Effective strategies for young learners are to incorporate their interests, use familiar themes, check for comprehension often, and allow opportunities for personalization. The document emphasizes creating a supportive, structured learning environment.
The document discusses different teaching methods and lesson planning approaches. It begins by describing traditional grammar translation and direct methods. It then covers the communicative approach which emphasizes interaction and functional language use over formal structures. Another section discusses "learning by teaching" where students take on teaching responsibilities. Finally, it contrasts teacher-directed instruction, where the teacher sets objectives and activities, with student-centered approaches that give students more autonomy and focus on intrinsic motivation. In summary, the document provides an overview of the evolution of language teaching methods from traditional to more modern communicative and student-centered approaches.
Structural Approach and Communicative Approach in Language TeachingPriyanka Nain
The slides talk about the difference between method and approach first then there is a description of Structural Approach, its features and demerits. Then we have slides that describes Communicative Approach, its features,role of teacher in this approach and demerits. As a whole the slides present difference between these two approaches.
This document summarizes several approaches to language teaching including the grammar-translation method, audio-lingualism, cognitive-code teaching, direct method, and interactive communicative approach. It also discusses theories of second language acquisition including behaviorism, cognitive approaches, naturalistic approaches, input hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, affective filter hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, and communicative language teaching. Finally, it mentions models of language including the attention-processing model and implicit/explicit models.
This document discusses various techniques for teaching English, including group work, role play, storytelling, dramatization, and language games. It provides details on how each technique can be implemented and their benefits. Group work engages students intellectually and emotionally, exposes them to language, and develops independence. Role play helps practice communication skills. Storytelling promotes listening comprehension and engagement. Dramatization provides opportunities for speaking practice and builds vocabulary. Language games help practice language skills while preventing boredom.
This document discusses different teaching methods for foreign languages. It defines a teaching method as having an orientation based on a learning theory, objectives, tasks, and roles. Several orientations are described, such as grammar-based and communicative. Four common teaching methods - Grammar Translation, Direct, Audio-Lingual, and Communicative - are then outlined in detail, comparing their characteristics, focuses, advantages, and disadvantages. The document provides an overview of the philosophies and practices of different approaches to teaching foreign languages.
Particularly useful for teachers looking for materials on the following topics: Teaching Speaking, Teaching Speaking and Grammar, Teaching Speaking in Communicative Context, Teaching the Macro Skills, Approaches in Teaching Grammar, Communicative Teaching of Grammar, and Language Teaching.
This document summarizes several language teaching methods: Total Physical Response (TPR), The Silent Way, Community Language Learning, Suggestopedia, and provides details on their key principles and techniques. TPR uses physical movement and delays speech to reduce stress. The Silent Way emphasizes problem solving and uses visual aids, with the teacher remaining silent. Community Language Learning views students as "clients" and emphasizes building trust and support. Suggestopedia aims to accelerate learning by creating a relaxed environment that reduces psychological barriers through music and role-playing.
The document discusses task-based language teaching (TBLT). It defines tasks as classroom activities that focus on meaning over form and involve students comprehending, manipulating, or interacting with the target language. TBLT moves learning from fluency to accuracy plus fluency by integrating the four language skills. The teacher's role is to select and sequence tasks and prepare students, while students participate in groups, monitor their learning, and take risks using the new language. The document outlines the framework of TBLT including the task cycle and language focus after tasks. It notes advantages like meaningful communication and exposure to language, and disadvantages like requiring creativity and resources.
The Silent Way is a language teaching method developed by Caleb Gattegno in the 1970s that emphasizes learner independence and autonomy. Some key principles are that the teacher should be silent as much as possible to encourage student production, students rely on their own resources and problem-solving abilities to learn, and learning involves discovering structures rather than repeating them. The teacher sets up learning situations, uses tools like color-coded charts and rods, and provides feedback, while being mostly silent to help students develop their own inner criteria for language. The goal is for students to become independent, autonomous, and responsible learners.
Information gap and tpr (total physical response) activites. PowerPoint prese...Maraciaff
The document discusses the information gap principle which promotes real communication in the classroom. It facilitates language acquisition by having students request and provide information through activities like communicative drills, role-plays, and opinion gap activities. These activities prevent lessons from becoming mechanical and encourage student involvement through meaningful input and interaction. Suggested teaching methods that utilize the information gap principle are total physical response and other activity types that create opportunities for students to comprehend and convey information through different responses.
The PPP method is a widely used teaching method with three stages: presentation, practice, and production. In the presentation stage, new language is introduced through activities like warm-ups and examples. The practice stage focuses on form, with drills and exercises for controlled practice and error correction. In the production stage, students use the new language in less structured tasks like communicative activities and personal interactions to promote fluency.
This document discusses strategies for teaching English, including learning strategy training and classroom management. Learning strategy training involves identifying problems students have in learning a new language and developing solutions. It includes metacognitive strategies like thinking aloud, checklists and teacher modeling, as well as cognitive strategies like mental repetition and association, and social/affective strategies like role playing and cooperation. Classroom management establishes rules, expectations and tips for teachers to maintain positive behavior and motivation, such as starting strictly and being prepared and patient. Voice levels from silent to crowd noise are presented to control class volume.
The document discusses various approaches and methods for teaching language, including:
- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) which takes ideas from multiple methods and focuses on communication.
- Grammar-Translation which teaches grammar rules and translation exercises to read literature.
- Direct Method which uses only the target language and teaches concrete vocabulary through objects.
- Audio-Lingualism which teaches grammar inductively and relies on behaviorism and drills.
- Task-Based Learning which uses tasks to accomplish concrete goals and teaches necessary language.
The Silent Way is a language teaching method developed by Caleb Gattegno in the 1970s. Some key points of the method include:
1. The teacher remains mostly silent while students produce the language as much as possible with guidance from instructional materials.
2. Learning is facilitated through problem-solving, discovery, and use of physical objects like Cuisenaire rods to link words and concepts.
3. Students aim to become independent, autonomous learners who rely on their own resources and correct themselves.
4. Lessons focus first on pronunciation and use charts, rods, and other materials to illustrate sound-meaning relationships without translation. The teacher guides without correction to help students learn.
This is the PPT version of an action research paper written by Dr. Edward Roy Krishnan. He is passionate about teaching and learning. He has a blog at www.affectiveteaching.com.
Task-based learning (TBL) involves students completing meaningful tasks using the target language. It focuses on developing fluency over accuracy. A task for TBL purposes is an activity with a non-linguistic outcome that requires students to use available information to arrive at a solution. Key aspects of TBL include information gaps, reasoning gaps, and opinion gaps in tasks. Lessons typically involve a pre-task introduction, the task itself in small groups, and a review of results. TBL advocates for a more student-centered approach and has been shown to improve motivation through authentic language use.
Here in This Presentation i m presented Types of Classroom Interaction ,Objectives,
Characteristics of Classroom Interaction,
Structuring of Classroom Interaction etc .
The document outlines the Presentation-Practice-Production (PPP) methodology for teaching English as a second language. It describes the three main stages: the presentation stage introduces new language through activities like songs, games, or stories; the practice stage helps students use the language through sentences and questions; and the production stage gives students opportunities to experiment with the language through activities like role-plays and discussions. Overall, PPP provides a general structure for moving students from controlled, structured speech to more independent language use.
The document discusses the Presentation, Practice, Production (PPP) methodology for teaching English as a second language. It involves three stages: presentation of new language, practice exercises for students to use the language with guidance, and production activities for independent language use. PPP builds students up from initial presentation to independent production, helping develop fluency. It balances linguistic structures with real communication.
The document discusses three popular teaching methodologies: direct method, presentation-practice-production (PPP), and community language learning (CLL).
The direct method focuses on using the target language without translation and emphasizing speaking skills. PPP follows a three step structure of presenting new language, practicing it, and then having students produce and use it. CLL builds a supportive learning community where the teacher acts as a counselor and students determine their own learning needs.
This document provides guidance and best practices for teaching English to primary school students. It discusses using a communicative, analytic approach focused on the learner. Key recommendations include supplementing lessons with visuals and movement; teaching vocabulary directly and indirectly; gradually introducing simplified grammar patterns; using a process approach to writing; and establishing classroom routines in English. Effective strategies for young learners are to incorporate their interests, use familiar themes, check for comprehension often, and allow opportunities for personalization. The document emphasizes creating a supportive, structured learning environment.
This document discusses various approaches and methods for teaching English as a foreign language. It begins by defining TEFL as teaching English to speakers of other languages. It then outlines two main approaches: teacher-centered, where the teacher actively provides information to passive students; and student-centered, which focuses on constructive learning with student-directed activities. Several common teaching methods are also described, including grammar translation, direct method, audiolingualism, and communicative language teaching. The document provides examples of techniques and activities used in each method.
The natural approach - teaching methedologyPun Yanut
Main representatives are Tracy Terrel and Stephen Krashen, starting in 1977
Krashen and Terrell identified The Natural Approach with the Traditional Approach.
They relate Natural Approach with Natural Method.
1. Communicative language teaching (CLT) focuses on developing students' communicative competence through meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning. It emphasizes using language for real-world purposes and in authentic contexts.
2. CLT emerged in response to traditional teaching methods that focused on grammar rules and accuracy over communication. It shifted the goal from grammatical competence to communicative competence.
3. CLT involves more student-centered and collaborative activities. It changes the teacher's role from knowledge transmitter to facilitator. Students are more responsible for their own learning through interaction with others.
Building Literacy In The FLES CurriculumLynn Fulton
This presentation shares four strategies one school has implemented to strengthen student literacy in both their first and second languages. The presentation provides information about the importance of environmental and functional print, the most relevant comprehension strategies for early language learners, and the role read-alouds play in literacy development.
Губарєва С. С. Ефективні шляхи презентації англійської граматики (5-6 класи)Електронні книги Ранок
This document discusses effective ways of presenting English grammar to students in 5th-6th grade. It begins by outlining some general principles of grammar teaching, including using a conscious, practical, and structural approach. It also emphasizes the importance of grammar for communication. The document then discusses specific techniques teachers can use, such as visual aids, examples, contrast, and practice exercises. It warns against overexplaining rules and emphasizes the need to make grammar relevant and fun for students.
This document discusses teaching speaking skills in a second language classroom. It begins by outlining the objectives and reasons for teaching speaking, such as its importance for language learning and students' evaluations of their progress. It then defines speaking and describes its features. Next, it defines teaching speaking and the rationale for using communicative approaches and collaborative learning. Some examples of communicative activities are then provided, such as discussions, role-plays, simulations and storytelling. Guidelines for teachers on conducting speaking activities are also outlined.
Developing Classroom Material to Encourage Integrated Skill TeachingPaulus Widiatmoko
This document discusses developing classroom materials to encourage integrated skill teaching. It proposes a framework with four strands: meaning focused input, meaning focused output, language focused learning, and fluency practice. It also discusses theories of language acquisition from scholars like Krashen, Long, Ellis and Swain to support an approach integrating receptive and productive skills. An example topic unit is provided that uses speaking as the main skill and incorporates language focus, input, output and practice. The conclusion emphasizes considering various factors like theoretical frameworks and learning contexts.
Second language and its teaching methods Mohsan Raza
The document discusses various methods for teaching foreign languages, including:
1) The grammar-translation method focuses on translating texts and learning grammar rules rather than oral skills.
2) Communicative language teaching (CLT) emphasizes using language for real communication and learning language in social contexts.
3) Task-based teaching places emphasis on activities and tasks for students to complete in class rather than on form.
4) Future trends may involve a "cognitive approach" focusing on how students process and learn language.
English Language Teaching Frameworks - Yasmina Zergani.pptxYASMINAZERGANI
This is a presentation about English Language Teaching Frameworks. As teachers, we implement different teaching and learning methods through various teaching models and frameworks. The chief goal is always to make the teaching and learning process an enjoyable and beneficial one.
The document discusses the historical overview of different language teaching methods including the Grammar-Translation Method, Direct Method, and innovations in the 19th century. It then examines the Reform Movement which advocated for principles like using the target language and teaching grammar inductively. Finally, it covers the Post-Method Era where teachers blend methods based on their specific contexts and develop personal practical knowledge.
The Silent Way is a language teaching method where the teacher is mostly silent during lessons. It uses colored rods and charts to teach pronunciation and vocabulary without translation. Learners discover the language through problem-solving activities while the teacher facilitates and ensures learners produce the target language. The goal is near-native fluency through inductive learning that starts from what students already know.
This document summarizes key differences between receptive skills like reading and listening, and productive skills like speaking and writing in language learning. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and different reading approaches. It also outlines techniques for developing speaking skills, including controlled, guided and free activities. Key points for teaching productive skills are emphasized, such as the differences between accuracy and fluency activities, encouraging student interaction, and providing feedback. Guidelines are provided for planning and implementing free speaking activities and developing writing skills with attention to spelling, layout, punctuation and creative writing.
The document discusses the Direct Method of teaching English. It has the following key points:
1. The Direct Method teaches language directly without translation, using demonstration and dramatization to associate words and phrases with their meanings. It aims to build direct relations between experience and language.
2. It was developed in the early 1900s in response to issues with the Grammar Translation Method. It uses only the target language in instruction and refrains from translating into students' native languages.
3. Techniques include question-answer exchanges, dictation, reading aloud, map drawing, and paragraph writing. Grammar is taught inductively and oral communication is emphasized over other skills.
The document discusses the Direct Method of teaching English. It has the following key points:
1. The Direct Method teaches language directly without translation, using demonstration and immersion in the target language. Grammar is taught inductively.
2. Class is conducted exclusively in English, focusing on oral communication through questioning and answers between students and teachers.
3. While initially popular, the Direct Method fell out of favor due to difficulties with implementation in public schools due to constraints like budget, class size, teacher qualifications, and lack of focus on reading and writing.
pedagogical stylistics. A detailed slidesZarqaAshraf
Pedagogical stylistics is the study of how stylistic analysis can be used in teaching to help students better understand literature and language. It examines different learning styles and teaching methods like direct instruction, inquiry-based learning, and project-based learning. Applying stylistic tools can help students comprehend how language is used creatively in texts and appreciate literary works. Current trends in pedagogical stylistics include its use in English as a foreign language, English as a second language, and first language classrooms.
The document discusses various approaches, methods, procedures and techniques used in language teaching. An approach describes the nature of language and learning. A method is the practical application of an approach and includes procedures and techniques. A procedure is an ordered sequence of techniques. Techniques are single activities. The document then examines several specific methods in more detail, including Grammar Translation, Direct Method, Audiolingualism, Communicative Approach, Task-Based Learning and the Lexical Approach. It notes the importance of choosing eclectically based on principles like exposure, input, lowering anxiety and allowing output. Culture also influences appropriate methodology choices.
This document discusses receptive and productive language skills, specifically reading and speaking.
It provides information on reading skills such as skimming, scanning, intensive and extensive reading. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and strategies to help students with reading.
For speaking skills, it discusses the differences between accuracy and fluency activities. It provides examples of controlled, guided and free speaking activities teachers can use. It also offers tips for encouraging students to speak in the classroom.
The document concludes by briefly touching on writing skills and noting similarities between teaching writing and speaking, such as the importance of planning, layout, punctuation and creative activities.
The document discusses the Direct Method of teaching English. It has the following key points:
1. The Direct Method teaches language directly through demonstration and use of the target language only, without translation. It aims to build a direct association between language and experience.
2. It was developed in the early 1900s as an alternative to the Grammar Translation Method. It focuses on oral communication and teaches grammar inductively.
3. Core principles include using only the target language, starting with everyday vocabulary, emphasizing speech, and correcting pronunciation and grammar. Techniques include questioning, dictation, reading aloud, and paragraph writing.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Definition
L2 instruction: any deliberate attempt to
promote L2 acquisition by manipulating the
mechanisms of learning and/or the conditions
under which these operate.
4. Meaning-Focused Instruction (MFI)
• any deliberate effort to engage the L2 learner in the
communicative exchange of relevant meanings and
authentic messages(Ellis 1999).
• L2 learning via negotiation of meaning in
interaction(Long 1996)and processing comprehensible
input (Krashen 1985).
• ex. Communicative Language Teaching (Krashen &
Terrell 1983), immersion education (Johnson & Swain
1998), Content-Based L2 Teaching (Wesche & Skehan
2002).
5. Form-Focused Instruction (FFI)
• “Any pedagogical effort used to draw the learner’s
attention to language form, either implicitly or explicitly,
spontaneously or pre-determined”(Spada, 1997)
• Form =
grammatical, phonological, lexical, socio-pragmatic,…
items, structures, rules, patterns, features, …
6. TEACHING CAN BE VIEWED
IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS:
• INTERACTION (Exposure)
• FORMAL INSTRUCTION (Classroom setting)
7. THE EFFECT OF FORMAL INSTRUCTION ON
THE RATE AND LEVEL OF L2 ACQUISITION
• Long (1938)
• -Reviewed a total of eleven (11) studies that
examined the effect of formal instruction on the rate and
success of L2 acquisition.
– Six (6) studies showed that instruction helped,
– Two (2) studies produced ambiguous results
– Three (3) studies indicated that instruction did not help.
8. Long (1938) CONT.
• He claimed that:
• Instruction is beneficial
• Children and adults
• Intermediate and advanced students
• Acquisition-rich and acquisition-poor
environments.
• Instruction is more effective than exposure in
promoting L2 acquisition
9. • Increase Comprehensibility
– involves the ways in which teachers can make content more
understandable to their students
• Increase Interaction
– language skills are used in real-life situations
• Increase Thinking/Study Skills
– advanced thinking skills are developed
• Use a student’s native language to increase
comprehensibility
10. Examples of Instructional Strategies
Silent/ Receptive Stage I
•Use of visual aids and gestures
•Slow speech emphasizing key words
•Do not force oral production
•Write key words on the board with students copying them as they are
presented
•Use pictures and manipulatives to help illustrate concepts
•Use multimedia language role models
•Use interactive dialogue journals
•Encourage choral readings
•Use Total Physical Response (TPR) techniques
11. Examples of Instructional Strategies
Early Production Stage II
•Engage students in charades and linguistic guessing games
•Do role-playing activities
•Present open-ended sentences
•Promote open dialogues
•Conduct student interviews with the guidelines written out
•Use charts, tables, graphs, and other conceptual visuals
•Use newspaper ads and other mainstream materials to encourage
language interaction
12. Examples of Instructional Strategies
Speech Emergence Stage III
•Conduct group discussions
•Use skits for dramatic interaction
•Have student fill out forms and applications
•Assign writing compositions
•Have students write descriptions of visuals and props
•Use music, TV, and radio with class activities
•Show filmstrips and videos with cooperative groups scripting the
visuals
•Encourage solo readings with interactive comprehension checks
13. Examples of Instructional Strategies
Intermediate /Advanced Proficiency Stages IV & V
•Sponsor student panel discussions on the thematic topics
•Have students identify a social issue and defend their position
•Promote critical analysis and evaluation of pertinent issues
•Assign writing tasks that involve writing, rewriting, editing, critiquing
written examples
•Encourage critical interpretation of stories, legends, and poetry
•Have students design questions, directions, and activities for others to
follow
•Encourage appropriate story telling
14. Ten Things the Teacher Can Do To
Improve Instruction
1. Enunciate clearly, but do not raise your voice. Add gestures, point
directly to objects, or draw pictures when appropriate
2. Write clearly, legibly, and in print—many ELL students have
difficulty reading cursive
3. Develop and maintain routines. Use clear and consistent signals for
classroom instructions
4. Repeat information and review frequently. If a student does not
understand, try rephrasing or paraphrasing in shorter sentences and
simpler syntax. Check often for understanding, but do not ask "Do
you understand?" Instead, have students demonstrate their learning
in order to show comprehension
15. Ten Things the Teacher Can Do To
Improve Instruction
5. Try to avoid idioms and slang words
6. Present new information in the context of known information
7. Announce the lesson’s objectives and activities, and list instructions
step-by-step
8. Present information in a variety of ways
9. Provide frequent summations of the salient points of a lesson, and
always emphasize key vocabulary words
10. Recognize student success overtly and frequently. But, also be aware
that in some cultures overt, individual praise is considered
inappropriate and can therefore be embarrassing or confusing to the
student
17. References:
• Rod Ellis Second Language Acquisition
Oxford University Press
• Ellis, R. (2001). Form-focused instruction and
second language learning. Malden, MA:
Blackwell.