The document discusses -ing verb forms, specifically present participles and gerunds. It notes that present participles are used in continuous verb tenses and take a helping verb, while gerunds function as nouns. It provides examples of -ing forms being used as subjects, objects, and complements of sentences. It also explains that -ing forms can take objects, like in "smoking cigarettes", and those combinations can serve grammatical functions.

1. -Ing Verbs
GRAMMAR

2. The -ing forms
A verb ending in -ing is
either a present participle
or a gerund. These two
forms look identical. The
difference is in their
functions in a sentence.

3. She is eating ice crem
María was enjoying her ice
cream
Present participles are an
element in all continuous
verb forms (past, present,
future, conditional, etc.).
The helping verb will
indicate the tense, while
the present participle
remains unchanging.

4. More examples
• Anthony was fishing.
• The boys have
been playing tennis.
• We will be working when
you arrive.

5. -ing Form as Subject,
Object or Complement
We can use the -ing form
as the subject, object or
complement of a clause.
• Smoking costs a lot of
money.
• I don't like writing.
• My favorite occupation
is reading.
My hobby is
playing the flute
what I don't
enjoy is studying

6. Object
Sometimes the -ing form can also have an
object itself. In this case, the whole
expression [-ing + object] can be the
subject, object or complement of a clause
or sentence.
• [Smoking cigarettes] costs a lot of
money.
• I don't like [writing letters] and I hate
[reading emails].
• My favorite occupation is [reading
detective stories].

7. Gerunds
The gerund always has the same function as a noun,
although it looks like a verb. It can be used in the
same way as a noun.
Examples:
• Eating plastic is wrong.
• Driving too fast is dangerous.
• Walking is good for you.
• Your knitting is beautiful.
• Shining is your greatest virtue
• Yelling is your worst virtue

9. •Playing

11. •Making

15. •Running