The document outlines a course on database systems, covering foundational concepts like data, information, knowledge, and information systems. It explains the processes involved in converting raw data into meaningful information and details various types and components of information systems. The course also includes quizzes to assess understanding of these concepts.

1. Welcome

2. http://www.mahergelle.com
By Eng.Adulahi M. Adan
Database 1

3. Course Outline Introduction to Database
01
Database System
02
Database Types and
Relations
03
Organizing Data into
Tables
04

4. Chapter One: -
Introduction to
Database

5. Data, information, and knowledge
Data: refers to raw facts,
observations, or measurements that
have not been processed or organized
to convey any meaning.
It represents the basic building
blocks of information.
Data can be structured (e.g dates,
numbers,, or categories) or
unstructured (e.g., text, images, or
audio)
Data is row input or unprocessed
information
Contents A Contents B

6. Data, information, and knowledge
 Information: Collection of facts
organized in such a way that they
have additional value beyond the
value of the facts themselves or data
processed in a form meaningful to the
recipient.
Information is the result of
processing and organizing data in a
meaningful way.
In a database, information can be
obtained through queries, reports, or
data analysis operations.
Contents A Contents B

7. Data, information, and knowledge
 Process: Set of logically related
tasks performed to achieve a defined
outcome or conversion /manipulation
and analysis of raw input into
a meaningful form.
 Process involves a series of
actions
or transformations applied to data to
generate meaningful information.
 The process acts as a bridge
between data and information,
converting raw data into meaningful
Contents A Contents B

8. Data, information, and knowledge
 Knowledge: Awareness and
understanding of a set of
information.
 knowledge represents the insights
and understanding gained from
information and experience.
 Knowledge goes beyond the
scope of data and information. It
involves the understanding,
insights, and expertise gained from
information and experience.
Contents A Contents B

9. Data, information, and knowledge
Contents A

10. Data, information, and knowledge
Contents A

11. Information System
 System is many related
components integrity work together
to achieve common goals
 System refers to a collection of
interconnected components or
elements that work together to
achieve a common objective or
purpose.
 It involves the arrangement and
coordination of various parts to
function as a unified whole.
Contents A Contents B

12. Information System
What Is an Information System?
 Information system is interrelated
components working together to
collect, process and store and
distribute information to support
decision making by coordination,
control, analysis and visualization in
an organization.
 An information system (IS) is a
specific type of system designed to
collect, store, process, retrieve, and
disseminate data and information within
an organization.
Contents A Contents B

13. Information System
 Information system is a software
system to capture, transmit, store,
retrieve, manipulate, or display
information, thereby supporting
people, organizations, or software
systems.
 It encompasses the people,
processes, data, technology, and
infrastructure that work together to
manage and support the flow of
information within an organizational
context.
Contents A Contents B

14. Information System
Contents A

15. Information System
 Input –Gathering and capturing
raw data
 Input refers to the data, instructions, or
signals that are provided to a system for
processing.
 Input can come from various sources,
such as users, sensors, devices, or other
systems.
 Processing: Converting or
transforming data into useful outputs.
 Processing is the stage where the
system performs operations,
manipulations, or transformations on the
input data.
Contents A Contents B

16. Information System
 Output –Production of useful
information, usually in the
form of documents and reports.
 Output represents the processed or
transformed information or results
generated by the system after the
processing stage.
 Feedback –Output that is used to
make changes to input or processing
activities
 Feedback is the information or
response that is returned to the system
or to the user after the output has been
delivered
Contents A Contents B

18. Types of information systems
1. Informal
 Evolve from patterns of human
behavior (can be complex)
 Not formalized
 Rely on “word” of mouth
Contents A Contents B

19. Types of information systems
2. manual
 Formalized but not computer based
 Developing patterns and trends on
graph paper for stock analysis
 Historical handling of information in
organizations Before computers
 Some organizations still use
aspects of manual IS
Contents A Contents B

20. Types of information systems
3. Computer-Based Information
System
A computer-based information system
(CBIS) is an information system that
uses computer technology to perform
some or all of its intended tasks.
Such a system can include as little as
a personal computer and software.
or it may include several thousand
computers of various sizes with
hundreds of printers, plotters, and
other devices, and databases. In most
cases an information system
Contents A Contents B

21. Components of Information Systems
1. People:
 Users: Employees using a customer
relationship management (CRM) system
to manage customer interactions and sales.
 Stakeholders: Managers accessing a
business intelligence (BI) system to
analyze sales data and make strategic
decisions.
 IT Professionals: Database
administrators responsible for maintaining
and optimizing the performance of a
database management system (DBMS).
Contents A Contents B

22. Components of Information Systems
2. Data:
 Customer Data:
Contact information, purchase history,
and demographic details stored in a
CRM system.
 Sales Data: Revenue figures,
product quantities sold, and sales
channels recorded in a sales
management system.
 Inventory Data: Stock levels,
item descriptions, and supplier details
stored in an inventory management
system.
Contents A Contents B

23. Components of Information Systems
3. Processes:
 Order Processing: An order
management system that receives and
processes customer orders, updates
inventory, and generates invoices.
 Data Entry: Employees entering
sales data into a database through a
web-based form or a point-of-sale
(POS) system.
 Report Generation: A reporting
system that automatically generates
daily, weekly, and monthly sales
reports based on predefined criteria.
Contents A Contents B

24. Components of Information Systems
4. Technologies:
 Hardware: Servers, workstations,
and networking equipment used to
store and process data in an
information system.
 Software: Database management
systems (e.g., Oracle, MySQL),
enterprise resource planning (ERP)
software, or business intelligence tools
 Network Infrastructure: Local are
a networks (LANs), wide area
networks (WANs), and internet
connectivity
Contents A Contents B

25. Components of Information Systems
5. Procedures:
 Data Entry Guidelines: Standards
for inputting data into a system, such
as required fields, formatting rules,
and validation checks.
 Backup and Recovery Procedure
s: Regularly scheduled backups of
databases and procedures to restore
data in case of system failures.
 Security Protocols: Password
policies, user access controls, and
encryption methods to protect
sensitive data from unauthorized
Contents A Contents B

26. Components of Information Systems
6. Feedback:
 Sales Reports: Analytical reports
generated by a BI system that provide
insights into sales trends, customer
behavior, and revenue growth.
 Customer Feedback: Surveys, reviews
, and ratings collected through customer
feedback systems to assess satisfaction
and make improvements.
 System Performance Metrics:
Monitoring system response time, error
rates, and availability to identify areas for
optimization and improvement.
Contents A Contents B

27. Components of Information Systems
7. Control and Security:
 User Access Controls: Assigning
different levels of access privileges to
users based on their roles and
responsibilities.
 Data Encryption: Encrypting
sensitive data, such as customer
information or financial records, to
protect against unauthorized access.
 Firewalls and Intrusion Detection
Systems: Implementing network
security measures to prevent
unauthorized access and detect
Contents A Contents B

28. Chapter End

29. Chapter
Summery
01 Data, Information, and Knowledge
 Data: - Unprocessed Information
 Information: - Processed Data
 Process: -Set of logically related tasks
 Knowledge: - understanding of a set of information.
02 Information System
 Input
 Processing
 Output
 Feedback
03 Types of Information Systems
 Informal
 Manual
 Computer-Based Information System
04 Components of Information Systems
 People
 Data
 Processes
 Technologies
 Procedures
 Feedback
 Control and Security

31. Quiz
01 Differentiate Data and Information?
02 Differentiate System and Information System?
03 What are the three types of an
information system?
04
List at least three components of
an Information System?

32. Thank you
@Eng.Abdulahi Mohamed