This document discusses the importance of using a table of specification when constructing exams, especially for the Ordinary Level Physics exam in Cameroon. It begins by explaining what a table of specification is and how it helps ensure tests are valid and reliable by providing a framework for balancing content coverage, cognitive levels, and question types. The document then discusses how not using a table of specification can negatively impact the validity of exams and student scores. Specifically, it may result in topics being weighted incorrectly and questions not aligning with what was taught. Overall, the document advocates for the use of tables of specification in test construction to improve the quality and meaningfulness of exam results.
The Empirical Analysis of Curriculum Quality Evaluation Based on Students Eva...ijtsrd
The data of curriculum quality evaluation based on students evaluation of teaching contains learners perception of curriculum quality is helpful to provide reference for the improvement of curriculum quality. The evaluation system of curriculum quality should be built around ten evaluation dimensions, such as teaching objectives, subject frontier, case teaching, teacher literacy, classroom discussion, teaching methods, teaching courseware, information technology, teachers Q and A, curriculum ideological and political. Taking the students of school of physics and electronic information of Nanchang Normal University as the research object, and the sample size of curriculum quality evaluation is 5443, the Pearson correlation analysis is carried out on ten evaluation dimensions, and the correlation coefficient is 0.770, which indicates strong positive correlation. A regression model with ten evaluation dimensions as independent variables and curriculum satisfaction as dependent variables is established. The resolution of the model is 77.4 , which can predict curriculum satisfaction, and which has theoretical support for teachers to pay attention to the curriculum quality and improve the curriculum quality. It emphasizes that teaching department should pay attention to the effect of evaluation results on the continuous improvement of curriculum quality. It is suggested that a substantial and effective mechanism for continuous improvement should be established. Chen Rong "The Empirical Analysis of Curriculum Quality Evaluation Based on Students' Evaluation of Teaching" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38156.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/38156/the-empirical-analysis-of-curriculum-quality-evaluation-based-on-students-evaluation-of-teaching/chen-rong
Assessment of Students’ Achievement of Learning Outcomes by using Different A...ijtsrd
The present study was conducted on 1rtyear, radiological sciences students at Najran University to evaluate the achievement of undergraduate radiological sciences students in the CLOs assessment. Learning outcomes assessment for Introductory Physics 204 PHST 2 Year I at Department of Radiological sciences, Najran University was conducted by direct methods and compared the results of students’ achievement of the course learning outcomes by using different assessment approaches. The study was applied on30 students who enrolled in the course during academic year 2019 2020.Direct measurement was applied by linking of each CLO to exams questions on quizzes, midterm exams, final exams and Lab reports. The current study emphasizes that, both of the average and threshold approaches can examine the overall performance of the course, while the performance vector approach can display the distribution of students’ achievements of the course. Soheir E. Mohamed "Assessment of Students’ Achievement of Learning Outcomes by using Different Assessment Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38464.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/38464/assessment-of-students’-achievement-of-learning-outcomes-by-using-different-assessment-approaches/soheir-e-mohamed
The Empirical Analysis of Curriculum Quality Evaluation Based on Students Eva...ijtsrd
The data of curriculum quality evaluation based on students evaluation of teaching contains learners perception of curriculum quality is helpful to provide reference for the improvement of curriculum quality. The evaluation system of curriculum quality should be built around ten evaluation dimensions, such as teaching objectives, subject frontier, case teaching, teacher literacy, classroom discussion, teaching methods, teaching courseware, information technology, teachers Q and A, curriculum ideological and political. Taking the students of school of physics and electronic information of Nanchang Normal University as the research object, and the sample size of curriculum quality evaluation is 5443, the Pearson correlation analysis is carried out on ten evaluation dimensions, and the correlation coefficient is 0.770, which indicates strong positive correlation. A regression model with ten evaluation dimensions as independent variables and curriculum satisfaction as dependent variables is established. The resolution of the model is 77.4 , which can predict curriculum satisfaction, and which has theoretical support for teachers to pay attention to the curriculum quality and improve the curriculum quality. It emphasizes that teaching department should pay attention to the effect of evaluation results on the continuous improvement of curriculum quality. It is suggested that a substantial and effective mechanism for continuous improvement should be established. Chen Rong "The Empirical Analysis of Curriculum Quality Evaluation Based on Students' Evaluation of Teaching" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38156.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/38156/the-empirical-analysis-of-curriculum-quality-evaluation-based-on-students-evaluation-of-teaching/chen-rong
Assessment of Students’ Achievement of Learning Outcomes by using Different A...ijtsrd
The present study was conducted on 1rtyear, radiological sciences students at Najran University to evaluate the achievement of undergraduate radiological sciences students in the CLOs assessment. Learning outcomes assessment for Introductory Physics 204 PHST 2 Year I at Department of Radiological sciences, Najran University was conducted by direct methods and compared the results of students’ achievement of the course learning outcomes by using different assessment approaches. The study was applied on30 students who enrolled in the course during academic year 2019 2020.Direct measurement was applied by linking of each CLO to exams questions on quizzes, midterm exams, final exams and Lab reports. The current study emphasizes that, both of the average and threshold approaches can examine the overall performance of the course, while the performance vector approach can display the distribution of students’ achievements of the course. Soheir E. Mohamed "Assessment of Students’ Achievement of Learning Outcomes by using Different Assessment Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38464.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/38464/assessment-of-students’-achievement-of-learning-outcomes-by-using-different-assessment-approaches/soheir-e-mohamed
IMPROVING FAIRNESS ON STUDENTS’ OVERALL MARKS VIA DYNAMIC RESELECTION OF ASSE...IJITE
A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students
distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a
major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given
assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how
detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In
this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by
accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically
reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a
similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of
the marking criteria.
IMPROVING FAIRNESS ON STUDENTS’ OVERALL MARKS VIA DYNAMIC RESELECTION OF ASSE...IJITE
A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students
distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a
major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given
assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how
detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In
this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by
accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically
reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a
similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of
the marking criteria.
Improving Fairness on Students' Overall Marks via Dynamic Reselection of Asse...IJITE
A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students
distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a
major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given
assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how
detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In
this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by
accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically
reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a
similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of
the marking criteria.
Improving Fairness on Students' Overall Marks via Dynamic Reselection of Asse...IJITE
A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of the marking criteria.
This includes the process how you can construct a test for academic achievement of the students. Characteristics, principles, types, steps all are discussed here. Calculation of weightage and difficulty level and also making of blue print is also included.
Project Based Learning Model Development on Buffer Solution Materials with So...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparative Study of Different Approaches for Measuring Difficulty Level of Q...ijtsrd
"Semantics based information representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in repeatedly generating important factual questions. Formative the difficulty level Of these system generated questions is helpful to successfully make use of them in various learning and specialized applications. The accessible approaches for result the difficulty level of factual questions are very simple and are limited to a few basic principles. We suggest a new tactic for this problem by considering an edifying theory called Item Response Theory IRT . In the IRT, facts skill of end users learners are considered for assigning difficulty levels, because of the assumptions that a given question is apparent differently by learners of various proficiencies. We have done a detailed study on the features factors of a question statement which could perhaps determine its difficulty level for three learner categories experts, intermediates, and easy . Ayesha Pathan | Dr. Pravin Futane ""Comparative Study of Different Approaches for Measuring Difficulty Level of Question"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21532.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/21532/comparative-study-of-different-approaches-for-measuring-difficulty-level-of-question/ayesha-pathan"
Comparative Study of Different Approaches for Measuring Difficulty Level of Q...ijtsrd
"Semantics based information representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in repeatedly generating important factual questions. Formative the difficulty level Of these system generated questions is helpful to successfully make use of them in various learning and specialized applications. The accessible approaches for result the difficulty level of factual questions are very simple and are limited to a few basic principles. We suggest a new tactic for this problem by considering an edifying theory called Item Response Theory IRT . In the IRT, facts skill of end users learners are considered for assigning difficulty levels, because of the assumptions that a given question is apparent differently by learners of various proficiencies. We have done a detailed study on the features factors of a question statement which could perhaps determine its difficulty level for three learner categories experts, intermediates, and easy . Ayesha Pathan | Dr. Pravin Futane ""Comparative Study of Different Approaches for Measuring Difficulty Level of Question"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21532.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/21532/comparative-study-of-different-approaches-for-measuring-difficulty-level-of-question/ayesha-pathan"
Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement in Thiruvannamalai Districtijtsrd
The present study planned to probe the effects of test anxiety on academic achievement of high school pupils. The respondents encompassed of 300 school pupils 158 boys and 142 girls studied in IX standard were selected by random basis from diverse high schools of Thiruvannamalai District. Prof. V. P. Sharma’s Test Anxiety Scale TAS was used to assess test anxiety and English Achievement Test EAT was used to carry out test and calculated the percentage of total marks attain by the students was measured as the academic achievement score. The outcome revealed that the result revealed that there is significant difference in Private school students have high anxiety when compared to Government School students. Nuclear family students achieve more in the academic of English when compared to Joint family students. Government school students achieve more in English when compared to Private school students. And also reveals that there is no significant difference between nuclear family and joint family in respect to their Test Anxiety. Lastly, the correlation result reveals that there exists a moderate Positive Correlation between Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement. Dr. R. Muthaiyan | J. Lingeswaran "Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement in Thiruvannamalai District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32980.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/32980/test-anxiety-and-academic-achievement-in-thiruvannamalai-district/dr-r-muthaiyan
Using Traditional Assessment in the Foreign Language Teaching Advantages and ...YogeshIJTSRD
The article seeks to compare traditional assessment procedures such as multiple choice tests with performance or alternative assessments. The descriptive analysis method was used to express the effectiveness of traditional assessment and its advantages, limitations as well. The assessment types and statements by researchers, and controversial questions are analyzed and compared. The article describes some essential issues of using traditional and authentic assessment types. Furthermore, the article suggests some ways and techniques of using other type of assessment that can be effective in the foreign language teaching process. The author concludes that the types of assessment should be selected according to the content of the program and should be content related. Urazbaeva Dilbar Turdibaevna "Using Traditional Assessment in the Foreign Language Teaching: Advantages and Limitations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39858.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39858/using-traditional-assessment-in-the-foreign-language-teaching-advantages-and-limitations/urazbaeva-dilbar-turdibaevna
Determinants of Lecturers Assessment Practice in Higher Education in Somaliaijejournal
This research investigated the determinants of lecturers' assessment practices in higher education institutions in Mogadishu, Somalia. The factors that determined the lecturer’s assessment practice were design, interpretation, application, and administration mechanisms. A quantitative research design was conducted. The questionnaire was used, Cronbach's alpha value is.917. This shows that the scale's internal consistency and reliability for this sample are quite excellent. r =.636, P = 0.000,.05., the findings revealed a significant, favorable, and robust relationship between design and lecturers' assessment practices. Also, the correlation table shows a good connection between assessment, interpretation, application, and lecturers' assessment practice. (Explained) (r =.575, p = 0.000,.05) (R =.516, p =.000, 0.05) there is a strong positive relationship between assessment design, interpretation, and application to lecturers’ assessment practice. I recommend that the administration of public and private higher education institutions focus on in-service training on how to upgrade the skills of lecturers toward assessment practice.
Survey of the Causes and Consequences of Examination Malpractices in Selected...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the causes and consequences of examination malpractices in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. Three research questions guided the study. A descriptive research design of the survey type was used. The population of the study comprises of all secondary schools in Akure South Local Government of Ondo State.Samples were drawn from selected schools and questionnaire was used to elicit responses from the respondents. Based on the research findings some recommendations were made as follows Government should adopt strategies towards the eradication of examination malpractices teachers must be adequately motivated to ensure maximum productivity leaders in the society should lead by examples severe penalty should be meted out to culprits of examination malpractices and Continuous Assessment method should be adopted. Olowolabi Segun "Survey of the Causes and Consequences of Examination Malpractices in Selected Secondary Schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39859.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39859/survey-of-the-causes-and-consequences-of-examination-malpractices-in-selected-secondary-schools-in-akure-south-local-government-area-of-ondo-state-nigeria/olowolabi-segun
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students
distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a
major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given
assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how
detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In
this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by
accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically
reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a
similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of
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IMPROVING FAIRNESS ON STUDENTS’ OVERALL MARKS VIA DYNAMIC RESELECTION OF ASSE...IJITE
A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students
distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a
major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given
assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how
detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In
this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by
accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically
reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a
similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of
the marking criteria.
Improving Fairness on Students' Overall Marks via Dynamic Reselection of Asse...IJITE
A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students
distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a
major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given
assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how
detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In
this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by
accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically
reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a
similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
based on the markers’ previous marking statistics, and is independent of the design and interpretation of
the marking criteria.
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A fundamental subject delivered at the tertiary level could have a cohort of several hundreds of students distributed into multiple campuses. The running of such a unit typically calls for a teaching team of which a major task is to fairly mark all students’ various assessment items. It is well observed that a given assessment is likely to receive different marks if it is given to different markers, often regardless of how detailed the marking criteria are, especially when the content is of subjective or opinion based nature. In this work, we propose an effective strategy to improve the fairness on the students’ overall marks by accepting that markers may have inherent marking leniency of different magnitude and by dynamically reselecting markers for different groups of students in such a way that the students will eventually share a similar amount of marking leniency in their overall marks. This strategy is completely objective, purely
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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"Semantics based information representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in repeatedly generating important factual questions. Formative the difficulty level Of these system generated questions is helpful to successfully make use of them in various learning and specialized applications. The accessible approaches for result the difficulty level of factual questions are very simple and are limited to a few basic principles. We suggest a new tactic for this problem by considering an edifying theory called Item Response Theory IRT . In the IRT, facts skill of end users learners are considered for assigning difficulty levels, because of the assumptions that a given question is apparent differently by learners of various proficiencies. We have done a detailed study on the features factors of a question statement which could perhaps determine its difficulty level for three learner categories experts, intermediates, and easy . Ayesha Pathan | Dr. Pravin Futane ""Comparative Study of Different Approaches for Measuring Difficulty Level of Question"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21532.pdf
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This research investigated the determinants of lecturers' assessment practices in higher education institutions in Mogadishu, Somalia. The factors that determined the lecturer’s assessment practice were design, interpretation, application, and administration mechanisms. A quantitative research design was conducted. The questionnaire was used, Cronbach's alpha value is.917. This shows that the scale's internal consistency and reliability for this sample are quite excellent. r =.636, P = 0.000,.05., the findings revealed a significant, favorable, and robust relationship between design and lecturers' assessment practices. Also, the correlation table shows a good connection between assessment, interpretation, application, and lecturers' assessment practice. (Explained) (r =.575, p = 0.000,.05) (R =.516, p =.000, 0.05) there is a strong positive relationship between assessment design, interpretation, and application to lecturers’ assessment practice. I recommend that the administration of public and private higher education institutions focus on in-service training on how to upgrade the skills of lecturers toward assessment practice.
Survey of the Causes and Consequences of Examination Malpractices in Selected...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the causes and consequences of examination malpractices in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. Three research questions guided the study. A descriptive research design of the survey type was used. The population of the study comprises of all secondary schools in Akure South Local Government of Ondo State.Samples were drawn from selected schools and questionnaire was used to elicit responses from the respondents. Based on the research findings some recommendations were made as follows Government should adopt strategies towards the eradication of examination malpractices teachers must be adequately motivated to ensure maximum productivity leaders in the society should lead by examples severe penalty should be meted out to culprits of examination malpractices and Continuous Assessment method should be adopted. Olowolabi Segun "Survey of the Causes and Consequences of Examination Malpractices in Selected Secondary Schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39859.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39859/survey-of-the-causes-and-consequences-of-examination-malpractices-in-selected-secondary-schools-in-akure-south-local-government-area-of-ondo-state-nigeria/olowolabi-segun
Similar to Influence of Table of Specification on the Construction of Ordinary Level Physics Examination in Cameroon (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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which an examinee work will systematically
influence performance, as some will finish the test
and some will not. Length of the test: if a test is too
short, then the reliability coefficient will be low and
therefore resulting to scoring errors. All these are
threats to reliability of test items constructed which
the teachers must take into consideration. Evidence
based on test content underscores the degree to which
a test measures what it is designed to measure
(Wolnring & Wilkstron, 2010).
A content valid test should have at least moderate to
high levels of internal consistency. This suggest that
the items measure a common element; primarily rest
upon logical argument and expert judgment, and
frequently empirical research. The degree of content
validity is largely a function of the content to which
test items are true representative samples of the
content and skills to be learned (Onunkwo, 2002;
Wolnring & Wikstron, 2010). Standardized test
scores are frequently different among students’ GPA
and scores on a standardized test, sometimes very
large differences from the literature. We know
standardized tests are valid. The question needs to be
asked if GPAs are valid measures of students’
achievement. This is because, GPAs are based on
teacher made tests. If teacher made tests are not valid,
how can a student GPA be valid? The use of the table
of specification can ensure that a teacher made test is
valid. For validity to be achieved, the test designer
must first of all start by considering the weighting of
the various topics.
Weighting refers to the assignment of numerical
values (marks, scores or percentages) to test items or
questions. In terms of syllabus, it may also refer to the
assignment of percentages to various test items or
sections of the syllabus or to each paper or section of
an examination or test. Weighting is also done in
terms of objectives, content and different forms of
questions. It is usually done with respect to the
cognitive levels and levels of difficulty or number of
skills involved. To make a test valid, it is necessary to
analyze the objectives of the subject and decide which
objectives are to be tested and in what proportion.
Marks should be allotted to each objective to be
tested according to its importance. In physics testing
at the ordinary level in Cameroon, the four cognitive
abilities tested are; knowledge of the subject matter,
comprehension, application and analysis. The
weighting to all these four may be decided in
percentages, for example for a test of 50 marks for
ordinary level the following weightings may be used
as shown on table 1.
Table 1: the cognitive ability, percentage of
marks and marks allotted in the physics testing
at the GCE ordinary level in Cameroon
Cognitive ability
Percentage
of Marks
Marks
allotted
Knowledge 30% 15
Comprehension 40% 20
Application 20% 10
Analysis 10% 05
Total 100% 50
It is also necessary to analyze the syllabus and allot
weighting to different areas of content. This is again
done to ensure the validity of the test. A hypothetical
example is given below for a physics test showing
weighting to content units for a class test, this is
illustrated on table 2.
Table 2: the content area, percentage of marks
and marks allotted.
Content Area
Percentage
of Marks
Marks
allotted
Heat 30% 30
Electricity 40% 40
Waves 30% 30
Total 100% 100
After analyzing the objectives and the content, the
next step is to decide how they will be tested. A
particular objective and content can be tested more
appropriately by a particular form of question. So,
different forms of questions are to be included in the
test for testing different objectives and contents. For
this reason, the number of different types of questions
to be included in the test and the marks carried by
each of them are decided. This takes care of the
reliability of the test. As an illustration, hypothetical
weighting to different forms of questions in paper one
and two in a typical physics test for form five is given
on table 3
Table 3: forms of questions, no. of questions,
marks allotted and % of marks for a typical
form five test.
Forms of
Questions
No. of
Questions
Marks
allotted
% of
marks
Short Type 6 25 25%
Essay Type 3 35 35%
MCQ 50 40 40%
Total 100 100%
When all the above activities and assessments have
been achieved, the next logical step is to design the
table of specification.
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The Table of Specification is a plan prepared by the
examiner or test item developer as the basis for test
construction. It is a tool that teachers and examiners
may use in test construction to mitigate the problem
of mismatched assessment. The table of specification
(TOS), is also referred to as test blue print (TBP). It is
a table that helps teachers and examiners to align
objectives, instructions and assessment (Zuelk,
Wilson and Yunker, 2004). Gregory (2006) says the
TOS is an activity which enumerates the information
and cognitive tasks on which examinees are to be
assessed. It is a chart that professional developers of
achievements and ability tests often use in test item
writing. Onunkwo, (2002); Wolnring, & Wikstron,
(2010) stated that the TOS or test blue print is a
device that enables the teacher (examiner) to arrive at
a representative sample of the instructional objectives
and the subject matter treated in the class and what is
covered in the assessment. The TOS is a guide to
assist the teacher or examiner in the evaluation
process. It is developed from the content of a subject
or curriculum that is broadly defined to include both
subject matter content and instructional objectives.
A Table of specification for practical classroom
application is intended to help classroom teachers
develop summative assessments that are well aligned
to the subject matter studied and the cognitive process
used during instruction. However, for this strategy to
be helpful in your teaching practice, you need to
make it your own and practical assessment. Gronlund
and Linn (2000) assert that a table of specification
may be referred to as content of a course or
curriculum that can be broadly defined to include
both subject matter content and instructional
objectives. This simply means the performance of
students is expected to demonstrate both of these
aspects (Grunlund, 2000; Onunkwo, 2002; Wolnring,
& Wikstron, 2010). Akem (2006) views the table of
specification as a guide to assist a teacher or examiner
in the evaluation system.
A table of specification shows the total number of
items to be allocated to each instructional objective, it
also suggests what might be covered under each item,
take decision on what type of items to be used. In
fact, the blue – print stage is the last and crucial stage
in an evaluation plan since it enables the teacher to
combine properly the objectives and the content
areas, bearing in mind the importance and the weight
attached to each area. Akem and Agbe (2003)
revealed that a table of specification is an outline
relating behaviour to topics. By it, teacher can
determine what topics are being stressed and also
assist in the preparation of test that reflect what
students have learned and also the amount of time
spent on each unit. Okpala, Onocha and Oyedeji
(2003) noted that a table of specification enables the
test developers to complete the cells in the table and
decide the percentage of the total number of items
that will go to each of the cell. Ughamadu (2000)
stated that a table of specification or test blue print is
a device that enables the teacher to arrive at a
representative sample of the instructional objectives
and the subject matter treated in the class.
Importance of Table of Specifications (TOS)
The most important purpose of the TOS is to achieve
a balance in a test; by identifying achievement
domains being measured, and to ensure that a fair and
representative sample of questions appear on the test.
(Remember it is impossible to ask questions on every
aspect and objective of a syllabus in one
examination). The second important purpose is to
ensure that our test focuses on the most important
areas of the syllabus or curriculum, and weights
different areas based on their importance and time
spent in teaching. The third purpose is that TOS
provides proof that our test has content validity,
which significantly covers the syllabus. It ensures that
the test is within the prescribed level of the learners or
those to be assessed as indicated in the syllabus
(Helenrose & Nicole, 2013).
The benefits of the table of specification in test item
construction include the following: The TOS ensures
that an assessment has content validity. That means it
tests what it is supposed to test; there is a match
between what is taught and what is tested. It ensures
that the same emphasis on content is mirrored on
assessment. This means topics which are more
important would have more items. It ensures
alignment of test items with the objectives of the
syllabus (e.g unimportant topics may just test
knowledge, while important topics would test
interpretation, application and synthesis).
The purpose of a table of specifications is to identify
the achievement domains being measured and to
ensure that a fair and representative sample of
questions appears on the test, thereby improving the
validity of teacher’s evaluation based on a given
assessment. The importance of table of specifications
as a guide to test construction cannot be over
emphasized as opined by Denga (2003). Thus:
It defines as clearly as possible the scope and
emphasis of the test, to relate the objective to the
content and to construct a balanced test.
Through the use of table of specifications,
teachers are able to determine what topic is being
stressed and also assist in the preparation of tests
that reflect what students have learnt and also
limit the amount of time spent on each unit.
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It constrains the tester and ensures that only those
objectives involved in the instructional process
are assessed. There is a balance in testing the
materials taught because each objective receives
proportional emphasis in relation to the amount of
time given it and the value placed on it.
It helps the teacher in organizing teaching and
learning, assessment and evaluation as well as all
the resources he plans to achieve during teaching
and learning.
It assists immensely in the preparation of test
items, production of the valid and well robust test,
in the classification of objectives to both teacher
and students, and in assisting the teacher to select
the most appropriate teaching strategy
Defects of not using table of specifications in test
construction
According to Ehiagwina (2019), The test so prepared
without a table of specifications will lack content
validity. The scores obtained from such a test are not
a true representative of the pupils/students actual
subject standing, since all the topics are not covered.
The pupils/students might be denied the areas they
will have performed excellently and given the area
he/she could not perform well. There will be errors in
placement and interpretation of student’s actual
physics performance. The test items that lack a table
of specification might not tie with the test taker’s
cognitive level. It might be below or above the test
taker’s cognitive ability.
Also, in order to construct a table of specification, or
test blue print, which will adequately guide in
developing a test that truly represents its content and
objectives, Nenty and Imo (2004), Joshua (2005),
pointed out the following steps in the preparation of a
table of specification:
1. Decide on the total number of items that will
constitute the test
2. Decide on the percentage of items to be prepared
on each content topic or unit
3. Decide on the percentage of items to be prepared
on each level of the instructional objectives
(cognitive domain)
4. Determine the actual number of items to be
prepared on each content topic/ unit (i.e, the row
totals) using the number and percentages
specified in steps (1) and (2).
5. Determine the actual number of items to be
prepared on each level of the instructional
objective (i.e, the column totals) using the number
and percentages specifies in steps (1) and (3)
6. Determine the actual number of items to be
prepared on each content topic/ unit for the
different cognitive levels (i.e, filling the cells in
the body of the table) using the specified
percentages and the row and column totals
7. Make the necessary minor adjustment if any (i.e,
rounding up of decimal points), but ensure that
the row and column totals are maintained.
The procedure for developing a good test (or factors
to consider in the construction of a good test)
according to Nenty and Imo (2004) and Joshua (2005)
consist of the following systematic steps:
a. Specify the purpose (goals or objectives) of the
test
b. Develop a test blue - print or table of specification
c. Develop test items
d. Select the items
e. Prepare test instructions
f. Assemble the test
g. Due preliminary administration of the test
h. Determine the reliability of the final test
i. Determine the validity of the final test
j. Print the final copy after editing and proof reading
have been done.
Some of the reasons or purposes for testing according
to Nenty and Imo (2004); Helenrose and Nicole
(2013), are to;
1. Evaluate the teacher’s instructional method
2. Ascertain the effectiveness, validity and level of
coverage of a curriculum
3. Motivate students
4. Judge the pupils’ mastery of certain essential
skills and knowledge
5. Diagnose students’ difficulties
6. Rank students in terms of their achievement of
particular instructional objectives
7. Measure growth overtime. The teacher usually
starts the term by specifying the course or subject
instructional objectives. That is, those specific
things the students/ pupils will be able to
accomplish at the end of instructional period.
There are three main steps involved is preparing
instructional objectives. These are;
a. Identifying the general instructional objectives
b. Stating the general instructional objectives
c. Defining the general instructional objectives.
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The purpose is to coordinate the assessment questions
with the time spent on any particular content area, the
objectives of the unit being taught, and the level of
critical thinking required by the objectives or state
standards. Tables of Specifications are created as part
of the preparation for the unit, not as an afterthought
the night before the test. Knowing what is contained
in the assessment and that the content matches the
standards and benchmarks in level of critical thinking
will guide learning experiences presented to students.
Students appreciate knowing what is being assessed
and what level of mastery is required.
According to Moore (2001), a good instructional
objective has four components namely;
1. Performance statement - which indicates the
specific behaviour the leaner will be able to show
or exhibit. It must be stated in terms of what
students are expected to do. That is, observable
students’ performance. So proper verbs must be
used.
2. Product – What students will produce by action. It
is this product that will be evaluated to determine
whether the objectives have been mastered. E.g.,
a written statement, sum, listed names, etc.
3. Condition statement-Which indicates the
conditions under which the performance
statement (expected behaviour) is expected to
occur. This is usually when the teaching exercise
has been completed. For example, will they be
allowed to use open book, will material be
provided, etc.
4. Criterion statement -Which indicates the level or
standard of performance (behaviour) that will be
acceptable. What is the level of acceptable student
performance? Here, the level of behaviour that
will be accepted as satisfactory must be stated.
The following is an example of a well-stated
instructional objective in physics at the ordinary
level;
At the end of this instructional exercise the students
should be able to state correctly the three Newton’s
laws of motion.
Performance statement-State the three Newton’s laws
of motion
Product statement – The three laws written or stated.
Condition statement-After attending the instructional
session
Criterion statement - Each student will state the laws
correctly
Instructional objectives define the course content
(topics) to be selected, the purpose of the test to be
given and the content of the test items to be
developed. A good teacher must be well versed in the
development and appropriate stating of instructional
objectives.
Table 4 shows the general format of a table of specification. It is a two-dimensional table that relate levels of
instructional objectives to the subject or topic content. That is, it guides a test constructor in the selection of
items. It is a systematic procedure of ensuring that the instrument (the test) adequately covers all the behavioural
domains to be measured in relation to the programme content. The level of instructional objectives in the
cognitive domain are arranged at the top (in columns) and the typical or unit in the course content are arranged
vertically to the left (in rows). It contains the number of items to be set from each section of the subject content
per cognitive level.
Table 4: the general format of a table of specification
Content
Knowledge
percentage
comprehension
percentage
Application
percentage
Analysis Total
Topic 1
Topic 2
Topic 3
Topic 4
Topic 5, etc.
Total
In each cell, the number and / percentage of item to be constructed are indicated. This depends on the relative
emphasis on topics and behaviours as might be indicated by the instructional objective. For example, if a teacher
wants to develop an end of term test in physics, he may have to consider the following; course objectives, topics
covered in class, amount of time spent on those topics, and emphasis and space provided in the text.
A sample of a table of specification for a 50- item objective test for physics 0580 GCE ordinary level is given on
table 5. A sample TOS for a 50-item objective test for 0580 physics, with knowledge 30%, Comprehension 40%,
application 20% and analysis 10 % is shown on table 5;
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Table 5: the table of specification (Test blue print) for an ideal physics – 0580 paper one
S/N Content
Knowledge
(30%)
Comprehension
(40%)
Application
(20%)
Analysis
(10%)
Total
(100%)
1 Forces (6) =12%
2 Motion (4) = 8%
3 Energy (3) = 6%
4 Heat (6) = 12%
5 Properties of Matter (4) = 8%
6
Electricity (9) = 18%
-Electrostatics (3) = 6%
-Current Electricity (6) = 12%
7 Electromagnetism (4) = 8%
8
Modern Physics (6) = 12%
-Electronics (1) = 2%
-Nuclear Physics (5) = 10%
9
Waves (8) = 16%
-Optics (3) = 6%
-Waves Properties (5) = 10%
Total (50) 15 20 10 5 50
Table 5 shows that of the 50 items of the test; 15 (30%) will be based on knowledge or memory,
20 (40%) will be on comprehension, 10 (20%) will be on application and 5 (10%) will be based on analysis. It
also shows that 6 (12%) will be based on forces, 4 (8%) on motion, 3(6%) on energy, 6 (12%) on heat, 4 (8%) on
properties of matter, 9 (18%) on electricity, 6 (12%) on modern physics and 8 (16%) on waves.
The percentages on the rows and columns are usually used to fill the table as follows;
To determine the total number of questions under each behavioural objective, we use the percentage of the total
number of questions. E.g.;
For knowledge
In the table above 30% of 50 items equals;
For comprehension
40% of 50 items equals;
For application
20% of 50 items equals;
For Analysis
And 10% of 50 items equals;
All these are shown on the row for total under each heading. In the same way content can be computed as shown
below:
1. Forces = 12%
12% of 50 items equals: = 6 items for forces
2. Motion = 8%
8% of 50 items equals: for motion
3. Energy = 6%
6% of 50 items equals: for energy
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4. Heat = 12%
12% of 50 items equals: for heat
5. Property of Matter = 8%
8% of 50 items equals: for properties of matter
6. Electricity = 18%
18% of 50 items equals: for electricity
7. Electromagnetism = 8%
8% of 50 items equals: for electromagnetism
8. Modern Physics = 12%
12% of 50 items equals: for moderm physics
9. Waves = 16%
16% of 50 items equals: for waves
This completes the column under total. Both sides should sum up to 50 by adding down wards and across the
total column (for content areas and behavioural objectives respectively)
To complete the inside (cells) we can either use the column totals or the row totals both of which should give the
same result if computed correctly using the column totals.
Beginning with the first column;
12% of 15 = 1.8, 8% of 15, = 1.2, 6% of 15 = 0.9
12% of 15 = 1.8, 8% of 15, = , 1.2, 18% of 15 = 2.7
8% of 15, = , 1.2, 12% of 15 = , 1.8 and lastly, 16% of 15 = 2.4
These are the entries in the cells under knowledge. Summarily, the entries under comprehension, application and
analysis can be done the same. At the end we will come up with a table like that shown on table 6.
Table 6: a raw table of specification (test blue print) for an ideal physics – 0580 ordinary level
S/N Content
Knowledge
(30%)
Comprehension
(40%)
Application
(20%)
Analysis
(10%)
Total
(100%)
1 Forces (6) = 12% 1.8 2.4 1.2 0.6 6
2 Motion (4) = 8% 1.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 4
3 Energy (3) = 6% 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 3
4 Heat (6) = 12% 1.8 2.4 1.2 0.6 6
5 Property of Matter (4) = 8% 1.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 4
6 Electricity (9) = 18% 2.7 3.6 1.8 0.9 9
-Electrostatics (3) = 6% 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 3
-Current Electricity (6) = 12% 1.8 2.4 1.2 0.6 6
7 Electromagnetism (4) = 8% 1.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 4
8 Modern Physics (6) = 12% 1.8 2.4 1.2 0.6 6
-Electronics (1) = 2% 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 1
-Nuclear Physics (5) = 10% 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 5
9 Waves (8) = 16% 2.4 3.2 1.6 0,8 8
-Optics (3) = 6% 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 3
-Waves Properties (5) = 10% 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 5
Total (50) 50
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The next step is to convert the above table into a practical one by rounding up the fractions taking into
consideration the level of the students or candidates.
Table 7: table of specification (Test blue print) for physics – 0580 completely filled only with whole
numbers.
S/N Content
Knowledge
(30%)
Comprehension
(40%)
Application
(20%)
Analysis
(10%)
Total
(100%)
1 Forces (6) = 12% 2 2 1 1 6
2 Motion (4) = 8% 1 2 1 - 4
3 Energy (3) = 6% 1 1 1 - 3
4 Heat (6) = 12% 2 2 1 1 6
5 Property of Matter (4) = 8% 1 2 1 - 4
6 Electricity (9) = 18% 3 4 1 1 9
7 Electromagnetism (4) = 8% 1 2 1 - 4
8 Modern Physics (6) = 12% 2 2 1 1 6
9 Waves (8) = 16% 2 3 2 1 8
Total (50) 15 20 10 05 50
When a table of specification that shows how many items are to be constructed on each cognitive level for each
topic on the subject content being determined has been developed, the next logical activity is to develop or
construct the items based on those specifications. Item’s development means translating the subject content into
test items (questions or statements) that will stimulate the test takes and elicit the type of behaviour specified in
the subject instructional objectives. Test measures behaviour or attribute indirectly. For example, items
development implies writing statements that call for specific behaviours of the test takers and the test takers
responses to the item and these behaviours will indicate the amount or level of the trait being measured or the
amount of the content that has been mastered.
According to Nenty and Imo (2004) classroom test item can be categorised into two, namely;
1. Objective items which are highly structured and require the examinees to supply a word or two or to select
the correct answer from a number of alternatives
2. The essay items which allow the examinees to supply, organize and present the answer in essay form.
The use of each type is based on;
a. The learning outcomes to be measured
b. The advantages and limitations of each type
c. The level of maturity of the testees
d. The skills of the test developer.
The number of items to be developed is based on;
1. How many items are needed to ensure satisfactory reliability and content coverage or content validity.
2. How can these important but internal test characteristics be skilfully balanced against the many external
constraints on the length of the test?
3. How many items should be written initially to ensure that a sufficient number would survive item review and
analysis after try-out? So, the test developer starts by writing more items than the number needed. The first
draft is then reviewed and edited by correcting ambiguous wordings, strengthening weak alternatives and
eliminating duplicates and otherwise unsuitable items.
4. The next step is to select the correct items guided by the table of specifications. For standardized test, items
selection is carried out after item analysis so that the selection will take into consideration the levels of
difficult and discrimination between the bright and the slow learners.
It has been noticed that, for teacher - made test for use in the classroom or specific school the items are hardly
tried out and analysed before use. In the absence of formal items try-out and analysis item selection should
depend on the result of critical and thorough review and editing of each of the items by senior colleagues in the
subject matter and one with expertise in measurement and evaluation. Item selection should be such that onlythe
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learners who have the specified knowledge, ability or characteristics being measured can respond correctly to
them and no other ability or characteristic should influence the learners in their performance.
Assembling the test
According to Joshua (2005); Nenty and Imo, (2004) assembling of the test can be subdivided into two parts,
namely for teacher - made test and for standardised test. For teacher made test, the test should be produced in
such a way that it can go round to all the testees. The production should be neat and legible and no examinee
should be disadvantaged in any way as a result of poor printing or photocopy, wrong spellings, omitted parts of
some questions and such other experiences that can affect the testees negatively. Items should be arranged in
such a way that there will be rapport between the testees and the test at the beginning.
For standardised test, assembling the test means preparing the final form or forms of the test using the results of
item analyses. Items with best discrimination, appropriate difficulty and good distractors are coupled and printed
to form a test. There should be balancing and compromising concerning item properties so that all categories of
test takers are welcomed or accommodated in the test. Some examination boards like JAMB in Nigeria use about
four to five different forms of the same test so as to reduce examination malpractices. But it is doubtful whether
the same level of test anxiety, rapport and test difficulty are maintained in the test takers as they face the
different forms/types during the testing session (Nenty and Imo, 2004; Joshua, 2005).
Preparation of test instructions
Two sets of directions or instructions are usually required: one for test takers and the other for the test
administrator. Directions to the test takers should indicate the nature of the desired responses, and how and
where to make the expected responses. The directions should indicate in relatively simple language the purpose
of the test, the time limit, the method of recording answers, the way the test is to be scored and whether or not
examinees should guess the answers when they are in doubt or do not know (Nenty and Imo, 2004; Joshua,2005;
Reynolds, Livingston, and Wilson, 2006).
For the test administrators, the direction should be such that they will be able to explain the rationale for testing
procedures including details about arrangement of testing site(s), distribution and collection of test material,
timing and how to handle expected problems and questions during the testing session. It is important to note that
insufficient or ambiguous instruction(s) or no instruction create(s) confusion and anxiety and can divert
examinees concentration, time and energy during the examination. These short comings can compromise
objectivity in testing and so it must be taken seriously.
According to Nenty and Imo, (2004); Joshua (2005), test item analysis is the act of ‘testing the test items’ so as
to verify whether each is serving the purpose of testing. The result of item analysis helps in judging the quality
of each item, and, thus, helps in improving the item and the skills of the teacher in test construction. The results
also provide diagnostic values that could help teachers in planning future learning activities for the learners, and
also feedback to students as regards their performance on each item. There are three indices involved in item
analysis. These are: Item difficulty; Item discrimination and Option distraction.
Item difficulty is the proportion of test takers who respond correctly to the item. Thus, item difficulty (P-value)
is equal to the number of students who score that item right divided by the number of students who attempted the
item. P-values vary from zero (0) - for a very difficult item (nobody got it right) to one (1) for a very easy item
(everybody got it right). Thus, the higher the difficulty index of the item, the easier the item and verse versa
(Joshua, 2005; Reynolds, Livingston, and Wilson, 2006).
Formula of P- value
P- value =
Table 8: the interpretation of item difficulty index (Nenty and Imo, 2004; Joshua,2005)
Percentage Range Difficulty Index Interpretation
71%-100% 0.75 – 1.00 Easy
61%-70% 0.25 – 0.75 Average and needs review
40% - 60% 0.40 – 0.60 Good
30% - 39% 0.30 – 0.39 Fair and needs review
0% - 29% 0.00 – 0.29 Hard needs to be discarded
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Example: In a class of 50 students writing a test, 30 students got item 1 correct, the difficulty index of item 1
will be;
P-Value= = 0.60. From table 8, the item was a good one.
For an essay test, item difficulty is found by dividing the mean of all the testees’ scores on the item by the
maximum score allocated by the examiner to that item.
Formula or P-value for essay test
Item Difficulty (P) =
Example: If ten students attempt a question whose total score is 10 marks and score the following; 6, 8, 7, 4,3,
5,5,7, 3,8. The P-value will be determined as follows:
Mean Score = = 5.6
P -value = , this means that the difficulty index is 0.56. From table 8, the item was a good one.
Item discrimination indicates the extent to which an item is able to distinguish (or discriminate) between the
more knowledgeable (bright) students and the less knowledgeable (slow) ones.
Formula For calculating item discrimination (D-value)
In calculating item discrimination (D-value), the entire class will be divided equally into bright, average and
dull(slow) students’ groups.
Steps for estimating item discrimination
Arrange all the scored scripts or papers in order. Assuming there are 50 testees and hence 50 scripts. Arrange
them starting with the one with the highest score and the one with the lowest score. Starting from the highest,
count the first one -third of the scripts and the last one- third of the scripts from below the pile. ,
so, one should count the first 16 scripts from above and the last 16 scripts below. D-value varies from -1.00 to +
1.00. The higher the index, the better is the item. A negative index indicates that, the item is a bad one which
discriminates in the opposite way. That is, more of dull (slow) students than bright ones got that item right.
Generally, items with very low, zero, or negative discrimination indices need careful examination and review.
Table 9: table showing the interpretation of D- value (Nenty and Imo, 2004; Joshua,2005)
Discrimination Index Interpretation
0.30 and above Good
0.10 – 0.29 Fair
Equal to 0 No discrimination. All students got the item right.
Negative Poor. The item was flawed or mis keyed.
Option Distraction
A good distractor in a multiple-choice item is one that attracts or distracts more of dull (slow) students than
bright students. The distraction power of an incorrect option (distractor) in a multiple choice item is the abilityof
that option to differentiate between those who do not know (dull or slow ones) and those who know (bright
ones). Option distraction indices vary from -1.00 to + 1.00. A high positive index is desirable. A negative index
shows that the distractor attracted (or distracted) more of bright students than it did to the dull (slow) ones which
is abnormal. Thus, options with very low, zero and negative indices need review.
Formula for Option Distraction
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Table 10: the Interpretation of option distraction efficiency (Nenty and Imo, 2004; Joshua,2005)
DE Interpretation Proposed Action
≤ 39% Non-functional Distractor Revise or Discard
40% or more Functional Distractor Retain
Table 10 shows that, when the DE is less than or equal to 39% the distractor is non- functional but when it is
40% and above it is functional and so it should be retained.
Example 2 shows how to calculate and interpret item difficulty, discrimination index and option distraction
efficiency. This table shows the answers that were selected by sixty students in one question in a test (Joshua,
2005).
Table 11: how to calculate and interpret item difficulty, discrimination index and option distraction
efficiency
Option Bright Average Dull(slow) Total p-value d-value Distraction index
A 1 7 4 12
B 0 3 8 11
C* 18 10 8 36
D 1 0 0 1
Total 20 20 20 60
Calculate
1. The difficulty index.
2. The discrimination index of the test item.
3. The distraction index of each option.
Interpretation the values you have calculated above.
Table 12: how to calculate item difficulty, discrimination index and option distraction efficiency
Option Bright Average Dull (slow) Total p-value d-value Distraction index
A 1 7 4 12
4 1
20
−
= 0.15
B 0 3 8 11
8 0
20
−
= 0.4
C* 18 10 8 36 = 0.6 18 8
20
−
=0.5 Correct Answer
D 1 0 0 1
0 1
20
−
= -0.05
Total 20 20 20 60
Interpretation
Item difficulty is good, because 60% of examinees got it right
Item discrimination is good, because Index is positive and high.
Option A is not too good, because distractor index is low, though positive.
Option B is a good distractor, because index is positive and high.
Option D is a bad distractor, because index is negative, meaning that it distracted bright students instead of
dull(slow) ones.
Item analysis is an important phase in the development of a test . In this phase, statistical methods are used to
identify test items that are not working well (Notar, Zuelke, Wilson, & Yunker, 2004; Joshua,2005). If an item is
too easy, too difficult, failing to show a difference between skilled and unskilled examinees, or even scored
incorrectly, item analysis will reveal it. The two most common statistics reported in an item analysis are the item
difficulty, which is a measure of the proportion of examinees who responded to an item correctly, and the item
discrimination, which is a measure of how well the item discriminates between examinees who are
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knowledgeable in the content area and those who are not. An additional analysis that is often reported is the
distractor analysis. The distractor analysis provides a measure of how well each of the incorrect options
contributes to the quality of a multiple-choice item. Once the item analysis information is available, an item
review is usually conducted (Notar, Zuelke, Wilson, & Yunker, 2004); Joshua, 2005).
Once the item analysis data are available, it is useful to hold a meeting of test developers, psychometricians, and
subject matter experts. During this meeting the items can be reviewed using the information provided by the
item analysis statistics. Decisions can then be made about item changes that are needed or even items that ought
to be dropped from the exam. Any item that has been substantially changed should be returned to the bank for
pretesting before it is again used for testing. Once these decisions have been made, the exams should be
rescored, leaving out any items that were dropped and using the correct key for the items that were found to have
been mis-keyed. This corrected scoring will be used to mark the examinees answers (Joshua, 2005; Reynolds,
Livingston, and Wilson, 2006).
It must be appreciated that a complete table of specification should cover all the six major categories in the
cognitive domain as identified by Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues (1956). For beginners, however, the table
of specification may exclude the higher order categories since they are not expected to acquire such skills at that
stage of their academic development. Cognitive domain refers to the domain which deals with the “recall or
recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and skills” (Bloom, 1956).
Benjamin Bloom, et. al. (1956) classified all educational objectives into three, namely: cognitive, affective
and psychomotor domains. Cognitive domain involves remembering previously learnt matter. Affective
domain relates to interest, appreciation, attitude and value. Psychomotor domain deals with motor and
manipulative skills. The focus of 0580 -Physics assessment is on the first four categories of the cognitive
domains (knowledge, comprehension, application and analysis) as shown on the TOS. As a reminder,these
areas of the cognitive domain are reproduced on table 13 with some of their verbs:
Table 13: shows the first four categories of the cognitive domain with their verbs
Category Description Keywords (verb)
Knowledge Recall information
define, label, list, match, name, recall,
recognize, reproduce, select, state, quote,
recall, write
Comprehension
Understand the meaning, translation,
interpolation, and interpretation of
instructions and problems. State
something in one's own words
comprehend, convert, distinguish, estimate,
explain, extend, generalize, give an
example, interpret, paraphrase, differentiate,
rewrite, summarize, translate, defend,
describe, restate, contrast, discuss.
Application
Use a concept in a new situation or
unprompted
use of an abstraction. Apply what was
learned in the classroom into novel
situations in the work place
apply, change, compute, construct,
demonstrate, discover, manipulate, modify,
operate, predict, prepare, produce, relate,
show, solve, calculate, illustrate, use,
determine, model, perform, present.
Analysis
Separate material or concept into
component parts so that its
organizational structure may be
understood.
Distinguish between facts and inferences
analyze, breakdown, compare, contrast,
diagram, deconstruct, differentiate, infer,
outline, select, separate classify, categorize,
subdivide, criticize, simplify, associate,
discriminate, identify,
CONCLUSION
Students always complain that teacher-made tests are
characterized by over testing, time spent for
administration was too short, the test items do not
cover the course content. All these show that the test
lacked content validity. Constructing fair tests that
give accurate information about students learning is
an important skill for teachers. The table of
specification is often useful to organize the planning
process of designing a test which allows the teacher
to determine the content of the test. Using TOS to
organize a teacher-made test helps to alleviate the
content validity problem because it helps the teacher
to create a good balance in several areas. (Nenty,
2007; Reynolds, Livingston, and Wilson, 2006).
Students often complain of imbalance in the teacher-
made test where attention is paid to minute details in
the examination or that emphasis was placed in
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certain portions of the content. Either too many items
are drawn from an aspect that was given scanty
attention during teaching process or an aspect that
was not covered in the class receives high weighting
when it comes to the test or examination. This is
because of the non-use of the table of specification,
though table of specifications does not promise a
perfectly equitable distribution of weight but it
greatly improves the content validity of a teacher-
made test (Denga, 2003).
The construction and use of table of specifications
serve as blueprint or guide that provides a guide and
dictates the number of items that must be
administered to measure the subject matter content in
each of the topics at each of the cognitive levels. It
thus ensures the adequate coverage of both the subject
matter content and the different levels of human
cognitive behaviour. Therefore, it is one of the most
effective empirical means within the teacher’s reach
of ensuring or building in a high level of content
validity for a classroom test.
RECOMMENDATIONS
A classroom test provides teachers with essential
information that they can use to make decisions about
instructions, students learning and student grades.
Based on the issues discussed, the following
recommendations are proffered;
1. School administrators could encourage teachers to
construct a test blueprint before setting a test so as
to improve on the validity of the teacher
evaluation.
2. Regional Pedagogic Inspectors could organize
seminars /workshops to train teachers on how to
construction table of specification.
3. Teachers’ training colleges and faculties could
emphasize on the importance of the table of
specification on test construction.
4. Test developers could be reminded to always use
tables of specification when setting their proposed
questions to the GCE board.
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