The cost of occupational stress has been very high in many organizations. Stress can undermine the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for organizations. Managers are in dilemma over what interventions need to be employed to minimize the cost associated with occupational stress on organizational performance. This study investigated the influence of occupational stress on performance of teachers in Nyeri South Sub-County, Nyeri County. This study employed descriptive survey research design. Data collection was undertaken using questionnaires which were issued to teachers and principals from 12 out of 34 schools. There was a total of 72 respondents, 12 were principals while the rest were other teachers. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling was used to pick schools and teachers respectively. The data was analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics involving frequencies and percentages was used to explain the findings of the study. The study established that the teachers have many activities to carry out in the process of executing their main duty of teaching. These include preparing professional documents including: lesson plan, schemes of work, records of work and student progress record as well as administering, marking and analyzing examinations. In carrying out other duties other than teaching, some respondents indicated that they are not very comfortable, while others indicated that they are comfortable. Regarding interpersonal relationship majority felt that it was good but some indicated that it was bad and very bad in some cases. The study established that most of the resources were adequate or satisfactory but other resources were inadequate in some schools. Most respondents indicated that there were administrative factors that affect teachers negatively. Communication was either good or bad. The study also established that the academic performance of most of the schools in Nyeri south sub –county was average, with a few being above average while the rest were below average. The study specifically recommends that the government should ensure that they are enough teachers in schools to avoid work overload and that the various stakeholders should ensure that there are adequate resources to create a conducive environment. Team building and conflict resolution seminars and workshops should also be held to enhance good interpersonal relationships and those in administration should attend more seminars and workshops concerning administration including the principals, deputy principals and the heads of departments in the schools.
Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongoliaijtsrd
The purpose of this study is to identify stress levels among school teachers and to compare stress levels based on demographic factors. There are 268 respondents sampled by teachers from individual schools in the Selangor area. A questionnaire was used, and a teacher's workplace stress inventory and teacher's workplace stress questionnaire was used as a tool. The study also found that high school teachers are more stressed in all stress factors that are associated with their parents, their colleagues, workloads, time constraints, student attitudes, recognition and support, and lack of resources than elementary school teachers. The result also showed that there was a significant difference in the average stress level for single and married teachers with an average difference 0.42, p 0.05 . It is hoped that the findings will help relevant authorities develop effective stress management programs for teachers to prevent the negative effects of stress. Enkhtsetseg Agvaan | Munkhzul Mangal "Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongolia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/29719/study-on-stress-among-for-teachers-in-mongolia/enkhtsetseg-agvaan
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Linking School Improvement to Teacher Motivation and Job Satisfaction: The Ch...ijtsrd
It is not undeniable that motivation and job satisfaction are important ingredients in elevating individual performance to tap success. It is the same in school setting, teachers who are well motivated are more likely satisfied in their teaching career. This paper attempts to share the motivational practices of some performing countries in terms of bringing education in the next level. Findings suggest that the principal motivators for teachers are promotion, working environment and leadership of the higher authority. It was also found out that increase of workloads affect the job satisfaction of the teachers. Roberto Suson | Sheila Pearl Mejica | Ji-an Catibig | Marciano Placencia Jr | Marilyn Miranda "Linking School Improvement to Teacher Motivation and Job Satisfaction: The Challenge of Change" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29616.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/29616/linking-school-improvement-to-teacher-motivation-and-job-satisfaction-the-challenge-of-change/roberto-suson
An Examination of the Influence of Leadership in the Achievement of Goals and...iosrjce
This study sought to examine the influence of the school head’s leadership in the achievement of
goals and objectives using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The
target population comprised of all secondary school teachers from Chikomba District in Mashonaland East
Province in Eastern Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of 120 teachers randomly sampled and of these, 64 were
female and 56 male. All the information was collected through a questionnaire which largely had close-ended
questions and two-open ended questions. The study revealed that the majority of teachers were not confident
with the leadership provided by their heads. The study recommends that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary
Education should prioritise training or retraining of heads on leadership skills.
The Predictive Influence Of Teaching Anxiety And Occupational Stress On Teach...iosrjce
This study investigated the predictive influence of teaching anxiety and occupational stress on
teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers in Owerri Municipal of Imo State Nigeria. Using a descriptive
survey research design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select four hundred secondary school
teachers from twenty secondary schools in Owerri Municipal Imo State Nigeria. Instruments used were:
Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (long form) (0.90); Teachers Teaching Anxiety Scale (0.84) and Teachers
Occupation Job Stress Scale (0.72). Two research questions were answered at 0.05 level of significance. Data
were analysed using Multiple Regression statistical tool. The independent variables accounted for 72.3% of the
total variance on teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers. In order of magnitude, of the contribution:
Occupational stress has more predictive influence on teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers (β = 0.
382, t = 5.214, P < 0.05) followed by teaching anxiety (β = 0. 164, t = 3.428, P < 0.05) on teaching efficacy of
secondary school teachers. Therefore, School administrator should ensure teachers are given tasks that
commiserate with their ability to avoid the experience of work-overload, burnout and stress. Also, teachers
should take time to update themselves academically as to overcome the challenge of intellectual deficiency that
could generate anxiety while teaching.
Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongoliaijtsrd
The purpose of this study is to identify stress levels among school teachers and to compare stress levels based on demographic factors. There are 268 respondents sampled by teachers from individual schools in the Selangor area. A questionnaire was used, and a teacher's workplace stress inventory and teacher's workplace stress questionnaire was used as a tool. The study also found that high school teachers are more stressed in all stress factors that are associated with their parents, their colleagues, workloads, time constraints, student attitudes, recognition and support, and lack of resources than elementary school teachers. The result also showed that there was a significant difference in the average stress level for single and married teachers with an average difference 0.42, p 0.05 . It is hoped that the findings will help relevant authorities develop effective stress management programs for teachers to prevent the negative effects of stress. Enkhtsetseg Agvaan | Munkhzul Mangal "Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongolia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/29719/study-on-stress-among-for-teachers-in-mongolia/enkhtsetseg-agvaan
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Linking School Improvement to Teacher Motivation and Job Satisfaction: The Ch...ijtsrd
It is not undeniable that motivation and job satisfaction are important ingredients in elevating individual performance to tap success. It is the same in school setting, teachers who are well motivated are more likely satisfied in their teaching career. This paper attempts to share the motivational practices of some performing countries in terms of bringing education in the next level. Findings suggest that the principal motivators for teachers are promotion, working environment and leadership of the higher authority. It was also found out that increase of workloads affect the job satisfaction of the teachers. Roberto Suson | Sheila Pearl Mejica | Ji-an Catibig | Marciano Placencia Jr | Marilyn Miranda "Linking School Improvement to Teacher Motivation and Job Satisfaction: The Challenge of Change" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29616.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/29616/linking-school-improvement-to-teacher-motivation-and-job-satisfaction-the-challenge-of-change/roberto-suson
An Examination of the Influence of Leadership in the Achievement of Goals and...iosrjce
This study sought to examine the influence of the school head’s leadership in the achievement of
goals and objectives using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The
target population comprised of all secondary school teachers from Chikomba District in Mashonaland East
Province in Eastern Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of 120 teachers randomly sampled and of these, 64 were
female and 56 male. All the information was collected through a questionnaire which largely had close-ended
questions and two-open ended questions. The study revealed that the majority of teachers were not confident
with the leadership provided by their heads. The study recommends that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary
Education should prioritise training or retraining of heads on leadership skills.
The Predictive Influence Of Teaching Anxiety And Occupational Stress On Teach...iosrjce
This study investigated the predictive influence of teaching anxiety and occupational stress on
teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers in Owerri Municipal of Imo State Nigeria. Using a descriptive
survey research design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select four hundred secondary school
teachers from twenty secondary schools in Owerri Municipal Imo State Nigeria. Instruments used were:
Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (long form) (0.90); Teachers Teaching Anxiety Scale (0.84) and Teachers
Occupation Job Stress Scale (0.72). Two research questions were answered at 0.05 level of significance. Data
were analysed using Multiple Regression statistical tool. The independent variables accounted for 72.3% of the
total variance on teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers. In order of magnitude, of the contribution:
Occupational stress has more predictive influence on teaching efficacy of secondary school teachers (β = 0.
382, t = 5.214, P < 0.05) followed by teaching anxiety (β = 0. 164, t = 3.428, P < 0.05) on teaching efficacy of
secondary school teachers. Therefore, School administrator should ensure teachers are given tasks that
commiserate with their ability to avoid the experience of work-overload, burnout and stress. Also, teachers
should take time to update themselves academically as to overcome the challenge of intellectual deficiency that
could generate anxiety while teaching.
A Study on the Job Satisfaction of Primary School Teachers in Purasaiwakkam A...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The education is the primary backbone for the
development of any nation in the world. It is a powerful tool
which is basis for everything in the society. For provide
education to all, the schools and its teacher’s plays important
role in building the nation. In view of this context, the satisfied
teachers in the school can give better education to students
rather than dissatisfied teachers. By viewing this as the
research focus, this article focuses on the study on the
importance of teachers' job satisfaction, It is required to
understand the overall teachers' work attitude and work
behavior. The paper reviews several factors to ascertain the
factors influencing job satisfaction of teacher. The study uses
both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were
collected various journals and websites. The Primary data
were collected by making use of structured questionnaires.
The 30 primary school teachers from Helan Sathya Primary
School, CSI Primary School and Government Primary School
were chosen by convenience sampling method for the study.
The questionnaire containing 25 questions with six attributes
each. The questionnaire begins with five questions about socio
demographic status following with 20 questions with four
dimensions namely Career, Colleagues, School and Livelihood.
Simple percentage analysis is used to analysis the data. The
study finding concludes physical Working Condition, Student
interaction, Students IQ, Student Curiosity, Eagerness to learn
are some of the concerns of a teacher in teaching. Recognition
for Extra Work, clearly defined promotion policies and Salary
held a teacher work according to the
philosophy/vision/mission/strategy of the management,
Teachers works are at times are Challenging & Interesting but
on the whole when the management takes of the teachers
better, the children are taken care of better. It is suggested
that a study can be done among higher secondary school
teachers and college teachers.
Examining the Effect of Role Conflict and Job Stress on Turnover Intention am...inventionjournals
The study aims to trace the impact of role conflict and job stress on Turnover intention of teachers working in the private schools in Vellore district. ‘Turnover intention’ is defined as an employee’s intention to voluntarily change the jobs or companies. Employee’s opinion on the role conflict and job stress on the Turnover intentions is analyzed through the various test methods. The selected research design is descriptive in nature and the sample size is 150 teachers. The universe of the study confines to teachers working in the private schools in Vellore district. Convenient sampling method is used for this study. Primary data is collected using the structured questionnaire and Secondary data are collected through the manuscripts of previous research works, journals, websites, etc. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of role conflict and job stress on the turnover intention.
Empowering Teachers in Ghanaian Basic Schools: Prospects and ChallengesAJHSSR Journal
Whilst teacher empowerment is not new in literature, it appears that its practice is novel tomany head teachers of basic schools in Ghana. The study sought to investigate the prospects and challenges of teacher empowerment in Ghanaian Basic Schools. Using the convergent parallel design, a total of 282 teachers were randomly sampled from 32 basic schools in the Central Region of Ghana for the study. Whereas all 282 teachers answered the structured questionnaires, six (6) of them were further sampled to provide responses for the semi-structured interviews. The study revealed that the extent of teacher empowerment in the basic school is high. With regard to the prospects of teacher empowerment, the study established that teacher empowerment makes teachers more effective and helps to create the school‟s vision for students‟ success. The study further found that the main challenges facing teacher empowerment include: the hierarchical school structures, lack of trusts for teachers and favouritism from the part of head teachers. In view of the findings, the study recommended that head teachers of the basic schools should trust and respect teachers, support staff development and teachers‟ decisions. Additionally, head teachers of the basic schools should allocate adequate time for the development of collaborative relationships among teachers.
Stress among the Teachers in the Development of Quality TeachingYogeshIJTSRD
The teacher’s job is not an easy task. They are subjected to countenance more than a few problems in teaching. The teachers are entrusted to other job s by Government. The works like conducting census details duty, entrusting selection duties, etc. apart from these works the teachers should be involved in teaching and other connected issues in the teaching attendance preparing mastery rolls, log books, conducting seminars, unit test and other examinations. The pass proportion of the students is the main task of teachers getting ready for academic amid it is another difficulty confronted teachers. Besides these problems their family burdens and educational problems dread them to the stress and strain. Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz Baig "Stress among the Teachers in the Development of Quality Teaching" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39796.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39796/stress-among-the-teachers-in-the-development-of-quality-teaching/ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz-baig
Training Situation of Elders from Romania in Post-Accession Period to EUinventionjournals
The present paper presents the situation of continuous formation of elders as an important strategy of the EU and Member States, based on Romanian example. The period 2007-2014 has been for Romania a period of challenges and efforts in the field of lifelong learning and vocational education and training in order to achieve the goals set by EC and to align with other Member States. We will also compares the situation from Romania and other EU countries, underlying the disparities between them.
Coordination in Three-Level Supply Chain under Output and Demand Uncertaintyinventionjournals
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to designing a contract that can coordinate three -level supply chain with output and demand uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach: This paper focuses on three-level supply chain with a supplier, a manufacturer and a retailer. If the supplier and the manufacturer’s production is subject to random yield and the retailer faces uncertain demand, the existence of supply chain demonstrates doubled marginalizing lead to analyses of supply chain coordination and buyback contract. Findings: Although buyback contract cannot coordinate the three – level supply chain, it can improve the performance of supply chain. Therefore, we design the buyback-cost sharing contract from the perspective of risk sharing to coordination supply chain, and the profits of all members of the supply chain have been improved by Pareto. The numerical examples further to research the effects of demand and output uncertainty on supply chain performance. Originality/value: Comprehensively comparing risk-sharing contract and buyback contract is only presented in the supply chain
Enhancement of Student Preparation for Global Serviceinventionjournals
University students are expected to acquire proficiency in skills used in the profession and to serve globally as they graduate. Efficacy of this has been supported in studies in which skill mastery was enhanced through provision of experiential assignments. Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience. Problem-based learning provides active, hands-on learning that is centered on real-world problems or issues. A qualitative study was conducted by the researchers with five online courses in graduate counselor education and a total of 536 students over a 2.5 year period to assess student application of course concepts in a realworld environment with cultural diversity. Student projects focused on identification of needs and individual work to serve those needs, such as volunteering with a cultural group other than their own and development of websites to address collective population issues of need. This paper shares reflections and benefits found in student projects with these courses. Results of the study supported efficacy of Service Learning and ProblemBased Learning to enhance student mastery of course content and preparation for global service after degree completion.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
A Study on the Job Satisfaction of Primary School Teachers in Purasaiwakkam A...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The education is the primary backbone for the
development of any nation in the world. It is a powerful tool
which is basis for everything in the society. For provide
education to all, the schools and its teacher’s plays important
role in building the nation. In view of this context, the satisfied
teachers in the school can give better education to students
rather than dissatisfied teachers. By viewing this as the
research focus, this article focuses on the study on the
importance of teachers' job satisfaction, It is required to
understand the overall teachers' work attitude and work
behavior. The paper reviews several factors to ascertain the
factors influencing job satisfaction of teacher. The study uses
both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were
collected various journals and websites. The Primary data
were collected by making use of structured questionnaires.
The 30 primary school teachers from Helan Sathya Primary
School, CSI Primary School and Government Primary School
were chosen by convenience sampling method for the study.
The questionnaire containing 25 questions with six attributes
each. The questionnaire begins with five questions about socio
demographic status following with 20 questions with four
dimensions namely Career, Colleagues, School and Livelihood.
Simple percentage analysis is used to analysis the data. The
study finding concludes physical Working Condition, Student
interaction, Students IQ, Student Curiosity, Eagerness to learn
are some of the concerns of a teacher in teaching. Recognition
for Extra Work, clearly defined promotion policies and Salary
held a teacher work according to the
philosophy/vision/mission/strategy of the management,
Teachers works are at times are Challenging & Interesting but
on the whole when the management takes of the teachers
better, the children are taken care of better. It is suggested
that a study can be done among higher secondary school
teachers and college teachers.
Examining the Effect of Role Conflict and Job Stress on Turnover Intention am...inventionjournals
The study aims to trace the impact of role conflict and job stress on Turnover intention of teachers working in the private schools in Vellore district. ‘Turnover intention’ is defined as an employee’s intention to voluntarily change the jobs or companies. Employee’s opinion on the role conflict and job stress on the Turnover intentions is analyzed through the various test methods. The selected research design is descriptive in nature and the sample size is 150 teachers. The universe of the study confines to teachers working in the private schools in Vellore district. Convenient sampling method is used for this study. Primary data is collected using the structured questionnaire and Secondary data are collected through the manuscripts of previous research works, journals, websites, etc. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of role conflict and job stress on the turnover intention.
Empowering Teachers in Ghanaian Basic Schools: Prospects and ChallengesAJHSSR Journal
Whilst teacher empowerment is not new in literature, it appears that its practice is novel tomany head teachers of basic schools in Ghana. The study sought to investigate the prospects and challenges of teacher empowerment in Ghanaian Basic Schools. Using the convergent parallel design, a total of 282 teachers were randomly sampled from 32 basic schools in the Central Region of Ghana for the study. Whereas all 282 teachers answered the structured questionnaires, six (6) of them were further sampled to provide responses for the semi-structured interviews. The study revealed that the extent of teacher empowerment in the basic school is high. With regard to the prospects of teacher empowerment, the study established that teacher empowerment makes teachers more effective and helps to create the school‟s vision for students‟ success. The study further found that the main challenges facing teacher empowerment include: the hierarchical school structures, lack of trusts for teachers and favouritism from the part of head teachers. In view of the findings, the study recommended that head teachers of the basic schools should trust and respect teachers, support staff development and teachers‟ decisions. Additionally, head teachers of the basic schools should allocate adequate time for the development of collaborative relationships among teachers.
Stress among the Teachers in the Development of Quality TeachingYogeshIJTSRD
The teacher’s job is not an easy task. They are subjected to countenance more than a few problems in teaching. The teachers are entrusted to other job s by Government. The works like conducting census details duty, entrusting selection duties, etc. apart from these works the teachers should be involved in teaching and other connected issues in the teaching attendance preparing mastery rolls, log books, conducting seminars, unit test and other examinations. The pass proportion of the students is the main task of teachers getting ready for academic amid it is another difficulty confronted teachers. Besides these problems their family burdens and educational problems dread them to the stress and strain. Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz Baig "Stress among the Teachers in the Development of Quality Teaching" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39796.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39796/stress-among-the-teachers-in-the-development-of-quality-teaching/ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz-baig
Training Situation of Elders from Romania in Post-Accession Period to EUinventionjournals
The present paper presents the situation of continuous formation of elders as an important strategy of the EU and Member States, based on Romanian example. The period 2007-2014 has been for Romania a period of challenges and efforts in the field of lifelong learning and vocational education and training in order to achieve the goals set by EC and to align with other Member States. We will also compares the situation from Romania and other EU countries, underlying the disparities between them.
Coordination in Three-Level Supply Chain under Output and Demand Uncertaintyinventionjournals
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to designing a contract that can coordinate three -level supply chain with output and demand uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach: This paper focuses on three-level supply chain with a supplier, a manufacturer and a retailer. If the supplier and the manufacturer’s production is subject to random yield and the retailer faces uncertain demand, the existence of supply chain demonstrates doubled marginalizing lead to analyses of supply chain coordination and buyback contract. Findings: Although buyback contract cannot coordinate the three – level supply chain, it can improve the performance of supply chain. Therefore, we design the buyback-cost sharing contract from the perspective of risk sharing to coordination supply chain, and the profits of all members of the supply chain have been improved by Pareto. The numerical examples further to research the effects of demand and output uncertainty on supply chain performance. Originality/value: Comprehensively comparing risk-sharing contract and buyback contract is only presented in the supply chain
Enhancement of Student Preparation for Global Serviceinventionjournals
University students are expected to acquire proficiency in skills used in the profession and to serve globally as they graduate. Efficacy of this has been supported in studies in which skill mastery was enhanced through provision of experiential assignments. Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience. Problem-based learning provides active, hands-on learning that is centered on real-world problems or issues. A qualitative study was conducted by the researchers with five online courses in graduate counselor education and a total of 536 students over a 2.5 year period to assess student application of course concepts in a realworld environment with cultural diversity. Student projects focused on identification of needs and individual work to serve those needs, such as volunteering with a cultural group other than their own and development of websites to address collective population issues of need. This paper shares reflections and benefits found in student projects with these courses. Results of the study supported efficacy of Service Learning and ProblemBased Learning to enhance student mastery of course content and preparation for global service after degree completion.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
The Relationship between Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Structures of High...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to put forth attitudes of students to English class within the scope of socio-cultural structure. Scanning method was used in the study.5 point likert scale was used as a data collection tool. Questionnaire scale was composed of two parts. In the first part, demographical question items providing general information about students were included and in the second part, 5-point attitude items aiming at determining students' attitudes to English class were included. The questionnaire was prepared by scanning the relevant literature and scope and face validity of the questionnaire was tried to be fulfilled through opinions and suggestions provided by English teachers and expert Pedagogues. The items ranked in the questionnaire as "Strongly Disagree", "Disagree", "Neither Agree nor Disagree", "Agree", "Strongly Agree" were scored with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. High schools at the center of Siirt were chosen as population of the research. While determining the sample, easily accessible and random sampling methods were utilized. In this regard, students in Anatolian High School (Public High School), High School of Social Sciences, Vocational High School, High School of Athletics and High School of Fine Arts which are located in different socioeconomical environments in Siirt was chosen. After removing questionnaires responded by students in an uninterested and wrong way, resting 849 questionnaires were analyzed for data. In analyzing, SPSS 21 Package program was utilized and kruskall wallis analysis was used for descriptive statistics, frequency, crosstabs, independent groups t test, one-way variance and non-parametric tests. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was found 0.96. As a result, it was determined that students had a view of "undecided" for 38 items regarding attitudes to English class and although not being a very high average, "Agree" for 16 items in the questionnaire. It was determined there was a significant difference in favor of males between attitudes of students in High schools as to English classes in line with the independent variable 'gender'; on the other hand, there was not any significant difference between their attitudes in terms of independent variables 'Number of Family Members', 'Self-Expression' and 'Field of Teacher'
The Effect of Compensation to Commitment, Motivation Andperformance of Vocati...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to analyze and test whether compensation has effect towards commitment, motivation, and performance of teachers at vocational school in Samarinda City of East Kalimantan Province. The population of this study is teachers of vocational school in that are government employees. The sample frame is limited to vocational school situated in Samarinda city of East Kalimantan Province. Based on the collected data, the number of vocational school is 20 vocational school with 520 government employee teacher and 84 respondents as samples. The statistic hypothesis testing is conducted using path analysis by first calculating the correlation coefficient of each variables suspected has direct correlation, continued with determining each path coefficient of calculated correlation coefficient. The result shows that compensation variables has positive and significant effect towards commitment, motivation, and performance of vocational schools’ teachers, either directly or indirectly.
A Study on Socio-Economic Status and Social Contact of the Elderly Muslims of...inventionjournals
The present researcher intends to carry out social gerontological studies among the Muslim elderly living in rural areas of a particular district Purba Medinipur of West Bengal in India. Objective of the present study is to get an idea about socio-economic characteristics and living arrangement of the elderly rural Muslims under study. For the purpose of the present study, 10 villages were selected randomly, from each selected village 10 male and 10 female Muslims of age 60 years & above were considered respectively. The data was collected by adopting pre-tested structured schedule. The study shows that majority of the elderly are belong to the young old age group (60-69 years), are illiterate, married, marginal worker, and majority have no agricultural land property. When considering their living arrangement it is revealed that most of the respondents are live in joint family system with average family size 4 to 6 members, mostly living with their sons and spouse, proximity is more with sons and during any illness, care has been received from their respective spouse
Rethinking the Theories Geopoliticses for One Hegemonic Of World Power for Bricsinventionjournals
The interpretation theories of the geographical reality of the contemporary world, in front of a perspective geopolitics, in its great majority, are restricted to a model based on French traditional regionalism, in principle, based on interpretative theoretical framework of the geographical French school, of century XIX, in this sense, necessary the intellectual search is done for overcoming of this paradigm, for the interpretation of the geographical and geopolitics phenomena, in function of the new world reality, in the powers new centers perspective. Therefore, the construction still in course of a world multipolar rebounds in the new centers emergency, like BRICS, it should think then, to the new possibilities light linked to the new bias theoretical and a new interpretative action, to objectify this goal, have as point of central reflection the theories neoeurasian and meridionalista, like compensation, was boarded the theory proposition of the multi-function geographicalgeopolitics scales. The ways thrashed for that goal were: The thought organization through the interpretative methodology of the two theories, soon after, an interpretation of a new possibility, where the central point are BRICS, followed by the new interpretative possibility of the proposition of multi-function scales geopolitics and result in a new theoretical cutting and of action in the world arena for this group in function of the current theories eurasian and meridionalista only attend a partial interpretation of the world reality.
The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scaleinventionjournals
The aim of this project is to adapt the Bedtime Procrastination Scale that was developed by Kroese, De Ridder, Evers & Adriaanse (2014) and examine its reliability and validity. 180 students who have been studying at five different universities (Ankara University, Gazi University, METU, Hacettepe University and Yıldırım Beyazıt University) in Ankara participated to the study. Study has been conducted in three steps: (i) English-Turkish translation, (ii) construct validity [Confirmative Factor Analysis] (iii) internal consistency Cronbach Alpha reliability. Results of confirmative factor analysis indicates that goodness of fit indexes that are produced for the scale show that the model that was offered for the scale was appropriate. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency of the scale was .71 for this sample. The results show that the scale has enough internal consistency and it is at an acceptable level.
PRESENTACION DE TALLER DE OBRAS 2012
INDETERMINACION:CONSTRUIR SIN EDIFICAR
Prof: Blanca Zúñiga
Estudiantes:
katherine valenzuela
belen verdugo
hugo bravo
karen
yordana andaur
felipe figueroa
ma jesus molina
yorka parra
paz orellana
carolina olave
laura carrasco
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Influence of Occupational Stress on Teachers' Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Nyeri County, Nyeri South Sub County Kenya
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 5 || May. 2016 || PP—23-29
www.ijbmi.org 23 | Page
Influence of Occupational Stress on Teachers' Performance in
Public Secondary Schools in Nyeri County, Nyeri South Sub
County Kenya
Millicent Kirigo Gitonga and James Mugo Ndagi
ABSTRACT: The cost of occupational stress has been very high in many organizations. Stress can undermine
the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for organizations. Managers are in dilemma over what
interventions need to be employed to minimize the cost associated with occupational stress on organizational
performance. This study investigated the influence of occupational stress on performance of teachers in Nyeri
South Sub-County, Nyeri County. This study employed descriptive survey research design. Data collection was
undertaken using questionnaires which were issued to teachers and principals from 12 out of 34 schools. There
was a total of 72 respondents, 12 were principals while the rest were other teachers. Stratified random sampling
and simple random sampling was used to pick schools and teachers respectively. The data was analyzed using
statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics involving frequencies and percentages was
used to explain the findings of the study. The study established that the teachers have many activities to carry
out in the process of executing their main duty of teaching. These include preparing professional documents
including: lesson plan, schemes of work, records of work and student progress record as well as administering,
marking and analyzing examinations. In carrying out other duties other than teaching, some respondents
indicated that they are not very comfortable, while others indicated that they are comfortable. Regarding
interpersonal relationship majority felt that it was good but some indicated that it was bad and very bad in some
cases. The study established that most of the resources were adequate or satisfactory but other resources were
inadequate in some schools. Most respondents indicated that there were administrative factors that affect
teachers negatively. Communication was either good or bad. The study also established that the academic
performance of most of the schools in Nyeri south sub –county was average, with a few being above average
while the rest were below average. The study specifically recommends that the government should ensure that
they are enough teachers in schools to avoid work overload and that the various stakeholders should ensure that
there are adequate resources to create a conducive environment. Team building and conflict resolution
seminars and workshops should also be held to enhance good interpersonal relationships and those in
administration should attend more seminars and workshops concerning administration including the principals,
deputy principals and the heads of departments in the schools.
Key Words: occupational stress, organizational performance
I. Introduction
Teachers working in primary and secondary school system contend with multiple stressors on daily resulting in
varying levels of occupational stress. The nature of work is changing and job stress poses a threat to the health
of the workers and in turn, the health of organizations, Teachers experiencing stress are unlikely to perform
well, since their job satisfaction and motivation levels are affected and they manifest unwanted behavior
including absenteeism, mistakes during work and violence at work. Furthermore they are likely to experience
more health related physical and psychological complaints. According to Hanushek (2007) teaching is a highly
stressful career and teachers are leaving the profession at an alarming rate.
Teachers are responsible for so many activities other than teaching, including planning, marking of internal
examinations, writing reports, ensuring cleanliness, maintaining discipline in class and outside the class,
supervising meals as well as attending to co-curricular activities. They deal with time pressure and heavy
workload. Poor relationship with their seniors and colleagues can lead to occupational stress. In some cases,
teachers contend with poor working conditions that include; lack of teaching resources and physical facilities
like school buildings
In Kenya, from the researchers‟ point of view occupational stress is noted in secondary schools, as reflected by
the high incidences of teachers caning students to the extent of harming them and at times causing death.
Substance abuse especially of alcohol is becoming very common among teachers most likely resulting from
high levels of stress. In Nyeri South sub-county there are instances where teachers raise their voices in
2. Influence of Occupational Stress on Teachers' Performance…
www.ijbmi.org 24 | Page
addressing students and make disparaging remarks, concerning individual students or even the whole class; this
may be a manifestation of underlying stress (Sub County education office 2015). There is no study that has been
carried out to try and explain how stress affects productivity in Nyeri South sub-county. In conclusion there is
gap in knowledge pertaining to occupational stress and performance in secondary school in Nyeri county
specifically Nyeri south sub-county.
Occupational Stress
Occupational stress is stress caused by an occupation. Teaching related stress commonly termed as “teacher
stress “ is defined as a teachers experience of unpleasant negative emotions, such as anger , anxiety ,tension,
frustrations , or depression, resulting from some aspect of their work as a teacher (Kyriacou and Chien, 2004).
A study carried out by Cooper And Marshall (1976) ,found that teachers who ranked their occupation stress as
“high” experienced a greater incidence of heart attack, stroke and reported more mental health illness than
individuals in other occupations who also identified their stress as „‟high”. The impact of teacher stress can
include implications on their ability to teach, their personal life, and their interaction with the students according
to Adam (1999). Teacher stress therefore affects both the teachers and students in the learning process.
Academic staffs have a major role to play in achieving the objective of an institution (Rowley, 1996). Stress is
widely accepted to have opposite effects on an individual both positive and negative.
Work Condition /Environment
According to Tahabo Fako (2010), there is increase and expansion in education while resources levels have not
kept pace. Lack of resources makes teachers‟ work more difficult and may increase their workload and stress
levels. Somerset (1971) carried out a study based on Uganda elementary schools and observed that variation in
performance among schools are due to differences in quality of schools. According to Kenya National
Development Plan 2000-2008, the government had plans to improve education by improving the physical
quality of schools.
Workload
There are many causes of stress in an organization, but many researchers argue that main cause of occupational
stress is workload (Topper, 2007). Increase in workload in an organization without taking into account the
availability of staff to carry out the task, may lead to occupational stress. Therefore, the workload increase
should correspond with the availability of workforce.
Kyriacou & Chien, (2004) found that according to primary school teachers in Taiwan, the most effective action
that schools and government could take to reduce teachers‟ stress was to decrease teachers‟ workload. (Toppler,
2007) argues that workload due to shortage of staff is a major stress factor among employers in various
organizations, additional hours at home marking, preparing, assessing work. In many cases, employees found
themselves in a position where work had to be taken home to fulfill and sustain a professional standard; this
reduces the opportunity for restorative psychological detachment from job (Timm, et al., 2007). (Susan, 2005)
reported that teachers experience intense pressure from parent, students and the education system to ensure
students obtain high levels of education. She also reported teachers spend a lot of time helping students cope
with personal problems leaving less time for the individual.
Administrative factors
Tehrani (2002) argued that stress is caused by using unsympathetic organizational culture, poor communication
between managers and employees. Lack of involvement of employees by management will make employees
feel stressed .Kirkcaldy, Trimpoo and Williams (2002) argued that cause of stress include inadequate guidance
and support from supervisors, lack of consultation and communication, lack of encouragement from supervisors,
isolation, discrimination and favoritism. Role ambiguity refers to uncertainty, on the part of employees about
key requirements of job and about how they are expected to behave in these jobs. (Nhundu, 1999).Role
ambiguity can result from deficient information available (Conley and Woosley, 2000). Teaching is an
occupation that demands many roles (McCormick, 1997). Role demands can be stressful for a teacher for many
reasons; for instance when organizational members expectations about a teacher‟s behavior are unclear (role
ambiguity). (Nwadiani, 2006)Role conflict is also stressful. Role conflict occurs when different groups or
persons with whom an individual interact hold conflicting expectations about individuals‟ behavior (Nwadiani,
2006). Role conflict can result from inconsistent information (Consley and Woosley, 2000). Lack of effective
communication within an organization is also stressful. (Larson, 2004, Brown and Uehara, 2008)
3. Influence of Occupational Stress on Teachers' Performance…
www.ijbmi.org 25 | Page
Interpersonal Relationship
Interpersonal relationship at work serves a critical role in development and maintenance of trust and positive
feeling in an organization. Although quality of interpersonal relationship alone is not enough to produce worker
productivity, it can significantly contribute to it. While poor interpersonal relationship may lead to stress, stress
can also cause poor workplace relation and loss of productivity. Bullying in the work place can also contribute
to stress. Tehrani (2002) argues that stress is caused by bullying and harassment among other factors. Being
invited at workplace or not being invited to social events may be humiliating and may lead to interpersonal
relationship problem. According to Baker, Isreal and Schurman (1996), social support from supervisor has more
influence on employee satisfaction and mental health than support from co-workers. Social support is an
important resource that enables an individual to cope with stress and present burnout (Bonfiglio, 2005).
(Merbler, Schlichte & Yssel, 2005) found out that, when relationship is poor, attrition is increased‟‟. Bland
(1999) noted that stressors that seemed to be common among employees in workplace include relationship
problems with partners, boss and colleagues.
General Objective of the Study
The study aimed at determining the cause of occupational stress among teachers and investigate and its
influence on their performance in public secondary schools‟ in Nyeri South Sub-County.
Objectives of the Study
To determine the work overload of teachers.
To determine the type of interpersonal relationships teachers have.
To determine the work conditions teachers are subjected to.
To identify administrative factors which affect teachers work.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Descriptive survey was used in this study. Descriptive survey is a method of collecting information by
interviewing or administering questionnaire to a sample of individuals (Orodho, 2003). Descriptive survey
design aims at enhancing observation of relationships between variables, and also enhances one to observe
phenomena as they occur in their settings. It can be used when collecting information about people‟s attitudes
opinions, habits or any of the variety of education or social issues. (Orodho & Kombo, 2002).Singleton et al
1993 noted that descriptive survey design facilitates faster collection of information. The study was conducted
in public schools in Nyeri South Sub-County. The study aimed at determining how interpersonal relationship,
administrative factors, workload and work conditions influence performance of teachers. The study was carried
out in public secondary schools in Nyeri South Sub-County in Nyeri County. Nyeri South Sub-County has more
schools as compared to other sub-county in the County. The target population of this study was the teachers and
principals in all the 34 public secondary schools in Nyeri South sub-county.
Stratified random sampling was used and the three administrative divisions in Nyeri South Sub County were
used as strata from which 12 schools were selected using simple random this represented 35.3% of the total
population. From each school teachers were randomly picked to participate in the study. There was a total of
seventy two sampled respondents. Twelve were principals for the twelve secondary schools representing 35.3%
of all principals and sixty were subject teachers representing 16.3% of all the teachers out of 368 teachers. The
random sampling involved assigning each school a number, writing each number on a piece of paper and
placing them in a container from where the required number was picked at random. Data for this research was
collected using questionnaires. In regard to validity Piloting helped establish if the instruments measured what
they intended to measure. To test reliability of the instruments the researchers used test-retest technique. This
involved administering the same instrument twice to the same group of subjects in pilot study after two weeks.
The scores obtained in the first and second trials were correlated mathematically to establish the reliability of
instruments. The correlation was high, indicating that the instrument was reliable.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Effect of Occupational Stress on Organizational performance
The study investigated the opinion of principals and teachers on the extent that occupational stress was
manifested in their schools. The study established that occupational stress affected 65% of the principals to a
large extent possibly because of the nature of their job while only 40% of the teachers experienced stress to a
large extent, this might be an indicator that teachers experience less stress compared to principals. On average
principals experienced more stress compared to teachers, this could be due to the nature of their work.
4. Influence of Occupational Stress on Teachers' Performance…
www.ijbmi.org 26 | Page
Effect of Work Load of Teachers on Organization Performance
The first research objective sought to find out the work load of teachers in public secondary schools in Nyeri
South Sub- County. The teachers work load was measured by 8 items that looked at the teacher/pupil ratio,
number of lessons per teacher per week, number of remedial lessons per week and number of examinations per
subject. Also included in the teachers work load was preparation of professional documents, namely; lesson
plans, schemes of work, records of work and student progress record. Questionnaires were administered to the
sampled teachers and principals. Their responses are provided as follows.
Effect of Average Teacher-Student Ratio on Organization Performance
The principals and teachers responses on the average teacher/student ratios were analyzed on a scale of 1:30,
1:40 and 1:60. The findings were that 49% of the principal and 50% of the teachers indicated that teacher
/students ratio is 1:30, while 9% of the principals and 32% of the teachers indicated that the teacher/students
ratio is 1:40, 37% of the principals and 9% of the teachers indicated that the teachers /student ratio is 1:60.Any
other ratio was indicated by less than 10% of the teachers and principals. This indicated that some classes were
too large for teachers to comfortably manage. Individual attention of the students can be very difficult. Marking
of assignments and examinations can be very involving and tiring for teachers. Teachers were likely to have
worked beyond official working hours and sometime do some official work at home. This could be very tiring
leading to stress and also burnout.
Effect of Average Number of Lessons per Teacher per Week
The study investigated the average number of lessons per teacher per week on a scale of below 20, 20-25, 26-30
and over 30. The principals and teachers responses showed that 60% of the principals and 50% of the teachers
indicated that teachers had 20-25 lessons per week while 35% of principals and 40% of the teachers indicated
that some teachers had 26- 30 lessons per week, whereas 5% of both had over 30 lessons. 5% according to
teachers had below 20 lessons per week. These are teachers who may have been relieved some lessons by
student- teachers on teaching practice but the lessons belongs to them officially hence according to the
principals there are no teachers with less than 20 lessons. Teachers having a high number of lessons are likely
to experience stress and this may impact on their performance.
The study looked at the teachers and principals opinions as to whether teachers prepared lessons plans. The
responses indicated that 70% of teachers and 35% of principals indicated that teachers prepare lesson plan, 30%
of the teachers and 65% of principals indicated that teachers do not prepare lesson plan. Failure by teachers to
prepare lessons plans may influence delivery of curriculum and subsequently curriculum.
Effect of Preparation of Schemes of Work and records of work on Organization Performance
The response of principals on preparation of schemes of work and records of work was that 90% of principals
and 100% of teachers indicated that teachers prepare schemes of work and records of work. It is only a few
principals (10%) who indicated that teachers do not prepare schemes of work and records of work and this
failure could be as a result of work overload. This failure might negatively impact on performance.
Effect of Students’ Progress Records effect on Organization Performance
Principals and teachers responses pertaining to maintenance of students‟ progress records indicated that 95% of
teachers keep the record while 90% of principals are of the same opinion, it is only 5% of teachers and 10% of
principals who indicated that teachers do not keep student progress records. This failure might be attributed to
work overload.
Effect of allocated Remedial Lessons on Organization Performance
The study investigated allocated remedial lessons to teachers in public secondary schools in Nyeri South Sub
County. The response from the teachers was that 82% of indicated that they are assigned remedial lessons while
83 % of principals are of the same opinion with only a small percent of both teachers and principal indicating
that teachers are not assigned remedial lessons. The responses of the principals and teachers on the number of
remedial lessons per week according to 82% of principal and 60% of teachers, teachers are assigned 1 or 2
remedial lessons per week, while 18% of the principal and 30% of the teachers indicated that three lessons per
week are assigned.10% of the teachers indicated that they are assigned four lessons per week. This indicated that
teachers spend most of their time in class. This could be very tiring considering that they had very many other
activities to carry out in the day. At the end of the day, the teachers could be very exhausted and stressed.
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Effect of Number of examinations per subject per term on Organization Performance
Concerning exams, 90% of teachers indicated that three exams are done per term, while 10% indicated that
more than three examinations are done per term with 9% of teachers indicating that two examinations are done
while 55% of the principals indicated that three exam are done, 36% indicated that they have more than three
examinations .From this it is clear that most of the time teachers are either setting or marking exams. This can
be very involving considering that there are other activities that teachers are involved in. This could lead to
carrying of exam papers home for marking to meet deadlines. The teachers who had a busy day have no enough
time to relax when he/she gets home. This situation may remain the same throughout the term which could lead
to work stress which is likely to affect their performance.
Effect of Allocation of other Duties to Teachers on Organization Performance
Concerning this issue 100% of the principals and 80% of the teachers were in agreement that teachers are
allocated other duties other than teaching. 20% of teachers indicated that they are not allocated other duties.
Effect of Teachers Comfort in Carrying out other Duties on Organization Performance
In regard to teacher‟s comfort 90% of the principals felt that teachers are to a large extent comfortable carrying
out other duties, 45% of teachers had the same opinion but some felt that they were not comfortable. Most of the
principals may not have realized that teachers were not comfortable because at the end of the day, they could
carry out those duties. But from the above figures, it was clear that they were not comfortable. It is likely that
they carried out these duties because they had no option. The nature of work done by teachers seems not to be
specific. They had several duties to perform, in the process of carrying out their main duty of teaching. It is not
easy to give the job description of teachers. The figures above on teachers workload indicates that teachers
experience work overload as they execute their duties. This could be the main cause of occupational stress in
secondary schools.
Effect of Interpersonal Relationships among Teachers on Organization Performance
According to principals and some teachers the interpersonal relationship was either very good or good, while
20% of teachers felt it was bad, while a few indicated that it was very bad. This indicates that the principals may
not be in touch with what was happening to the teachers. Some teachers indicated that their interpersonal
relationships were either bad or very bad. This shows that principals and teachers perceive things differently and
the consequences are likely to be dire.
Effect of Communication in Schools on Organization Performance
Concerning communication 18% of the principals indicated that it was very good, while 82% indicated that it
was good.10% of the teachers indicated that communication was very good while 65% indicated that it was very
good, unlike the principals, 20% of the teachers indicated that communication was bad while 5% felt that it was
very bad. Principals and teachers are not in agreement. Principals felt that communication was either very good
or good. The way principals perceived communication is quite different from the teachers. Lack of proper
communication could have led to other problems in teachers which could lead to stress.
Effect of Teachers Work Conditions
25% of the principals and 8% of the teachers indicated that classrooms are large enough to a very large extent,
while 42% of the principals and 50% of the teachers indicated that classrooms are large enough to large extent.
33% of the principals and 35% of the teachers indicated that classrooms are large to a small extent. It only 7%
of teachers who indicated that the classroom are large to very small extent .This shows that the size of
classroom is not a problem in most schools but for some it is a problem which can lead to congestion.
Effect of Adequacy of Resources on Organization Performance
The study investigated the adequacy of school facilities and teaching learning resources in secondary schools.
The findings according to principals were that most of the resources were either adequate or satisfactory. It is
only a few who admitted shortages in some areas such as library, playground, textbooks, wall maps and charts
and library books. 20.5% of teachers indicated that laboratories were inadequate, while principals did not
indicate inadequacy.
Teachers felt the inadequacy more than the principal. This could be due to the fact that they are the ones who
use these resources directly. 32.6% of the teachers indicated that laboratory chemicals are inadequate in their
school while principals did not indicate inadequacy at all. This showed that there was no proper communication
between the teacher and principals. This is because they are not in agreement in a number of areas where there is
inadequacy or even adequacy. Inadequacy of laboratory and chemicals can disable the science department. The
teachers were still required to perform in the absence of these facilities. This definitely would strain the teachers,
hence influence their performance negatively.
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Concerning staff houses 77% of the teachers indicated inadequacy, indicating that most teachers resided away
from school and this may have been a challenge to the teachers who attend early morning remedial lessons and
late evening classes. They also had extra-curricular activities to attend to which required them to remain in
school until the evening. The principals did not realize this inadequacy and hence were likely not to do anything
to salvage this situation.
Effect of Administrative Factors on Organization Performance
75% of principles agreed that there are administrative factors that affect teachers negatively, while a lower
percentage (55%) of teachers‟ agreed. 25% of principals felt that there were no administrative factors that affect
teachers, while 45% of teachers had the same feeling. While 75% of principals admitted that there were
administrative factors that would affect teachers negatively, 50% of them felt that these administrative factors
affected teachers to a small extent. Most of them were likely not to take these effects seriously. It was only less
than 10% of principals who felt that administrative factors affected teachers to a large extent.
Less than 10% of both principals and teachers indicated that administrative factors affected teachers to very
large extent. 35% of teachers felt that they are affected to a large extent, while 20% of principals had the same
feeling. 50% of the principals indicated that administrative factors affected teachers only to a small extent, while
35% of teachers were of the same opinion. 20% of the principal indicated that administrative factors affected
teachers to a very small extent while 15% of teachers were of the same opinion.
Effect of Extent of Teachers Involvement in Decision Making on Organization Performance
As per the findings 8% of the principals indicated that they involved teachers in decision making to a very large
extent, while 92% indicated that they involved teachers to a large extent. 6.2% of the teacher indicated that they
were involved to a very large extent while 45.5% of the teachers indicate that they were involved to a large
extent. 36.3% of the teachers indicated that they were involved to a small extent while the remaining 12% were
involved to a very small extent. While principals felt that they involved teachers in decision making in the
school, teachers had different feelings. Some felt they were not involved.
All principals indicated that the extent to which teachers are involved in decision making has no influence on
teacher‟s performance. 70.5% of the teachers were in agreement with the principals while 29.5% felt that the
extent to which they are involved in decision making has no influence on their performance.
Schools Academic Performance
The academic performance of the schools was average according to 73% of the principals the rest are above
average. According to teachers about 20% of schools perform below average but according to principals there
no schools below average. The two do not agree in as far as performance is concerned. Teachers are well
placed to comment on performance since they are the ones who mainly implement the teaching and learning in
schools.
III. Conclusion
The purpose of the study was to determine the cause of occupational stress among teachers and investigate its
influence on their performance in public secondary schools in Nyeri sub-county. Most of respondent admitted
that stress was a reality in their schools. Increased workload as indicated in the findings may have lead to
occupational stress. Interpersonal relationships were not very good among the teachers, while some schools
suffered from inadequate resources. There were some administrative factors that affected teachers negatively for
example decision making and lack of effective communication. The academic performance of most of the
schools involved in the study was average indicating that much needs to be done to improve performance. This
study is a justification that occupational stress influences teacher‟s performance in public secondary schools in
Nyeri south, sub-county. All education stakeholders should create an environment that will reduce occupational
stress amongst the teachers so as improve on their performance.
Recommendations
i. The government should ensure that there are enough teachers in schools to avoid work overload
ii. The various stakeholders should ensure that there are adequate resources to create a conducive
environment for teaching and learning
iii. Team building and conflict resolution seminars and workshops should be held to enhance good
interpersonal relationships.
iv. Those in administration should attend more seminars and workshops on the area of administration.
These include the principals, deputy principals and the heads of various departments in the
schools.
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v. Stress management seminars should be organized for teachers by management of schools to
promote their mental health.
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