This document provides spelling tips and tricks for over 100 words in English. It explains origins and etymologies, common misspellings to avoid, and mnemonic devices or rules to remember correct spellings. For example, it notes that "colonel" is pronounced like "kernel" despite a different spelling, and that "truly" should not contain an "e". Overall, the document aims to help improve spelling through memorization of spelling patterns and exceptions.
This document discusses the use of pronouns in Latin and English. It notes that pronouns replace nouns and must agree with their antecedents in gender and number. The case of a Latin pronoun is determined by its use in the sentence. Charts are provided for 1st and 2nd person Latin pronouns showing their forms in the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases. Examples are given to illustrate how the Latin pronouns translate the cases in a similar way to English, with the nominative as subject, genitive for possession, dative for indirect object, and accusative for direct object.
The document discusses the genitive case in Latin. The genitive case is used to show possession. It does this through genitive endings added to the ends of nouns. The endings are -ae for first declension nouns, -i for second declension nouns, and -is for third declension nouns. Examples are provided that demonstrate using the genitive case to indicate relationships like "Gaia is Julia's daughter" and "Spurius is Gaius' son."
This document provides rules and exceptions for English spelling. It discusses doubling consonants when adding suffixes to words ending in vowels, changing 'y' to 'i' when adding suffixes, dropping silent 'e's and exceptions. It also covers forming plurals, adding prefixes, and exceptions for one or two syllable words and words ending in two vowels. The document encourages writing practice and using spell checkers or dictionaries for questions.
This document provides spelling rules and examples for English spelling conventions including:
1) When adding "ing" or "y" to words ending in "e", drop the "e" (e.g. "love" becomes "loving");
2) Follow the "i before e except after c" rule (e.g. "ceiling" not "ceilling");
3) Drop the second "l" when adding suffixes to words ending in "ll" (e.g. "helpful" from "help");
4) Some consonants like "k", "l", "t", "p", and "n" can be silent in some words.
This document provides guidance on commonly misspelled words and spelling rules in English. It covers topics such as:
1. Rules for "ie" vs "ei" and adding suffixes like "-ed" and "-ing" depending on vowel sounds and syllable structure.
2. Forming plurals of nouns and adding suffixes to verbs and adjectives while following conventions like dropping silent letters.
3. Exceptions to typical spelling patterns involving suffixes, consonant doubling, and retaining or dropping final letters.
The document provides several spelling rules and exceptions to help with English spelling:
1) The rule "i before e, except after c" applies in many words like achieve, believe, and chief but has many exceptions like neither, foreign, and weigh.
2) A final y changes to i when adding an ending like supply to supplies, except when the ending is -ing or the y is preceded by a vowel.
3) A silent e is dropped before a vowel ending like advancing but kept before a consonant ending like argument, unless preceded by a vowel like arguement.
4) Prefixes rarely change the spelling of words and plurals are formed by adding -s or -es,
This document provides spelling tips for 100 commonly misspelled words. It offers a mnemonic or memory device for each word to help the reader remember its correct spelling. The tips note patterns in spelling like prefixes, suffixes, doubled consonants, vowel sounds and exceptions to rules. Mastering the spellings provided could reduce time spent searching dictionaries by 50%.
This document provides spelling tips and tricks for over 100 words in English. It explains origins and etymologies, common misspellings to avoid, and mnemonic devices or rules to remember correct spellings. For example, it notes that "colonel" is pronounced like "kernel" despite a different spelling, and that "truly" should not contain an "e". Overall, the document aims to help improve spelling through memorization of spelling patterns and exceptions.
This document discusses the use of pronouns in Latin and English. It notes that pronouns replace nouns and must agree with their antecedents in gender and number. The case of a Latin pronoun is determined by its use in the sentence. Charts are provided for 1st and 2nd person Latin pronouns showing their forms in the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases. Examples are given to illustrate how the Latin pronouns translate the cases in a similar way to English, with the nominative as subject, genitive for possession, dative for indirect object, and accusative for direct object.
The document discusses the genitive case in Latin. The genitive case is used to show possession. It does this through genitive endings added to the ends of nouns. The endings are -ae for first declension nouns, -i for second declension nouns, and -is for third declension nouns. Examples are provided that demonstrate using the genitive case to indicate relationships like "Gaia is Julia's daughter" and "Spurius is Gaius' son."
This document provides rules and exceptions for English spelling. It discusses doubling consonants when adding suffixes to words ending in vowels, changing 'y' to 'i' when adding suffixes, dropping silent 'e's and exceptions. It also covers forming plurals, adding prefixes, and exceptions for one or two syllable words and words ending in two vowels. The document encourages writing practice and using spell checkers or dictionaries for questions.
This document provides spelling rules and examples for English spelling conventions including:
1) When adding "ing" or "y" to words ending in "e", drop the "e" (e.g. "love" becomes "loving");
2) Follow the "i before e except after c" rule (e.g. "ceiling" not "ceilling");
3) Drop the second "l" when adding suffixes to words ending in "ll" (e.g. "helpful" from "help");
4) Some consonants like "k", "l", "t", "p", and "n" can be silent in some words.
This document provides guidance on commonly misspelled words and spelling rules in English. It covers topics such as:
1. Rules for "ie" vs "ei" and adding suffixes like "-ed" and "-ing" depending on vowel sounds and syllable structure.
2. Forming plurals of nouns and adding suffixes to verbs and adjectives while following conventions like dropping silent letters.
3. Exceptions to typical spelling patterns involving suffixes, consonant doubling, and retaining or dropping final letters.
The document provides several spelling rules and exceptions to help with English spelling:
1) The rule "i before e, except after c" applies in many words like achieve, believe, and chief but has many exceptions like neither, foreign, and weigh.
2) A final y changes to i when adding an ending like supply to supplies, except when the ending is -ing or the y is preceded by a vowel.
3) A silent e is dropped before a vowel ending like advancing but kept before a consonant ending like argument, unless preceded by a vowel like arguement.
4) Prefixes rarely change the spelling of words and plurals are formed by adding -s or -es,
This document provides spelling tips for 100 commonly misspelled words. It offers a mnemonic or memory device for each word to help the reader remember its correct spelling. The tips note patterns in spelling like prefixes, suffixes, doubled consonants, vowel sounds and exceptions to rules. Mastering the spellings provided could reduce time spent searching dictionaries by 50%.
The document discusses different types of clauses and sentences in grammar. It defines clauses as grammatical units that include a subject and predicate, and sentences as groups of one or more clauses. The main types of clauses covered are independent clauses, dependent/subordinate clauses, adverbial clauses, nominal clauses, relative clauses, and coordinate clauses. The types of sentences discussed include simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
Spelling Rules Presentation By Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarDr. Shadia Banjar
The document outlines several spelling rules in English:
1. It discusses rules for doubling consonants, using "ie" vs "ei", and exceptions like words ending in "ce" or "ge".
2. Suffix rules are explained, like dropping the silent "e" or changing the "y" to "i" depending on the preceding letter.
3. Exceptions to these suffix rules are also provided, like keeping the "e" in words like "judgment".
4. Final rules address doubling consonants in one-syllable or accented words, and words ending in consonant-vowel-consonant combinations.
The document discusses various spelling rules and concepts in English, including:
- Short and long vowel rules
- The silent e rule which makes vowels long
- Homonyms, homophones, and contractions
- Exceptions to common spelling patterns
- Doubling consonants and changing y to i in certain contexts
- Assimilation patterns involving palatalization and changing stops to continuants.
Overall the document provides an overview of spelling conventions in English and exceptions to common rules.
Never-ending letters - teaching and learning the spelling of English word end...jomango
There are some letters that we don't find at the end of native English words. Do you know what they are? Knowing these can help with English spelling. Use this PowerPoint yourself if you have problems with English spelling. Teachers, it's especially designed for you to use in class. If you'd prefer a version of this with a little useful animation (information appearing on a click rather than all at once - better for classroom teaching) please access it at: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9063559/Word%20endings.ppsx .
Remember there are lots more spelling resources on The Spelling Blog thespellingblog.blogspot.com and in my book (see blog)
This document provides a summary of 100 commonly misspelled words in English. For each word, it provides the correct spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, definition, and a memorable tip or phrase to help remember the spelling. Some examples included are:
- Acceptable: Includes the tip "Just remember to accept any table offered to you and you will spell this word OK."
- Accidentally: Notes it comes from the adjective "accidental" and to remember the spelling if the word comes from an adjective ending in -al.
- Amateur: Explains it comes from the French suffix -eur and ends that way.
The document discusses different types of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. It provides examples of how adjectives modify nouns and can be used in comparative and superlative forms. Examples are also given of how adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by describing manner, place, frequency, time, and purpose. Prepositions are defined as describing relationships between words, and common prepositions like at, on, in, to, for, and since are explained with examples of their uses.
This document provides explanations and examples of four spelling rules and five pluralization spelling rules that were covered in class. It defines key terms like prefix, suffix, plural, and pluralize. For each rule, it provides the rule statement, examples, and then words to determine if they are spelled correctly based on the rule. It explains that knowing how to spell words in their singular form helps with pluralizing them according to the rules.
A participial phrase consists of a participle plus other elements that function as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. There are two types of participles: present participles ending in "-ing" and past participles ending in "-ed", "-en", "-d", "-t", or "-n". Participial phrases should be placed next to the words they modify and include those words. They are punctuated with commas when they begin a sentence or contain non-essential information.
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final 'y' to 'i' when adding an ending, except when ending in '-ing' or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent 'e' when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Generally not changing spelling when adding prefixes
- Forming plurals by adding '-s' or '-es'
- Doubling final consonants before vowel endings for accented syllables ending in single vowel-consonant
This document outlines 15 basic spelling rules in English. It defines key terms like vowels, consonants, syllables, stress, prefixes, and suffixes. It then provides rules and examples for using "ch" or "tch", dropping final "e", spelling "ie" or "ei", using "j", "k" or "ck", "l" or "ll", "le", "t" or "tt", "r" or "rr", plural nouns, words ending in "ve", changing "y" to "i", suffixes like "able/ible", adding suffixes, dropping letters, and silent letters. Exceptions are noted for some rules.
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is a phenomenon where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "bətʃu".
3) Elision omits sounds like consonants between consonants and the /t/ in "not" before consonants, speeding up connected speech.
This document contains a presentation on English phonics, focusing on vowel diphthongs. It discusses the "au" and "aw" vowel sounds, providing example words for each. It also covers occupations vocabulary and sentences using occupation words. Additional sections discuss parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and a short story about different characters' work commutes. Practical exercises are included throughout to test the learner's understanding.
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
This document provides information on different types of verbals including participles, gerunds, and infinitives. It discusses their definitions, how they are formed, and their functions in sentences. Specific structures that verbals can be used in are examined in detail, such as verb + infinitive, verb + gerund, verb/adjective + preposition + gerund, and others. Examples are provided to illustrate the usage of each verbal and structure. In summary, the document is a guide to verbals that defines them, analyzes their grammatical functions, and provides examples of common structures they can be used in.
The document discusses different types of clauses and sentences in grammar. It defines clauses as grammatical units that include a subject and predicate, and sentences as groups of one or more clauses. The main types of clauses covered are independent clauses, dependent/subordinate clauses, adverbial clauses, nominal clauses, relative clauses, and coordinate clauses. The types of sentences discussed include simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
Spelling Rules Presentation By Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarDr. Shadia Banjar
The document outlines several spelling rules in English:
1. It discusses rules for doubling consonants, using "ie" vs "ei", and exceptions like words ending in "ce" or "ge".
2. Suffix rules are explained, like dropping the silent "e" or changing the "y" to "i" depending on the preceding letter.
3. Exceptions to these suffix rules are also provided, like keeping the "e" in words like "judgment".
4. Final rules address doubling consonants in one-syllable or accented words, and words ending in consonant-vowel-consonant combinations.
The document discusses various spelling rules and concepts in English, including:
- Short and long vowel rules
- The silent e rule which makes vowels long
- Homonyms, homophones, and contractions
- Exceptions to common spelling patterns
- Doubling consonants and changing y to i in certain contexts
- Assimilation patterns involving palatalization and changing stops to continuants.
Overall the document provides an overview of spelling conventions in English and exceptions to common rules.
Never-ending letters - teaching and learning the spelling of English word end...jomango
There are some letters that we don't find at the end of native English words. Do you know what they are? Knowing these can help with English spelling. Use this PowerPoint yourself if you have problems with English spelling. Teachers, it's especially designed for you to use in class. If you'd prefer a version of this with a little useful animation (information appearing on a click rather than all at once - better for classroom teaching) please access it at: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9063559/Word%20endings.ppsx .
Remember there are lots more spelling resources on The Spelling Blog thespellingblog.blogspot.com and in my book (see blog)
This document provides a summary of 100 commonly misspelled words in English. For each word, it provides the correct spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, definition, and a memorable tip or phrase to help remember the spelling. Some examples included are:
- Acceptable: Includes the tip "Just remember to accept any table offered to you and you will spell this word OK."
- Accidentally: Notes it comes from the adjective "accidental" and to remember the spelling if the word comes from an adjective ending in -al.
- Amateur: Explains it comes from the French suffix -eur and ends that way.
The document discusses different types of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. It provides examples of how adjectives modify nouns and can be used in comparative and superlative forms. Examples are also given of how adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by describing manner, place, frequency, time, and purpose. Prepositions are defined as describing relationships between words, and common prepositions like at, on, in, to, for, and since are explained with examples of their uses.
This document provides explanations and examples of four spelling rules and five pluralization spelling rules that were covered in class. It defines key terms like prefix, suffix, plural, and pluralize. For each rule, it provides the rule statement, examples, and then words to determine if they are spelled correctly based on the rule. It explains that knowing how to spell words in their singular form helps with pluralizing them according to the rules.
A participial phrase consists of a participle plus other elements that function as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. There are two types of participles: present participles ending in "-ing" and past participles ending in "-ed", "-en", "-d", "-t", or "-n". Participial phrases should be placed next to the words they modify and include those words. They are punctuated with commas when they begin a sentence or contain non-essential information.
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final 'y' to 'i' when adding an ending, except when ending in '-ing' or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent 'e' when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Generally not changing spelling when adding prefixes
- Forming plurals by adding '-s' or '-es'
- Doubling final consonants before vowel endings for accented syllables ending in single vowel-consonant
This document outlines 15 basic spelling rules in English. It defines key terms like vowels, consonants, syllables, stress, prefixes, and suffixes. It then provides rules and examples for using "ch" or "tch", dropping final "e", spelling "ie" or "ei", using "j", "k" or "ck", "l" or "ll", "le", "t" or "tt", "r" or "rr", plural nouns, words ending in "ve", changing "y" to "i", suffixes like "able/ible", adding suffixes, dropping letters, and silent letters. Exceptions are noted for some rules.
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
The document provides rules and guidelines for English spelling, including:
- The "i before e" rule, with some exceptions
- Changing a final "y" to "i" when adding an ending, except when ending in "-ing" or preceded by a vowel
- Dropping a silent "e" when adding an ending starting with a vowel, keeping it for endings starting with consonants, unless preceded by a vowel
- Forming plurals by adding "-s" or "-es", changing "-y" to "-i" and adding "-es" for words ending in consonant+"-y"
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is a phenomenon where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "bətʃu".
3) Elision omits sounds like consonants between consonants and the /t/ in "not" before consonants, speeding up connected speech.
This document contains a presentation on English phonics, focusing on vowel diphthongs. It discusses the "au" and "aw" vowel sounds, providing example words for each. It also covers occupations vocabulary and sentences using occupation words. Additional sections discuss parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and a short story about different characters' work commutes. Practical exercises are included throughout to test the learner's understanding.
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
This document provides information on different types of verbals including participles, gerunds, and infinitives. It discusses their definitions, how they are formed, and their functions in sentences. Specific structures that verbals can be used in are examined in detail, such as verb + infinitive, verb + gerund, verb/adjective + preposition + gerund, and others. Examples are provided to illustrate the usage of each verbal and structure. In summary, the document is a guide to verbals that defines them, analyzes their grammatical functions, and provides examples of common structures they can be used in.
The document provides information about advanced grammar concepts including articles, reference, and possession. It discusses the different pronunciations of the definite article "the" and the history of the indefinite articles "a" and "an". It also covers the meaning and uses of definite and indefinite articles, types of reference including personal pronouns and demonstratives, and forms of possession including possessive determiners and pronouns.
1. Case is a grammatical category that shows the relationship between words in a sentence. It defines the syntactic relationships between nouns, pronouns, and adjectives and the verb or preposition they relate to.
2. Languages like Latin and Pitta-Pitta have complex case systems with suffixes that mark different grammatical roles. In Latin there are 6 cases and Pitta-Pitta has 8 cases including nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, and others.
3. English has lost most of its case system but retains some forms like possessive 's and pronouns having nominative and oblique cases. Other Germanic languages like Old English had richer case systems
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject, object, possessor.
2. Languages like Pitta-Pitta use case suffixes added to nouns to indicate this relationship. For example, -lu marks the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and -nha marks the direct object (accusative case).
3. Latin also uses case suffixes added to nouns and adjectives. The six main cases in Latin are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject, object, possessor.
2. Languages like Pitta-Pitta use case suffixes added to nouns to indicate this relationship. For example, -lu marks the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and -nha marks the direct object (accusative case).
3. Latin also uses case suffixes added to nouns and adjectives. The six main cases in Latin are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject, object, possessor.
2. Languages like Pitta-Pitta use case suffixes added to nouns to indicate this relationship. For example, -lu marks the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and -nha marks the direct object (accusative case).
3. Latin also uses case suffixes added to nouns and adjectives. The six main cases in Latin are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
The document discusses phonological analysis of Korean and Japanese. For Korean, it analyzes the relationship between /ɾ/ and /l/, finding that they are in complementary distribution and are therefore allophones of the same phoneme. It also analyzes the relationship between /s/, /ʃ/ and /z/ in Korean, listing the environments where each appears. For Japanese, it asks about the relationship between [s] and [ʃ], which appear in different phonetic environments.
The document provides a basic introduction to parts of speech in language including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It explains each part of speech concisely and gives examples to illustrate common types within each category. The overall purpose is to give students a foundational understanding of grammar terminology and concepts.
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence. It shows how nouns and pronouns are related to verbs and other parts of a sentence.
2. Languages like Latin and Pitta-Pitta have complex case systems with suffixes that mark nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, and other cases. English has lost most of its case system but retains some forms like possessive 's.
3. A case grammar approach emphasizes the semantic relationships indicated by verbs and how nouns are related through agentive, benefactive, comitative, and dative cases.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines weak and strong syllables and provides examples of different types of weak syllables based on their vowel sounds or syllabic consonants. It also discusses how weak syllables are pronounced compared to strong syllables and their role in keeping the stress-timed rhythm of English speech.
This document provides instruction on various relative pronouns and possessive terms in French:
1. It explains the relative pronouns qui, que, dont, ce que, ce qui and how they are used to replace subjects and objects in subordinate clauses.
2. It also covers the demonstrative pronouns celui/celle and the interrogative pronouns quel/lequel.
3. Finally, it discusses possessive adjectives like mon, ton, son as well as possessive pronouns like le mien, la tienne that agree with the gender and number of the possessed noun.
The document discusses reported speech, present and past participles, and different types of pronouns. It provides examples and explanations of:
1) How to change direct speech into reported or indirect speech by modifying verbs and pronouns.
2) How present and past participles can function as adjectives or verbs in continuous and perfect tenses.
3) Different categories of pronouns including personal, indefinite, object, and possessive pronouns and how to use them properly in sentences.
This document discusses subject-verb agreement and provides examples of singular and plural subjects taking the correct verb form. It explains that a singular subject takes a singular verb form while a plural subject takes a plural verb form. Examples are given of singular and plural subjects with present tense verbs. The document also notes that with pronouns like he, she, it the verb takes an -s ending in the present tense. Readers are asked to identify subjects and choose the correct verb form in several sentences. Additional examples discuss when the subject may be separated from the verb by a prepositional phrase or question word.
This document defines and provides examples of various figures of speech used in poetry. It discusses simile, metaphor, personification, repetition, alliteration, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, tautology, antithesis, apostrophe. Some key figures of speech explained are simile which makes a direct comparison using like or as, metaphor which makes an indirect comparison, and personification which gives human qualities to non-living things.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, covering parts of speech, parts of a sentence, clauses, phrases, verbs, and other grammatical concepts. It defines key terms like subject, predicate, object, and complement. For parts of speech, it describes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and articles. It also covers topics like tense, aspect, voice, mood and finite vs non-finite verbs. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, including definitions of the main parts of speech and components of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, articles, subjects, predicates, objects, complements, clauses, phrases, tenses, aspects, voices, moods, and finite vs non-finite verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate each grammatical concept. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
O documento discute a polidez linguística segundo o modelo de Brown e Levinson. O modelo analisa a noção de "face" e como certos atos de fala ("FTA") podem ameaçar a imagem positiva ou negativa do falante ou do ouvinte. A polidez é vista como forma de conciliar o desejo de preservação das "faces" com a realização dos atos de fala. A polidez negativa suaviza os FTAs e a polidez positiva envolve atos que valorizam as faces dos outros.
Identidade cultural pos modernidade stuart hallRaquel Benaion
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3. A mudança na modernidade tardia, incluindo a globalização, está fragmentando as paisagens culturais e abalando as identidades, levando a uma "crise de
The document discusses the past perfect continuous tense. It begins by explaining that the past perfect continuous tense is used to emphasize repetition or duration of an action in the past before another past action. It provides the example "They had been waiting for three hours when their parents finally arrived." It then explains the structure, negative form, and interrogative form of the past perfect continuous tense. It concludes by providing additional examples of its use.
The document discusses the Natural Approach theory of language acquisition proposed by Stephen Krashen. The key points are:
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2) Acquisition refers to the subconscious process of developing competence in a language through natural interactions, whereas learning refers to a conscious process of formal instruction and studying the language.
3) Factors like personality, motivation, and language irregularity can impact the effectiveness of acquisition versus learning. Introverted learners may benefit less from formal learning.
Tom Fukunaga dreams of becoming a Shakespearean actor, but his family and friend doubt this is realistic. Tom persists in his dream for many years without success, reciting Shakespeare to his friend. When his friend urges him to give up and get a job, Tom stops visiting. Years later, the friend sees Tom driving, still pursuing his dream. Though he never achieves fame as an actor, Tom refuses to abandon his ambition.
This document outlines the Grammar-Translation Method of language teaching. It discusses the history of this method from ancient times to the present day. Key aspects of the Grammar-Translation Method include explaining grammar rules and vocabulary, translating between languages, and memorization. Examples of common exercises using this method include filling in blanks with adverbs of frequency and translating sentences.
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This summary is of a short story that takes place on a family farm in New Hampshire over Christmas Eve and Christmas Day in 1938. It follows the narrator, Donnie, as a boy visiting his grandparents' farm with his parents. On Christmas Eve, Donnie's cousin Washington Woodward remembers and shares the tragic story of his father's cruelty towards him involving a pair of skates and a frozen pond on the worst day of his life.
Fundamentos da linguística
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The document discusses the different perfect modal verbs in English including could have, should have, would have, may have, might have, must have, and will have. It provides examples of how each modal verb is used in the past or future perfect tense, such as describing past ability, past conditions, past possibilities, past probabilities, and future completed actions.
Impressionism and Expressionism
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Estrategias de aprendizagem
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ALKMIM, Tânia Maria. Sociolinguística. Parte I. IN: MUSSALIM, Fernanda; BENTES, Ana Cristina. Introdução à linguística: domínios e fronteiras, v.1, 6ª ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2006. p.21-47.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
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1. It occurs after:
The Verb Paradigm
To
Auxiliaries such as Can and Will
In the Present tense (except for the third – person singular)
He can dance It will snow tomorrow
1. The Stem (base form)
2. It’s used with
The Verb Paradigm
Singular Nouns
He, She , It (or words which these pronouns will susbstitute)
2. The Present Third-person Singular { -s 3 d }
3. It’s used with
The Verb Paradigm
Singular Nouns
He, She , It (or words which these pronouns will susbstitute)
Water freezes at zero degrees.
Noun
2. The Present Third-person Singular { -s 3 d }
4. It’s used with
The Verb Paradigm
Singular Nouns
He, She, It (or words which these pronouns will susbstitute)
Water freezes at zero degrees.
Noun
The Earth revolves around the Sun
Noun
2. The Present Third-person Singular { -s 3 d }
5. It’s used with
The Verb Paradigm
Singular Nouns
He, She, It (or words which these pronouns will susbstitute)
Present tense
I Cry/love
You
He/she/it Cries
Loves
We
Cry/loveYou
They
2. The Present Third-person Singular { -s 3 d }
6. It’s used with
The Verb Paradigm
2. The Present Third-person Singular { -s 3 d }
Singular Nouns
He, She , It (or words which these pronouns will susbstitute)
Present tense
I Cry/love
You
He/she/it Cries
Loves
We
Cry/loveYou
They
The old man cries a lot.
He cries a lot.
Noun
She loves the Spice Girls
My sister loves the Spice Girls
Noun
7. The Verb Paradigm
3. The Present Participle {-ING vb}
Combines with 7 of the 8 forms of verb ‘to be’ ( am, is, are,
was, were, be, been) indicating progressive aspect.
8. Can be used as subjecteless verbal:
o Not knowing what to say, Mary kept silent.
o Owning a cabin in the north woods, Jake was very popular during
the summer vacation.
Not used with verbs indicating mental activities:
o *Jake is owing a cabin in the north woods.
o * She was not knowing what to say.
The Verb Paradigm
3. The Present Participle {-ING vb}
9. Two Homophones
INFLEXIONAL SUFFIX
Don’t confuse: {-ING vb} ≠ {-ING nm} ≠ {-ING
aj}
-ING vb {-ING nm}{-ING aj}
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXDERIVATIONAL SUFFIX
1. Jim lost both fillings from his tooth
2. A moving elephant is a picture of grace
3. The attorney made a moving appeal
4. Old sayings are often half-true
5. From the bridge we watched the running
water
6. That was a touching scene
10. Two Homophones
INFLEXIONAL SUFFIX
Don’t confuse: {-ING vb} ≠ {-ING nm} ≠ {-ING
aj}
Change the position
of the verb:
I saw a
burning house
I saw a
house burning
-ING vb {-ING nm}{-ING aj}
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXDERIVATIONAL SUFFIX
11. Two Homophones
INFLEXIONAL SUFFIX
Don’t confuse: {-ING vb} ≠ {-ING nm} ≠ {-ING
aj}
Change the position
of the verb:
I saw a
burning house
I saw a
house burning
-ING vb {-ING nm}{-ING aj}
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXDERIVATIONAL SUFFIX
The Adjectival can be
preceded by a
qualifier like Very,
Rather or Quite.
A very charming
woman
12. Two Homophones
INFLEXIONAL SUFFIX
Don’t confuse: {-ING vb} ≠ {-ING nm} ≠ {-ING
aj}
Change the position
of the verb:
I saw a
burning house
I saw a
house burning
-ING vb {-ING nm}{-ING aj}
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXDERIVATIONAL SUFFIX
The Adjectival can be
preceded by a
qualifier like Very,
Rather or Quite.
A very charming
woman
{-s pl}
Meetings
Weddings
Readings
13. It has Regular
and Irregular
forms indicating
Simple Past Tense:
The Verb Paradigm
4. The Past Tense {-D pt}
14. It has regular and irregular forms.
It is used with verb ‘to have’ (have, has, had, having) to form verbal
phrases indicating PERFECTIVE ASPECT.
The Verb Paradigm
5. The Past Participle {-D pp}
15. It has regular and irregular forms.
It is used with verb ‘to have’ (have, has, had, having) to form verbal
phrases indicating PERFECTIVE ASPECT.
The Verb Paradigm
5. The Past Participle {-D pp}
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
It can be used with verb ‘to be’ to form the passive form
indicating PASSIVE VOICE.
16. Don’t confuse: {-D pp} ≠ {-D aj}
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXINFLEXIONAL SUFFIX
{-D aj}
One
Homophone
{-D pp}
1. You should read the printed statement.
2. A celebrated painter visited the campus.
3. His chosen bride had lived in India.
4. The invited guests all came.
5. Merle was a neglected child.
17. Don’t confuse: {-D pp} ≠ {-D aj}
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXINFLEXIONAL SUFFIX
{-D aj}
One
Homophone
{-D pp}
The adjectival can be
preceded by a qualifier
live very, rather or quite.
A very charming woman
18. Suppletion
A total chance in the paradigm .
The term "suppletion" implies that a gap in the paradigm was filled by
a form "supplied" by a different paradigm.
Suppletion is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an
allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the
other allomorphs.
SUPPLETION
19. Suppletion
A total chance in the paradigm .
The term "suppletion" implies that a gap in the paradigm was filled by
a form "supplied" by a different paradigm.
Suppletion is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an
allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the
other allomorphs.
SUPPLETION
20. Suppletion
A total chance in the paradigm .
The term "suppletion" implies that a gap in the paradigm was filled by
a form "supplied" by a different paradigm.
Suppletion is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an
allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the
other allomorphs.
SUPPLETION
21. Exercise
“Send my love to your new lover, treat her better”
Send
Treat Treats Treating Treated Treated
Sends Sending SentSent
22. Exercise
“I think I wanna marry you”
Thought
Marry Marries Marrying Married
Thinks Thinking ThoughtThink
Married
24. One-syllables adjectives use
–ER comparative and –EST
superlative
Two-syllable adjectives and a
few adverbials of one or two
syllables ending with –ly and –y
use –IER and -IEST
tall taller tallest
angry angrier angriest
The second Naruto is taller than the first.
The third is the tallest of the Narutos.
Mr. Walker is angrier than Alladin.
The Anger is the angriest of the
characters.
Comparable Paradigm
includes...
25. Irregular form
Adjectives and adverbs with
two or more syllables use
more for comparative and
most for superlative
little less least
Expensive
More
expensive
Most
expensive
The car is more expensive than the
phone.
The piano is the most expensive object.
Alice is less tall than the table.
Alice is the least girl in Wonderland.
26. Exercise
o Fill with the correct form of the words (comparative or superlative):
February is the month of the
year. (short)
Mabel is than Dipper.
(happy)
Listening to music is the thing
in the world. (good)
Reading a book is than watching TV.
(interesting)
more
interesting
shortest
happier
best
27. The Pronoun Paradigm differs from the other three in that it is not a
stem-and-affix group but a small and closed set of words of fixed
form or also called a structure class.
Noun Paradigm
Verb Paradigm
Comparable Paradigm Pronoun
Paradigm