This document provides a comprehensive overview of the parts of speech in English, including definitions and examples for nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, conjunctions, adverbs, interjections, and prepositions. It discusses the different types of each part of speech, such as regular and irregular verbs, as well as different verb tenses, including simple present, past, and future. Additionally, it highlights comparisons for adjectives and the roles of pronouns in indicating ownership and introducing clauses.

1. 1)Luiza Vasilyan
2)Mane Gorginyan
3)Artyom Durinyan
4)Anushik Harutyunyan
5)Roman Kirakosyan

2. PROJECT WORK
ENGLISH 12
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. A noun is a word that names something, such as
a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence,
nouns can play the role of subject, direct object,
indirect object, subject complement, object
complement, appositive, or modifier.
Noun

4. Singular nouns represent only one thing, but plural
nouns represent more than one. If someone stands
alone, we call them a person (singular), but if there's
more than one person, we call them people (plural).

5. Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do
not become plural by adding -s or -es, as
most nouns in the English language do.

6. Verb
A WORD USED TO DESCRIBE AN ACTION, STATE, OR
OCCURRENCE, AND FORMING THE MAIN PART OF
THE PREDICATE OF A SENTENCE, SUCH
AS HEAR, BECOME, HAPPEN.

7. We use the simple present tense when an action is
happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or
unceasingly, which is why it's sometimes called present
indefinite). Depending on the person, the simple present
tense is formed by using the root form or by adding s or
es to the end.

8. The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used
to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The
simple past is the basic form of past tense in English.

9. The simple future tense is used to refer to actions or
states that begin and end in the future. These events
have not happened yet, but will happen sometime in
the future: I will meet her at the mall. The monkeys will
eat any bananas that their handlers give them.

10. The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the
verb have and the past participle of a verb.
We use the present perfect:
•for something that started in the past and continues in the present:
They've been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
•when we are talking about our experience up to the present:
I've seen that film before.
I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the
present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
and we use never for the negative form:
Have you ever met George?
Yes, but I've never met his wife.

12. The past perfect is made from the verb
had and the past participle of a verb: I
had finished the work. She had gone.

13. The present continuous verb tense
indicates that an action or condition is happening now, frequently,
and may continue into the future.
The Present Continuous Formula: to be [am, is, are] + verb [present participle]
Aunt Christine is warming up the car while Scott is looking for his new leather
coat. They are eating at Scott’s favorite restaurant today, Polly’s Pancake Diner.

14. The past continuous tense shows a continuous action
that began in the past. It is the past tense version of
the present continuous, which also describes ongoing
actions. The present and past continuous are very
similar, but the past continuous uses was and were,
the past tense of to be.

15. The future continuous tense is a verb tense that shows an
action happening over a period of time in the future. “I
will be dancing all night” is an example of the future
continuous tense, as it indicates an action continuing over
a specific future period of time.

16. Regular and Irregular verbs
There are two kinds of verbs:regular and irregular.
Regular verbs are verbs whose simple past and past participle are formed by
adding the suffix “-ed” (e.g., “walked”).
Irregular verbs are verbs that form their simple past and past participles in some way
other than by adding the suffix “-ed” (e.g., “sat”).

17. An irregular verb is defined as “a verb that does not
follow the usual rules of grammar. For example, 'eat' is
an irregular verb because its past tense is 'ate' and its
past participle is 'eaten', not 'eated',” according to the
Macmillan Dictionary.

19. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the
grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun
it replaces. I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, and
them are all personal pronouns.
Pronoun

21. What is a possessive pronoun? A possessive
pronoun is a pronoun used to indicate indicate
ownership (e.g., “This hat is mine”).

23. A relative pronoun is a pronoun that's used to introduce
a relative clause. The main English relative pronouns
are which, that, who, and whom. These words can also
function as other parts of speech—they aren't exclusively
used as relative pronouns.

25. Reflexive pronouns are words like myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and
themselves. They refer back to a person or thing. We
often use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the
object of a verb are the same. I cut myself when I was
making dinner last night.

27. A demonstrative pronoun is a word used to
stand in for a noun. They are used to point to
something or someone specific (e.g., “this is my
sister”). The English demonstrative pronouns
are this, that, these, and those.

29. Adjective
An adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives usually tell what kind, how many, or which about nouns or
pronouns.

30. The three degrees of adjectives are positive,
comparative and superlative. The comparative and
superlative degrees are used to compare between two
or more subjects or objects. …

31. The degree of adjectives in sentences can be used in three ways
to compare things or a subject's qualities: positive for no
comparison, comparative for two things, and superlative for
more than two things or nouns.

32. Irregular Adjectives
A small number of adjectives are irregular in the
way they make comparative and superlative forms.
The normal (regular) way to make comparative and
superlative adjectives is to add -er/-est or
use more/most, like this:
•big bigger biggest
→ →
•expensive more expensive most expensive
→ →
Irregular adjectives use completely different forms.
Note, however, that some adjectives can be both
regular and irregular, sometimes with a slight
change in meaning. The most important irregular
adjectives are listed in the table below.
adjective comparati
ve
superlativ
e
example
sentence
good better the best irregular Tara is the
best
athlete in
the
school.
well (healt
hy)
better the best He is still in
hospital,
but he is
better
than he
was last
week.
bad worse the worst irregular You are
the worst
driver I
have ever
known.
far further the
furthest
irregular My house
is the
furthest
one.
farther the
farthest
regular My house
is the
farther
one.
old (peop
le in a
family)
elder the eldest irregular Ram is my
elder
brother.

33. Conjunction
Conjunctions are parts of speech that connect words,
phrases, clauses, or sentences. There are three kinds of
conjunctions: coordinating, paired, and subordinating.

34. Adverb
An adverb is a part of speech that modifies a another adverb,
a verb, or an adjective. It is often recognized by the suffix -ly
at the end of it.

35. Here is a useful irregular adverbs list
which does not follow the normal rule.

36. An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a feeling or
to request or demand something. While interjections are a part
of speech, they are not grammatically connected to other
parts of a sentence.
Interjection

37. Preposition - A preposition is a word or group of words used before
a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place,
location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some
examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."
Preposition

39. END