This document discusses inflammation. It defines inflammation and its causes, which include living and non-living irritants. It describes the two main types of inflammation - acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset while chronic inflammation is gradual. The five signs of acute inflammation are also outlined. The pathogenesis of acute inflammation involves local tissue damage triggering chemical mediators that cause vascular changes and leukocyte response. This leads to cardinal signs like redness, swelling, heat and pain. The document also discusses different types of acute inflammation such as suppurative and non-suppurative.
Inflammation (Acute and Chronic) Prof Mulazim Hussain BukhariMulazim Bukhari
This document discusses acute inflammation. It defines inflammation, outlines the causes and molecular events of inflammation including vasodilation, vascular leakage, and leukocyte recruitment. It describes the cardinal signs of inflammation and summarizes the mechanisms of increased vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation through selectin-mediated rolling, integrin-mediated adhesion, and transmigration across endothelial cells.
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It involves both vascular and cellular events. The vascular events include vasodilation, increased blood flow, and increased vascular permeability, allowing fluid protein exudation. The cellular events involve leukocyte migration from blood vessels to infected/injured tissues, mainly neutrophils in acute inflammation. This document discusses the history, definitions, signs, and components of the acute inflammatory response.
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. There are three main phases of inflammation - alteration, exudation, and proliferation. The type of inflammatory response depends on factors of the organism causing it and factors of the host, and can be classified as either exudative (involving fluid exudates) or proliferative (involving cell proliferation). Exudative inflammation includes serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, and catarrhal types defined by the character of exudates produced and their location.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection. The document discusses the key components of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and features like fluid exudation and neutrophil accumulation. Chronic inflammation lasts longer and involves lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. The inflammatory response involves vascular changes like vasodilation and increased permeability, as well as cellular events like leukocyte recruitment and activation through processes such as chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Chemical mediators released include histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines which regulate the inflammatory response.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and initiate repair. It can be classified as acute or chronic based on duration, and by the type of exudate or cause. The classic signs of inflammation are redness, pain, swelling, heat, and loss of function. Acute appendicitis shows a swollen, reddish appendix on gross examination. Acute meningitis presents as a grayish-white exudate over the brain surface and prominent blood vessels on gross examination. Microscopy shows extensive necrosis surrounded by inflammatory cells in pyemic abscesses of the lung, kidney, and other organs. Pericarditis appears as an irregular, shaggy fibrinous ex
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection that is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The cardinal signs of inflammation are caused by increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration at the site of injury or infection. Acute inflammation typically involves neutrophils and resolves within 48 hours, while chronic inflammation involves mononuclear cells and persists for longer than 48 hours. Inflammation can lead to abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation, resolution, or repair through scarring or fibrosis.
1. Acute inflammation is a short-term process lasting from a few minutes to a few days that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and cellular changes.
2. The cellular changes in acute inflammation include the migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and other white blood cells to the site of injury to remove foreign substances and damaged tissue through phagocytosis.
3. There are two main types of acute inflammation - suppurative inflammation, which involves pus formation caused by pyogenic bacteria, and non-suppurative inflammation, which does not involve pus formation and can be catarrhal, fibrinous,
Inflammation (Acute and Chronic) Prof Mulazim Hussain BukhariMulazim Bukhari
This document discusses acute inflammation. It defines inflammation, outlines the causes and molecular events of inflammation including vasodilation, vascular leakage, and leukocyte recruitment. It describes the cardinal signs of inflammation and summarizes the mechanisms of increased vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation through selectin-mediated rolling, integrin-mediated adhesion, and transmigration across endothelial cells.
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It involves both vascular and cellular events. The vascular events include vasodilation, increased blood flow, and increased vascular permeability, allowing fluid protein exudation. The cellular events involve leukocyte migration from blood vessels to infected/injured tissues, mainly neutrophils in acute inflammation. This document discusses the history, definitions, signs, and components of the acute inflammatory response.
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. There are three main phases of inflammation - alteration, exudation, and proliferation. The type of inflammatory response depends on factors of the organism causing it and factors of the host, and can be classified as either exudative (involving fluid exudates) or proliferative (involving cell proliferation). Exudative inflammation includes serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, and catarrhal types defined by the character of exudates produced and their location.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection. The document discusses the key components of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and features like fluid exudation and neutrophil accumulation. Chronic inflammation lasts longer and involves lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. The inflammatory response involves vascular changes like vasodilation and increased permeability, as well as cellular events like leukocyte recruitment and activation through processes such as chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Chemical mediators released include histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines which regulate the inflammatory response.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and initiate repair. It can be classified as acute or chronic based on duration, and by the type of exudate or cause. The classic signs of inflammation are redness, pain, swelling, heat, and loss of function. Acute appendicitis shows a swollen, reddish appendix on gross examination. Acute meningitis presents as a grayish-white exudate over the brain surface and prominent blood vessels on gross examination. Microscopy shows extensive necrosis surrounded by inflammatory cells in pyemic abscesses of the lung, kidney, and other organs. Pericarditis appears as an irregular, shaggy fibrinous ex
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection that is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The cardinal signs of inflammation are caused by increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration at the site of injury or infection. Acute inflammation typically involves neutrophils and resolves within 48 hours, while chronic inflammation involves mononuclear cells and persists for longer than 48 hours. Inflammation can lead to abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation, resolution, or repair through scarring or fibrosis.
1. Acute inflammation is a short-term process lasting from a few minutes to a few days that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and cellular changes.
2. The cellular changes in acute inflammation include the migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and other white blood cells to the site of injury to remove foreign substances and damaged tissue through phagocytosis.
3. There are two main types of acute inflammation - suppurative inflammation, which involves pus formation caused by pyogenic bacteria, and non-suppurative inflammation, which does not involve pus formation and can be catarrhal, fibrinous,
Inflammation is the body's response to infection, injury, or irritation. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation occurs rapidly and is short-lived, while chronic inflammation persists over a longer period of time. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines are released from platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells to regulate the inflammatory response. Defective or excessive inflammation can lead to increased susceptibility to infection or disease.
The document discusses inflammation and repair. It defines inflammation as a protective vascular connective tissue reaction called to injurious stimuli. There are five cardinal signs of acute inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation is characterized by fluid and protein accumulation and neutrophil infiltration, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages. The vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation include increased blood flow, vascular permeability, exudation of fluid and cells, and chemotaxis of leukocytes toward the site of injury or infection.
Inflammation is a complex reaction to injurious stimuli that consists of vascular responses, migration of leukocytes, and systemic responses. It involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, release of inflammatory mediators, and activation of the complement system. The goal of inflammation is to destroy, dilute or wall off injurious agents. Prolonged inflammation can lead to chronic conditions like arthritis and atherosclerosis.
This document discusses acute inflammation. It describes the steps of the inflammatory response, including recognition of the injurious agent, recruitment and activation of leukocytes, removal of the agent, regulation of the response, and resolution. It details the vascular changes that occur, including vasodilation, increased permeability, and endothelial cell contraction. It also discusses the cellular events of leukocyte recruitment, activation, and phagocytosis. It outlines stimuli for acute inflammation and mechanisms of termination of the inflammatory response.
This document provides an overview of acute and chronic inflammation. It defines inflammation and outlines the main types, including acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is defined as a rapid, transient response and its stages are described as transient vasoconstriction, persistent vasodilation, increased permeability, fluid exudate formation, cellular exudate accumulation, and resolution or progression. Chronic inflammation is defined as prolonged inflammation that involves attempts at repair. Its causes include persisting infections or irritants and autoimmune reactions. The document outlines the cells involved in chronic inflammation and types of mixed acute and chronic inflammation.
1. Inflammation is the body's response to infection, irritation, or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It involves the immune system and blood vessels.
2. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to recent injury or infection, marked by increased blood flow, blood vessel permeability, and migration of white blood cells. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response involving lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibrosis.
3. Inflammation can resolve, lead to abscess or fibrosis, and is mediated by chemical signals like histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Different cell types and patterns characterize specific inflammatory diseases.
The document summarizes inflammation and the key cellular processes involved. It describes how acute inflammation is characterized by fluid rich in proteins and PMNs, occurring over minutes to days. Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages over weeks to years. The classic signs of acute inflammation are described as heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The vascular changes in acute inflammation include transient vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased permeability and extravasation of PMNs. Leukocyte adhesion and transmigration are also summarized.
Acute inflammation by Dr Mohammad Manzoor MashwaniMohammad Manzoor
Acute inflammation is defined as the rapid host response to infection or tissue injury that lasts less than 48 hours. It is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration at the site of injury. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The major components are alterations in vascular caliber, changes in microvascular structure, and leukocyte emigration and activation. Acute inflammation can lead to resolution of the problem, or progression to chronic inflammation, abscess, or ulcer formation depending on the severity and type of injury or pathogen.
This document defines inflammation and describes the key cellular and vascular events involved. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, and involves vascular changes such as increased blood flow and permeability, as well as cellular events like the migration of white blood cells. These events are mediated by chemical signaling molecules called mediators, which help regulate the inflammatory response. The document outlines the major mediators involved and their roles in vascular changes, cellular recruitment, and resolution of inflammation.
Infamattion in dentistry (dept of public health dentistry )NPDCH VISNAGAR
1. The document discusses inflammation and its chemical mediators. It defines inflammation and outlines its classification into acute and chronic types.
2. Acute inflammation is described in detail, including its vascular and cellular events like increased permeability and leukocyte migration.
3. The document then covers the various chemical mediators involved in inflammation, such as histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines, and complement proteins.
4. Chronic inflammation is introduced as prolonged inflammation where tissue damage and repair occur simultaneously. Its causes and features are briefly outlined.
The document discusses acute inflammation. It defines inflammation and lists its causes. Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset and short duration. It involves vascular events like vasodilation, increased permeability and cellular events like recruitment and migration of leukocytes to the site of injury via adhesion molecules. Leukocytes recognize and remove microbes via phagocytosis and intracellular killing to resolve the inflammatory response.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection that involves increased blood flow, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The document outlines the general considerations of inflammation including its definition, causes, and cardinal signs. It then discusses the major events of acute inflammation including vascular changes, exudation of fluid, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Finally, it classifies inflammation into acute and chronic types and further classifies acute inflammation based on the type of exudate produced (serous, fibrinous, suppurative, hemorrhagic).
This document discusses acute inflammation and its mechanisms. It begins by defining acute inflammation as a rapid, short-lived response to injury that consists of vascular changes, leukocyte migration, and systemic reactions. The key features are vascular responses that lead to fluid and cell accumulation in tissues. It then describes the cardinal signs of inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The mechanisms of acute inflammation involve the release of chemical mediators, vasodilation, increased blood flow, vascular permeability, cellular influx, and phagocytosis.
Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and neutrophil infiltration. It serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off injurious agents. The key steps are vascular changes that increase blood flow and permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to exit circulation and reach injured tissues. Leukocytes are recruited through chemotaxis and remove pathogens via phagocytosis. Mediators like histamine and prostaglandins regulate vascular changes and leukocyte behavior. Common patterns include purulent inflammation seen in abscesses and serous inflammation seen in effusions. Acute inflammation typically resolves completely or leads to scarring, and can progress to chronic inflammation if the cause persists.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation and divides it into acute and chronic types. The components of inflammation include vascular reactions and cellular reactions. Acute inflammation is characterized by neutrophil accumulation and lasts for a short period, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages and lasts longer. The document further describes the stimuli, vascular changes, and cellular events involved in acute inflammation, including leukocyte margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, and phagocytosis. It also discusses the chemical mediators and outcomes of acute inflammation.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection that is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The cardinal signs result from increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration at the site of injury or infection. Acute inflammation resolves within a few days, while chronic inflammation persists for weeks or longer. The outcome of acute inflammation is either resolution, progression to chronic inflammation, or repair through scarring or fibrosis.
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammationVeer Choollun
The document defines inflammation and its causes. It describes acute inflammation and the associated vascular events that occur, including transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation and increased blood flow. This causes alterations in vascular permeability, initially allowing a plasma transudate to form and later an inflammatory exudate due to direct endothelial cell damage or the effects of chemical mediators. These vascular events underlie the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
The document summarizes key aspects of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is triggered by various stimuli and involves increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte migration. It aims to eliminate injurious agents. Chronic inflammation arises from persistent infections, toxins, or autoimmunity and is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and attempts at repair through fibrosis. Nutrition can impact inflammation through deficiencies, essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and factors related to over-nutrition like obesity.
The document summarizes key aspects of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is triggered by various stimuli and involves increased blood flow, vascular permeability changes, and leukocyte migration to sites of injury. It aims to eliminate injurious agents and resolve quickly, but can develop into chronic inflammation if the agent persists. Chronic inflammation is prolonged, simultaneously destroys and repairs tissue, and underlies common diseases like arthritis and atherosclerosis.
This document summarizes a seminar on the cascade of inflammation. It discusses the signs of inflammation, inflammatory cells and mediators, types of inflammation including acute and chronic, and the mechanisms and cellular events of acute inflammation. Specifically, it outlines the vascular events of acute inflammation including changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, as well as the cellular events of leucocyte exudation and phagocytosis.
Inflammation is the body's response to infection, injury, or irritation. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation occurs rapidly and is short-lived, while chronic inflammation persists over a longer period of time. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines are released from platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells to regulate the inflammatory response. Defective or excessive inflammation can lead to increased susceptibility to infection or disease.
The document discusses inflammation and repair. It defines inflammation as a protective vascular connective tissue reaction called to injurious stimuli. There are five cardinal signs of acute inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation is characterized by fluid and protein accumulation and neutrophil infiltration, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages. The vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation include increased blood flow, vascular permeability, exudation of fluid and cells, and chemotaxis of leukocytes toward the site of injury or infection.
Inflammation is a complex reaction to injurious stimuli that consists of vascular responses, migration of leukocytes, and systemic responses. It involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, release of inflammatory mediators, and activation of the complement system. The goal of inflammation is to destroy, dilute or wall off injurious agents. Prolonged inflammation can lead to chronic conditions like arthritis and atherosclerosis.
This document discusses acute inflammation. It describes the steps of the inflammatory response, including recognition of the injurious agent, recruitment and activation of leukocytes, removal of the agent, regulation of the response, and resolution. It details the vascular changes that occur, including vasodilation, increased permeability, and endothelial cell contraction. It also discusses the cellular events of leukocyte recruitment, activation, and phagocytosis. It outlines stimuli for acute inflammation and mechanisms of termination of the inflammatory response.
This document provides an overview of acute and chronic inflammation. It defines inflammation and outlines the main types, including acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is defined as a rapid, transient response and its stages are described as transient vasoconstriction, persistent vasodilation, increased permeability, fluid exudate formation, cellular exudate accumulation, and resolution or progression. Chronic inflammation is defined as prolonged inflammation that involves attempts at repair. Its causes include persisting infections or irritants and autoimmune reactions. The document outlines the cells involved in chronic inflammation and types of mixed acute and chronic inflammation.
1. Inflammation is the body's response to infection, irritation, or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It involves the immune system and blood vessels.
2. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to recent injury or infection, marked by increased blood flow, blood vessel permeability, and migration of white blood cells. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response involving lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibrosis.
3. Inflammation can resolve, lead to abscess or fibrosis, and is mediated by chemical signals like histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Different cell types and patterns characterize specific inflammatory diseases.
The document summarizes inflammation and the key cellular processes involved. It describes how acute inflammation is characterized by fluid rich in proteins and PMNs, occurring over minutes to days. Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages over weeks to years. The classic signs of acute inflammation are described as heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The vascular changes in acute inflammation include transient vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased permeability and extravasation of PMNs. Leukocyte adhesion and transmigration are also summarized.
Acute inflammation by Dr Mohammad Manzoor MashwaniMohammad Manzoor
Acute inflammation is defined as the rapid host response to infection or tissue injury that lasts less than 48 hours. It is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration at the site of injury. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The major components are alterations in vascular caliber, changes in microvascular structure, and leukocyte emigration and activation. Acute inflammation can lead to resolution of the problem, or progression to chronic inflammation, abscess, or ulcer formation depending on the severity and type of injury or pathogen.
This document defines inflammation and describes the key cellular and vascular events involved. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, and involves vascular changes such as increased blood flow and permeability, as well as cellular events like the migration of white blood cells. These events are mediated by chemical signaling molecules called mediators, which help regulate the inflammatory response. The document outlines the major mediators involved and their roles in vascular changes, cellular recruitment, and resolution of inflammation.
Infamattion in dentistry (dept of public health dentistry )NPDCH VISNAGAR
1. The document discusses inflammation and its chemical mediators. It defines inflammation and outlines its classification into acute and chronic types.
2. Acute inflammation is described in detail, including its vascular and cellular events like increased permeability and leukocyte migration.
3. The document then covers the various chemical mediators involved in inflammation, such as histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines, and complement proteins.
4. Chronic inflammation is introduced as prolonged inflammation where tissue damage and repair occur simultaneously. Its causes and features are briefly outlined.
The document discusses acute inflammation. It defines inflammation and lists its causes. Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset and short duration. It involves vascular events like vasodilation, increased permeability and cellular events like recruitment and migration of leukocytes to the site of injury via adhesion molecules. Leukocytes recognize and remove microbes via phagocytosis and intracellular killing to resolve the inflammatory response.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection that involves increased blood flow, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The document outlines the general considerations of inflammation including its definition, causes, and cardinal signs. It then discusses the major events of acute inflammation including vascular changes, exudation of fluid, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Finally, it classifies inflammation into acute and chronic types and further classifies acute inflammation based on the type of exudate produced (serous, fibrinous, suppurative, hemorrhagic).
This document discusses acute inflammation and its mechanisms. It begins by defining acute inflammation as a rapid, short-lived response to injury that consists of vascular changes, leukocyte migration, and systemic reactions. The key features are vascular responses that lead to fluid and cell accumulation in tissues. It then describes the cardinal signs of inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The mechanisms of acute inflammation involve the release of chemical mediators, vasodilation, increased blood flow, vascular permeability, cellular influx, and phagocytosis.
Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and neutrophil infiltration. It serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off injurious agents. The key steps are vascular changes that increase blood flow and permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to exit circulation and reach injured tissues. Leukocytes are recruited through chemotaxis and remove pathogens via phagocytosis. Mediators like histamine and prostaglandins regulate vascular changes and leukocyte behavior. Common patterns include purulent inflammation seen in abscesses and serous inflammation seen in effusions. Acute inflammation typically resolves completely or leads to scarring, and can progress to chronic inflammation if the cause persists.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation and divides it into acute and chronic types. The components of inflammation include vascular reactions and cellular reactions. Acute inflammation is characterized by neutrophil accumulation and lasts for a short period, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages and lasts longer. The document further describes the stimuli, vascular changes, and cellular events involved in acute inflammation, including leukocyte margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, and phagocytosis. It also discusses the chemical mediators and outcomes of acute inflammation.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection that is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The cardinal signs result from increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration at the site of injury or infection. Acute inflammation resolves within a few days, while chronic inflammation persists for weeks or longer. The outcome of acute inflammation is either resolution, progression to chronic inflammation, or repair through scarring or fibrosis.
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammationVeer Choollun
The document defines inflammation and its causes. It describes acute inflammation and the associated vascular events that occur, including transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation and increased blood flow. This causes alterations in vascular permeability, initially allowing a plasma transudate to form and later an inflammatory exudate due to direct endothelial cell damage or the effects of chemical mediators. These vascular events underlie the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
The document summarizes key aspects of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is triggered by various stimuli and involves increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte migration. It aims to eliminate injurious agents. Chronic inflammation arises from persistent infections, toxins, or autoimmunity and is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and attempts at repair through fibrosis. Nutrition can impact inflammation through deficiencies, essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and factors related to over-nutrition like obesity.
The document summarizes key aspects of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is triggered by various stimuli and involves increased blood flow, vascular permeability changes, and leukocyte migration to sites of injury. It aims to eliminate injurious agents and resolve quickly, but can develop into chronic inflammation if the agent persists. Chronic inflammation is prolonged, simultaneously destroys and repairs tissue, and underlies common diseases like arthritis and atherosclerosis.
This document summarizes a seminar on the cascade of inflammation. It discusses the signs of inflammation, inflammatory cells and mediators, types of inflammation including acute and chronic, and the mechanisms and cellular events of acute inflammation. Specifically, it outlines the vascular events of acute inflammation including changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, as well as the cellular events of leucocyte exudation and phagocytosis.
This document describes inflammation, including its causes, mechanisms, and effects. It defines acute and chronic inflammation and outlines the vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation. This includes increased blood flow, vascular permeability, exudation of fluid, and migration of neutrophils. It also discusses the various chemical mediators involved, such as histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines. These mediators cause effects like vasodilation, increased permeability, and chemotaxis. The document notes both local and potential systemic manifestations of inflammation, such as fever, acute phase response, and changes in white blood cell count.
This document provides an overview of inflammation and healing. It defines inflammation as the body's response to injury, discussing the causes, signs, and types (acute and chronic) of inflammation. Acute inflammation involves vascular changes like increased blood flow and permeability, as well as cellular events like leukocyte migration and phagocytosis. Chemical mediators released from cells and plasma regulate these inflammatory responses. Healing is defined as the process of tissue regeneration and repair after injury or inflammation.
Inflammation and Healing (wound healing)Rajat Nanda
This document provides information on inflammation and healing in 3 sections. The first section defines inflammation, describes the causes and signs of inflammation, and outlines the types, features, and chemical mediators involved in acute and chronic inflammation. The second section defines healing and describes the processes of regeneration, repair, and wound healing. The third section focuses specifically on chronic inflammation, defining it, outlining its causes and general features including mononuclear cell infiltration, tissue destruction by activated macrophages, and proliferative changes involved in the healing process.
Inflammation is the protective response of tissues to injury. The key events of acute inflammation are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte emigration. Increased permeability allows plasma proteins and cells to exit vessels and accumulate at sites of injury. This leads to edema, which can be an exudate or transudate depending on protein content. Exudates have high protein levels from significant vessel changes, while transudates have low protein from hydrostatic/osmotic imbalance without major vessel changes. The mechanisms driving permeability involve histamine and other mediators causing both immediate and delayed responses from the endothelium.
Inflammation is the protective response of tissues to injury. The key events of acute inflammation are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte emigration. Increased permeability allows plasma proteins and cells to exit vessels and accumulate at sites of injury. This leads to edema, which can be an exudate or transudate depending on protein content. Exudates have high protein levels from significant vessel changes, while transudates have low protein from hydrostatic/osmotic imbalance without major vessel changes. The mechanisms driving permeability involve histamine and other mediators causing both immediate and delayed responses from the endothelium.
Acute and chronic inflammation can be summarized as follows:
1. Acute inflammation is an initial rapid response to infection or tissue damage characterized by vascular changes like vasodilation and increased permeability, cellular events like leukocyte extravasation, and aims to eliminate the cause and promote healing.
2. Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation that can last weeks or months, features mononuclear cell infiltration, ongoing tissue destruction and attempts at repair simultaneously, and can lead to fibrosis or scarring.
3. Causes of chronic inflammation include persistent infections, hypersensitivity reactions, exposure to toxic agents, and autoimmunity. Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive chronic pattern featuring macrophage aggregation. Systemic effects include fever
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation and discusses the causes, classification, and processes involved in acute and chronic inflammation. For acute inflammation, it describes the vascular and cellular responses, including migration of leukocytes, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. It outlines the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation and different morphological types. Chronic inflammation is defined and its causes, cells involved, and classifications are explained. Granulomatous inflammation and its pathogenesis are also covered.
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. It involves increased blood flow, exudation of fluid, and emigration of leukocytes. The goals are to remove harmful stimuli, limit tissue damage, and initiate repair. Acute inflammation is short-lived and has beneficial effects like fighting infection, but can also cause harmful tissue swelling and pain.
Inflammation is the protective response to eliminate the cause of cell injury and damaged tissue. It is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The signs are caused by increased blood flow and vascular permeability. Inflammation can be acute, lasting minutes to days, or chronic, lasting weeks or months. Acute inflammation involves recruitment of leukocytes from the bloodstream to fight infection at the site of injury. Chronic inflammation is prolonged and involves tissue destruction by mononuclear cells and attempts at healing through fibrosis. Mediators like cytokines prolong the inflammatory response.
This document discusses inflammation and healing. It defines inflammation as the local response of living tissues to injury. The causes of inflammation can be exogenous, such as physical or chemical agents, or endogenous like circulation disorders or metabolic products. The classic signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Acute inflammation involves rapid onset and short duration, while chronic inflammation has insidious onset and longer duration. Acute inflammation is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration. Chronic inflammation features infiltration by mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, along with simultaneous tissue destruction and healing.
Acute inflammation is the early response of tissues to injury and involves vascular and cellular events. The vascular events include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability allowing plasma proteins to leave circulation, and accumulation of leukocytes from the blood vessels into tissues. The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are neutrophils. The cellular events in acute inflammation help destroy, dilute or isolate injurious agents. Mediators of acute inflammation include histamine, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, complement factors and cytokines. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset, relatively short in duration and aims to return tissues to normal function.
This document discusses inflammation, including its definition, causes, signs, types (acute vs chronic), vascular and cellular events in acute inflammation, chemical mediators (cell-derived like histamine and prostaglandins, plasma-derived like complement), roles of inflammatory cells, and features of acute and chronic inflammation. It provides detailed descriptions of the pathogenesis and mechanisms of acute and chronic inflammation.
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It can be acute, occurring rapidly with a short duration, or chronic, with a longer, insidious onset. Acute inflammation is driven by increased blood flow and vascular permeability, allowing fluid, proteins, and immune cells like neutrophils to enter tissues. This causes swelling and activates immune responses like phagocytosis of pathogens. Chronic inflammation is prolonged, features mononuclear immune cell infiltration, and can cause simultaneous tissue destruction and healing over weeks to years. Macrophages play a key role by releasing enzymes and radicals that damage tissues but also promote healing through proliferation of new blood vessels and connective tissue.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The main events of acute inflammation are vascular events like vasodilation and increased permeability, and cellular events involving leukocyte recruitment and activation. This results in an inflammatory cell-rich exudate. Acute inflammation can resolve, repair through regeneration or fibrosis, lead to suppuration or pus formation, or progress to chronic inflammation. Examples include acute appendicitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
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3. Inflammation
Definition: *Inflammation is the local reactions
of living tissue against an irritant.
*Inflammation is a protective mechanism with the
purpose of localization and removal of the
irritant.
*Inflammation is designated by adding the
suffix “itis” to the English, Latin or Greek name
of the organ affected e.g. tonsillitis,
appendicitis, gastritis ... etc.
3
4. CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
(1) Living Irritants: Bacteria and their toxins, viruses,
parasites and fungi.
(2) Non Living Irritants: include:
(a) Physical irritants: e.g. excess heat, excess cold
and radiations.
(b) Chemical irritants: e.g. concentrated acids, alkalis,
organic and inorganic poisons.
(c) Mechanical irritants: e.g. trauma, mechanical
friction and foreign bodies.
(3) Antigens: Cause allergic inflammation.
4
5. TYPES OF INFLAMMATION
(1) Acute Inflammation:
Caused by an irritant of short duration .
The tissue response is rapid i.e. sudden
onset.
lasts for days to weeks.
characterized by the presence of fluid
exudates, fibrin threads and
polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
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6. (2) Chronic Inflammation:
Caused by an irritant of prolonged action.
The tissue response is slow i.e. gradual onset.
Inflammation lasts for months to years.
characterized by the presence of macrophages,
plasma cells, lymphocytes and fibrosis.
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8. The five cardinal signs of acute
inflammation
Redness (rubor) which is due to dilation of small
blood vessels within damaged tissue as it occurs in
cellulitis.
Heat (calor) which results from increased blood
flow (hyperemia) due to regional vascular dilation
Swelling (tumor) which is due to accumulation of
fluid in the extravascular space which, in turn, is due
to increased vascular permeability.
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9. Pain (dolor), which partly results from the
stretching & destruction of tissues due to
inflammatory edema and in part from pus under
pressure in as abscess cavity.
Some chemicals of acute inflammation, including
bradykinins, prostaglandins and serotonin are also
known to induce pain.
Loss of function: The inflammed area is inhibited
by pain while severe swelling may also physically
immobilize the tissue.
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10. Pathogenesis of Acute inflammation
mediators play an important role in
promoting the vascular and cellular
changes in the inflamed area.
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11. I. LOCALTISSUE DAMAGE
Occurs at the centre of the inflamed area with the
maximum concentration of the irritant. Local
death of tissue (necrosis) will result.
This local damage of cells together with inflamthe
vascular and cellular changes in the inflamed
area. matory stimulus trigger the release and
activation of chemical substances called
chemical mediators as histamine, serotonin and
prostaglandins.
These chemical mediators play an important role in
promoting
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13. I. LOCAL VASCULAR REACTIONS
(1)Transient vasoconstriction of the small arterioles:
Caused by the direct effect of the irritant on the vascular
wall. Chemical & neurogenic stemuli
Vasoconstriction is a protective mechanism and lasts for
seconds to minutes only.
13
14. (2) Vasodilatation of the Blood Vessels: Occurs in the
arterioles, venules and capillaries due to:
(a) Direct action of histamine on the vascular wall.
(b) Local axon reflex.
The dilatation of the arterioles and capillaries will increase
the blood flow & is called hyperaemia. The inflamed area
becomes red and hot.
14
15. (3) Slowing of the Blood Stream
(Stasis): Caused by:
slowing of blood flow & stasis due to increased
vascular permeability that is most remarkably
seen in the post-capillary venules.
Increased viscosity of the blood due to
formation inflammatory fluid exudates. This is
the main cause of stasis.
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16. (4) Formation of the Inflammatory Exudates:
The intravascular contents (plasma and cells) escape
into the interstitial tissue spaces forming the inflammatory
exudates which consists of a fluid component and a
cellular component.
(5) Dilatation of lymphatic vessels:
to accelerate the lymph flow and drains the fluid
exudates.
16
17. Mechanism of formation of the exudate :
1-ncreased capillary permeability to
plasma and its proteins caused by histamine
(the main cause).
2-Increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure due to dilatation of the arterioles
and increased blood flow. This pushes fluids
outside the capillaries.
3-Increased osmotic pressure of the
interstitial tissue fluid as the large protein
molecules split into smaller ones in the
process of tissue necrosis. This acts as a
suction force from the capillaries
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18. Characters:-
1-High protein content, 4-8 gm% (the
normal interstitial tissue fluid contains 1
gm%protein).
2-High fibrinogen content (turbid &
clots on standing). -High specific
gravity (above 1018).
3-High cellular content (polymorphs &
macrophages)
18
19. Functions:
1-It dilutes toxins, chemicals and
poisons, so minimizes their effects.
2-Brings antibodies from the blood to the
site of inflammation.
3-Supplies nutrition for the cells and
carries away waste products.
4-Fibrinogen forms a fibrin network,
which acts as a mechanical barrier to the
spread of infection and as a bridge for
leucocytes to reach the irritant.
19
20. Characteristically, the acute inflammatory
response involves production of exudates.
An exudate is an edema fluid with high
protein concentration, which frequently
contains inflammatory cells.
A transudate is simply a non-inflammatory
edema caused by cardiac, renal,
undernutritional, & other disorders.
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22. 2) Cellular response
The cellular response has the following stages:
1) Margination, rolling, pavementing, & adhesion
of leukocytes
2) Transmigration of leukocytes
3) Chemotaxis
4). Phagocytosis
22
23. A, Normal axial flow of
blood with central column
of cells and peripheral
zone of cell-free plasma.
B, Margination and
pavementing of
neutrophils with narrow
plasmatic zone.
23
24. C, Adhesion of
neutrophils to
endothelial cells with
pseudopods in the
intercellular junctions.
D, Emigration of
neutrophils and
diapedesis with
damaged basement
membrane.
24
25. 4- Chemotaxis: Is the directed movement of polymorphs and
macrophages in the area of inflammation towards the
irritant. This is helped by chemical products produced by
polymorphs. The inflammatory cells move on fibrin threads.
25
26. 5- Phagocytosis: It is the ingestion and destruction
of bacteria, necrotic debris and foreign particles
by phagocytic inflammatory cells (polymorphs
and macrophages).
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32. I. SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION
(Pyogenic or Septic)
Definition: Severe acute inflammation
characterized by pus formation
Causes: Pyogenic microorganisms as
staphylococcus aureus,
pneumococcus, gonococcus and
bacillus coli.
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33. Abscess
Definition: Localized suppurative
inflammation resulting in the
formation of an irregular cavity filled
with pus
Etiology: Caused mainly by
staphylococcus aureus which
produce coagulase enzyme that
helps fibrin formation and localize
the infection.
33
34. Sites:
Commonly the abscess occurs in in
the subcutaneous tissue and in
any organ as the lung, brain, liver,
breast.
34
35. Characters:
the abscess shows three zones.
(a) Central zone of necrosis.
(b) Midzone containing pus.
(c) Peripheral zone of inflamed tissue called pyogenic
membrane.
35
36. Complications:
Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
Septicemia, bacteremia and toxemia
bactremia…carriage of small numbers of bacteria
without growth in the blood stream.
SepticemiaIs the circulation of large number of
virulent micro-organism with multiplication and toxin
production in the circulation. This commonly leads to
septic shock.
Toxemia…means circulation of bacterial toxins in
blood with clinical and pathological manifestations
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44. Cellulitis
Definition: Acute diffuse suppurative
inflammation.
Cause: Streptococcus haemolyticus. The
organism produces two enzymes:
(1) Fibrinolysin (streptokinase): Dissolves
fibrin.
(2) Hyaluronidase (spreading factor):
Dissolves hyaluronic acid of ground
substance helping spread of bacteria and its
toxins.
44
45. Sites: Loose connective tissue as
subcutaneous tissue, scrotum, upper
respiratory tract and wall of the appendix.
Characters:
(1) Failure of localization because of absence
of fibrin.
(2) Extensive necrosis.
(3) Pus is thin in consistency and may contain
many red cells i.e. sanguinous.
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50. II. NON-SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION
1. Catarrhal Inflammation:
Mild acute inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the respiratory and GIT
characterized by excess mucus secretion e.g.
catarrhal rhinitis (common cold), bronchitis, ...
etc.
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51. 2. Membranous Inflammation
(Pseudomembranous)
Severe acute inflammation characterized by the
formation of a pseudomembrane on the affected surface
formed of necrotic cells, fibrin threads, leucocytes and
the causative organism e.g. diphtheria and bacillary
dysentery.
51
52. Pathogenesis:
The bacteria remain on the mucosal surface
and produce powerful exotoxin which causes
patchy mucosal necrosis. The exotoxin diffuses
through the necrotic mucosa to the submucosa
causing acute inflammation. The exotoxin is
absorbed in the blood stream causing severe
toxaemia.
A yellowish white slightly elevated
pseudomembrane is formed on the surface.
The membrane is adherent and its removal
leaves a bleeding surface with the formation of
another membrane.
52
53. 3. Fibrinous Inflammation:
Characterized by an exudate rich in fibrinogen e.g. lobar
pneumonia.
4. Serofibrinous Inflammation:
It involves serous sacs as pleura, peritoneum and
pericardium. Characterized by excess serous exudates in
the sac and deposition of fibrin on the surface.
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57. 6. Necrotizing Inflammation:
Acute inflammation characterized by marked tissue
necrosis.
7. Allergic Inflammation:
as urticaria. It is an antigen antibody reaction
characterized by abundant fluid exudates and
eosinophils.
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58. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION Chronic inflammation is characterized by the
following:
(1) The irritant is mild and has a prolonged action.
(2) Chronic inflammation may follow acute inflammation or
starts as slowly progressing chronic disease as in
tuberculosis and syphilis.
(3) The tissue response is gradual and prolonged.
58
59. (4) The small arteries and arterioles show thickening and
narrowing called end arteritis obliterans.
(5) The inflammatory fluid exudates is scanty.
(6) The inflammatory cellular exudates consists of
lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and foreign-
body giant cells.
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61. Types of Chronic inflammation:
(1) Chronic non-specific inflammation: Different
irritants produce inflammatory reactions of the same
microscopic picture e.g. chronic abscess and chronic
tonsillitis.
(2) Chronic specific inflammation:
Each irritant or organism produces a characteristic
microscopic picture called granuloma e.g. tuberculosis,
bilharziasis and leprosy
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65. Types
(1)Infective granuloma
1.Bacterial as TB, leprosy & syphilis
2.Parasitic as bilharziasis & leishmaniasis
3.Mycotic (fungus) as madura foot,
actinomycosis
4.Viral as granuloma inguinale
(2)Non-infective granuloma
As silicosis, asbestosis and foreign-body
granuloma.
(3) Unknown cause
sarcoidosis, crohns disease
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66. Histopathology of granuloma
A- Macrophages main bulk of granuloma,
made of tissue histiocytes, blood
monocytes and foreign body giant cells
B- Other inflammatory cells as
lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils.
C- Granulation tissue
D- Fibrous tissue
E- Specific organism or foreign body
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