Laboratory experiment was laid out in Replicated Complete Design under laboratory condition during 2013-14 at Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The results for mangbean varieties showed that maximum germination (86.78%), shoot length (10.71cm), root length (5.32cm), shoot fresh weight (1693mg), root fresh weight (658.0 mg), shoot dry weight (54.74mg), root dry weight (7.89mg), were observed in 4 hours priming. Whereas, the 2 hours priming ranked second with germination (84.78%), shoot length (10. 40cm), root length (5.19 cm), shoot fresh weight (1664mg), root fresh weight (642.6mg), shoot dry weight (52.81mg), root dry weight (7.71 mg). However, No priming (check) had minimum germination (68.88%), shoot length (7.53cm), root length (3.09cm), shoot fresh weight (1103 mg), root fresh weight (431.9mg), shoot dry weight (38.56mg), root dry weight (5.49mg).. The data further indicated that the maximum germination (86.52%), shoot length (11.12cm), root length (5.60cm), shoot fresh weight (1839mg), root fresh weight (664.7 mg) shoot dry weight (57.88mg), root dry weight (8.20mg), were recorded in 35oC temperature regimes as compared to 25oC temperature regimes which was produced germination (81.71%), shoot length (9.51cm), root length (4.48 cm), shoot fresh weight (1553mg), root fresh weight (591.8mg), shoot dry weight (49.09mg), root dry weight (6.89 mg). Whereas, the lowest germination (72.21%), shoot length (8.01cm), root length (3.51cm), shoot fresh weight (1068 mg), root fresh weight (476.0mg), shoot dry weight (49.14mg), root dry weight (6.00mg) were observed in 15oC temperature regimes. These results are statistically significant (P<0.05) probability levels. It is concluded that seed priming period 4 hours proved better for seed germination and early growth traits of mungbean. At 35 oC temperature regime early growth and yield of mungbean was determined.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, usi...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min, 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min. One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Article Citation:
Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 013-019.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0006.pdf
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetable Crops
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, usi...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min, 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min. One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Article Citation:
Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 013-019.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0006.pdf
Influence of Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Four Vegetable Crops
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Statistical Modelling of Drying Characteristics of Unripe Plantain (Musa Para...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This work is designed to carry out the statistical modelling of the drying characteristics of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) slices and to study the effect of drying temperature and slice thickness on drying characteristics. The test samples were dried in a laboratory scale oven dryer at varying temperatures of 700C, 800C and 900C, and different slice thicknesses of 2mm, 3mm and 4mm.The result obtained indicated that drying temperature and slice thickness had significant effect on drying rate and hence moisture profile. The moisture ratio – drying time data obtained were fitted to ten thin layer drying models. The fit quality obtained with each model was evaluated using statistical tests namely; coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), reduced chi-square (X2), and standard error of estimate (SEE). Although most of the models fitted quite well to the experimental data, Page and Modified Page models showed the highest average R2 and the lowest average RMSE, X2 and SEE values. Page and modified Page models were selected and found suitable to represent the drying characteristics of unripe plantain slices and predict drying times.
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Febri Doni, Anizan Isahak, Norela Sulaiman, Che Radziah Che Mohd Zain, Abidah Ashari, Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff
Title: Use of Tricoderma spp. in Enhancing Rice Productivity
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
A Study on the effect of moist-chilling and GA3 application on evening primro...AmberAtaullah
Here is the slide share of A Study on the effect of moist-chilling and GA3 application on evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seed germination
Thanks to have a view of my slideshare
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum o...Innspub Net
Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple. Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due to its most susceptibility against blue most disease.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
Production of tomato in the tropics especially in Ghana is beset with lots of setbacks thereby causing low yields per hectare. Greenhouse cultivation systems are promising yet yields of tropical tomato cultivars are hampered by adverse temperature conditions. In order to mitigate this, an experiment was conducted during the extreme summer temperature conditions in the greenhouse at Kashiwanoha Campus of Chiba University, Japan. The study was conducted between May 23, 2018 and September20, 2018. The low substrate volume production system of 500mL in closed recirculated hydroponics (sub-irrigation) method was employed. Three tropical tomato cultivars (Jaguar, Lebombo and Lindo) were evaluated for yields. Plants were spaced at 20cm (4.2 plants m-2) and 30cm (2.8 plants m-2). At 7 and 9WAT, plants were topped at 2nd and 4th nodes respectively. The 3x2x2 factorial in Randomised Complete Block design in three replications was adopted. Some parameter collected were; 1. Morphometrics such as plant height, girth, leaf number and chlorophyll content, days to 50% flowering and fruit set 2. Yield components and fruit quality such as fruit number, marketable yield, yield per area, yield per hectare, percent blossom end rot, fruit TSS, TA, TSS/TA ratio and 3. Dry matter partitioning at last harvest, 11WAT. Results showed that blossom end rot reduced the yields of Jaguar and Lindo almost by 50% while Lebombo recorded less than 1%. Lebombo produced significantly the highest plant dry mass of 125g of which 57.7% was converted to vegetative growth compared to the Jaguar. For Jaguar however, 53.7% of total plant dry mass was allocated to fruits. This in effect was translated to the highest yield of 93tons ha-1 year-1 for Jaguar plants that were pinched at 4th truss in high density planting of 4.2 plant m-2.
Abstract
Potato is an important food and cash crop in Eastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is low for a number of constraints. Shortage of quality planting material and poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at planting are two of the factors known to affect production cycle and productivity of the crop in Eastern Ethiopia. Two separate experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014, to assess the effect of Gibberellic acid and storage condition on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (‘Bubu’ and ‘Bate’) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, and 20 ppm) kept under three storage methods: in diffused light store (DLS), in pit, and in farmyard manure (FYM) heap. The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete design with four replications and conducted in the horticulture laboratory of Haramaya University. The second experiment consisted of the same treatments laid out in the field to study the effects of the treatments on the subsequent growth, yield, and yield-related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications and conducted on a farmer’s field. The results of the experiments showed that genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions, as well as the interaction between them, significantly affected seed tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics, and subsequent tuber yield. Dormancy period, sprouting percent, sprout length, length of lateral axillary sprouts, and sprout vigour were significantly affected by the treatments. However, parameters such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, and number and weight of very small and small tubers showed highest values for seed tubers, either treated with GA3 or not, and stored under FYM heap and pit storage conditions when compared with tuber treated and stored in DLS. In general, the study indicated that the interaction between genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions resulted in early dormancy termination, early emergence of shoots, and high marketable tuber yield.
Gemeda Mustefa
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Fruits and vegetables consumption contribute in human nutrition through
the provision of essential nutrients for growth and good health. However, farmers,
marketers, and consumers encounter major problems of keeping fresh commodities such
as Dwarf ger. marglobe Tomato fruits to increase their shelf life due to quick
degeneration and decomposition of the produce at storage. Demand in the consumption
of fresh fruits and vegetables increased across the world which comes with major
concern in storage of these perishables. The objective of the study was to develop
Charcoal Evaporative Cooler (CEC), and compare with House Hold Fridge (HHF) and
Control Sample of Dwarf ger. marglobe Tomato fruits grown in the Wa Municipality of
the Upper West Region of Ghana. A total of thirty six fruits without any bruises and
decay were used for the experiment. The tomato fruits were divided into three to
represent the treated and untreated samples. The respective weights of the fruits were
taken after natural air drying and monitored at Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
was the experimental design used with three replications. Data on weight, decay severity
and Colour changes of the produce were analyzed using MiniTab version 16 The results
obtained on percentage weight reduction of fresh tomato fruits stored in Charcoal
Evaporative Cooler House Hold Fridge and control temperature (CT) showed that, the
latter recorded the highest average weight loss of 15.93% compared with HHF 4.68%
and CEC 4.84% when the experiment was terminated. Storage for an experimental
period of ten (10) days. Twelve (12) fruits were stored in the Charcoal Evaporative
Cooler (CEC), twelve fruits were also stored in the House Hold Fridge (HHF) and twelve
fruits were left at room temperature as control. The results also indicated that the least
average colour of 4.5 was produced by fruits stored in Charcoal Evaporative cooler
compared with average values of 5.4 and 6.0 for house hold fridge and control sample
respectively. The trend on the decay severity demonstrated that the House Hold Fridge
which produced 0.3 decay could reduce decay better than Charcoal Evaporative Cooler
with 1.2 and Control sample with severity of 2.7 .The fact that the performance trend of
the experiment on the use of Charcoal Evaporative Cooler on storage of fresh tomatoes
could reduce decay, average weight, colour and maintain freshness of tomato fruits, it
was safely concluded that, adoption of Charcoal Evaporative Cooler for cooling and
extension of shelf life of tomato fruits at small scale and household levels for consumers
would be appropriate in Wa Municipality
The field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2014-15 at Wheat Research Institute Sakrand, Sindh (WRI) on newly introduced Benazir-2013 wheat variety to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes for growth and yield performance under district Shaheed Benazir Abad agro-climatic conditions. Five irrigation levels viz, L1=02 irrigations @ crown root initiation & tillering phase, L2=03 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering & jointing phase, L3=04 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering[ jointing & booting phase, L4=05 irrigations @ crown root initiation [tillering[jointing [booting & grain development phase and L5=06 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering[jointing[booting[flowering & grain development stage were applied in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The significant (p<0.05) results were achieved. Maximum plant height 88 cm, number of tillers 400.20 m2, spike length 11.95 cm, 1000-grain weight 57.1 g, grain yield 6.0 t ha-1 and harvest index 42.70% were recorded in L5, followed by L4 with standard 05 irrigations produced 85 cm plant height, 11.3 cm spike length, 390.17 tillers m2, 53.5 g as 1000-grain weight, 5.8 t ha-1 grain yield and 40.7 harvest index. While, lowest all growth and yield traits measured in L1, L2 and L3. Figures demonstrating that there is no significant different between L4 and L5 treatments in term of all vegetative and reproductive constituents, Hence, It is reasoned that the five irrigations are necessary for maximum crop yield in district Shaheed Benazir Abad agronomical zone and lack of irrigation adversely affected growth and yield of Benazir wheat variety. Therefore, suggestion is given to the growers that optimum frequencies of irrigation must be applied to new Benazir wheat variety.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and productivity. Hence its judicious use in crop cultivation is essential for achieving desirable productivity of crops. A pot experiment was designed in the experimental site of the Horticulture Garden, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during 2014-15, using Randomize complete design (CRD), where five cultivars of chilli (Kunri 1, Nagina, Ghotki, Tota puri and Longi) were evaluated to four nitrogen levels, including a control, (0, 50, 150 and 250 kg ha-1). The results exhibited that all growth and yield characters of chilli were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by N levels and cultivars. However, interaction between N levels × cultivars was only significant (P<0.05) for plant height (cm) and branches plant-1. The plants treated with higher N level of 250 Kg ha-1 produced maximum plant height (71.27 cm), number of branches (9.42), days to flower initiation (74.62), fruit length (3.12 cm), fruits plant-1 (142.00), weight of single fruit (3.44 g) and fresh weight of fruit plant-1 (486.36). The plants fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 ranked second and showed plant height (70.56 cm), number of branches (9.06), days to flower initiation (exposed) 74.33, fruit length (3.02), fruits plant-1 (139.20), weight of single fruit (3.34), and fresh weight of fruit plant-1 (468.51). There was significant reduction in all the growth and yield attributed parameters at control, where N was not applied to plants. Among cultivars, Ghotki exhibited a better performance. Moreover, interaction of N levels and cultivars (250 Kg ha-1 x Ghotki) also displayed higher values for most of the traits. The findings of the current study demonstrated that although higher N level 250 kg ha-1 showed greater values for all traits, but these results were statistically similar to results obtained from 150 kg ha-1, Hence, it is concluded that N 150 Kg ha-1 is an economic dose for better growth and fruit yield of Chillies.
More Related Content
Similar to RESPONSE OF MUNGBEAN TO DIFFERENT HYDRO-PRIMING PERIODS AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Statistical Modelling of Drying Characteristics of Unripe Plantain (Musa Para...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This work is designed to carry out the statistical modelling of the drying characteristics of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) slices and to study the effect of drying temperature and slice thickness on drying characteristics. The test samples were dried in a laboratory scale oven dryer at varying temperatures of 700C, 800C and 900C, and different slice thicknesses of 2mm, 3mm and 4mm.The result obtained indicated that drying temperature and slice thickness had significant effect on drying rate and hence moisture profile. The moisture ratio – drying time data obtained were fitted to ten thin layer drying models. The fit quality obtained with each model was evaluated using statistical tests namely; coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), reduced chi-square (X2), and standard error of estimate (SEE). Although most of the models fitted quite well to the experimental data, Page and Modified Page models showed the highest average R2 and the lowest average RMSE, X2 and SEE values. Page and modified Page models were selected and found suitable to represent the drying characteristics of unripe plantain slices and predict drying times.
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Febri Doni, Anizan Isahak, Norela Sulaiman, Che Radziah Che Mohd Zain, Abidah Ashari, Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff
Title: Use of Tricoderma spp. in Enhancing Rice Productivity
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
A Study on the effect of moist-chilling and GA3 application on evening primro...AmberAtaullah
Here is the slide share of A Study on the effect of moist-chilling and GA3 application on evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seed germination
Thanks to have a view of my slideshare
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum o...Innspub Net
Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple. Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due to its most susceptibility against blue most disease.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
Production of tomato in the tropics especially in Ghana is beset with lots of setbacks thereby causing low yields per hectare. Greenhouse cultivation systems are promising yet yields of tropical tomato cultivars are hampered by adverse temperature conditions. In order to mitigate this, an experiment was conducted during the extreme summer temperature conditions in the greenhouse at Kashiwanoha Campus of Chiba University, Japan. The study was conducted between May 23, 2018 and September20, 2018. The low substrate volume production system of 500mL in closed recirculated hydroponics (sub-irrigation) method was employed. Three tropical tomato cultivars (Jaguar, Lebombo and Lindo) were evaluated for yields. Plants were spaced at 20cm (4.2 plants m-2) and 30cm (2.8 plants m-2). At 7 and 9WAT, plants were topped at 2nd and 4th nodes respectively. The 3x2x2 factorial in Randomised Complete Block design in three replications was adopted. Some parameter collected were; 1. Morphometrics such as plant height, girth, leaf number and chlorophyll content, days to 50% flowering and fruit set 2. Yield components and fruit quality such as fruit number, marketable yield, yield per area, yield per hectare, percent blossom end rot, fruit TSS, TA, TSS/TA ratio and 3. Dry matter partitioning at last harvest, 11WAT. Results showed that blossom end rot reduced the yields of Jaguar and Lindo almost by 50% while Lebombo recorded less than 1%. Lebombo produced significantly the highest plant dry mass of 125g of which 57.7% was converted to vegetative growth compared to the Jaguar. For Jaguar however, 53.7% of total plant dry mass was allocated to fruits. This in effect was translated to the highest yield of 93tons ha-1 year-1 for Jaguar plants that were pinched at 4th truss in high density planting of 4.2 plant m-2.
Abstract
Potato is an important food and cash crop in Eastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is low for a number of constraints. Shortage of quality planting material and poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at planting are two of the factors known to affect production cycle and productivity of the crop in Eastern Ethiopia. Two separate experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014, to assess the effect of Gibberellic acid and storage condition on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (‘Bubu’ and ‘Bate’) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, and 20 ppm) kept under three storage methods: in diffused light store (DLS), in pit, and in farmyard manure (FYM) heap. The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete design with four replications and conducted in the horticulture laboratory of Haramaya University. The second experiment consisted of the same treatments laid out in the field to study the effects of the treatments on the subsequent growth, yield, and yield-related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications and conducted on a farmer’s field. The results of the experiments showed that genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions, as well as the interaction between them, significantly affected seed tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics, and subsequent tuber yield. Dormancy period, sprouting percent, sprout length, length of lateral axillary sprouts, and sprout vigour were significantly affected by the treatments. However, parameters such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, and number and weight of very small and small tubers showed highest values for seed tubers, either treated with GA3 or not, and stored under FYM heap and pit storage conditions when compared with tuber treated and stored in DLS. In general, the study indicated that the interaction between genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions resulted in early dormancy termination, early emergence of shoots, and high marketable tuber yield.
Gemeda Mustefa
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Fruits and vegetables consumption contribute in human nutrition through
the provision of essential nutrients for growth and good health. However, farmers,
marketers, and consumers encounter major problems of keeping fresh commodities such
as Dwarf ger. marglobe Tomato fruits to increase their shelf life due to quick
degeneration and decomposition of the produce at storage. Demand in the consumption
of fresh fruits and vegetables increased across the world which comes with major
concern in storage of these perishables. The objective of the study was to develop
Charcoal Evaporative Cooler (CEC), and compare with House Hold Fridge (HHF) and
Control Sample of Dwarf ger. marglobe Tomato fruits grown in the Wa Municipality of
the Upper West Region of Ghana. A total of thirty six fruits without any bruises and
decay were used for the experiment. The tomato fruits were divided into three to
represent the treated and untreated samples. The respective weights of the fruits were
taken after natural air drying and monitored at Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
was the experimental design used with three replications. Data on weight, decay severity
and Colour changes of the produce were analyzed using MiniTab version 16 The results
obtained on percentage weight reduction of fresh tomato fruits stored in Charcoal
Evaporative Cooler House Hold Fridge and control temperature (CT) showed that, the
latter recorded the highest average weight loss of 15.93% compared with HHF 4.68%
and CEC 4.84% when the experiment was terminated. Storage for an experimental
period of ten (10) days. Twelve (12) fruits were stored in the Charcoal Evaporative
Cooler (CEC), twelve fruits were also stored in the House Hold Fridge (HHF) and twelve
fruits were left at room temperature as control. The results also indicated that the least
average colour of 4.5 was produced by fruits stored in Charcoal Evaporative cooler
compared with average values of 5.4 and 6.0 for house hold fridge and control sample
respectively. The trend on the decay severity demonstrated that the House Hold Fridge
which produced 0.3 decay could reduce decay better than Charcoal Evaporative Cooler
with 1.2 and Control sample with severity of 2.7 .The fact that the performance trend of
the experiment on the use of Charcoal Evaporative Cooler on storage of fresh tomatoes
could reduce decay, average weight, colour and maintain freshness of tomato fruits, it
was safely concluded that, adoption of Charcoal Evaporative Cooler for cooling and
extension of shelf life of tomato fruits at small scale and household levels for consumers
would be appropriate in Wa Municipality
Similar to RESPONSE OF MUNGBEAN TO DIFFERENT HYDRO-PRIMING PERIODS AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES (20)
The field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2014-15 at Wheat Research Institute Sakrand, Sindh (WRI) on newly introduced Benazir-2013 wheat variety to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes for growth and yield performance under district Shaheed Benazir Abad agro-climatic conditions. Five irrigation levels viz, L1=02 irrigations @ crown root initiation & tillering phase, L2=03 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering & jointing phase, L3=04 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering[ jointing & booting phase, L4=05 irrigations @ crown root initiation [tillering[jointing [booting & grain development phase and L5=06 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering[jointing[booting[flowering & grain development stage were applied in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The significant (p<0.05) results were achieved. Maximum plant height 88 cm, number of tillers 400.20 m2, spike length 11.95 cm, 1000-grain weight 57.1 g, grain yield 6.0 t ha-1 and harvest index 42.70% were recorded in L5, followed by L4 with standard 05 irrigations produced 85 cm plant height, 11.3 cm spike length, 390.17 tillers m2, 53.5 g as 1000-grain weight, 5.8 t ha-1 grain yield and 40.7 harvest index. While, lowest all growth and yield traits measured in L1, L2 and L3. Figures demonstrating that there is no significant different between L4 and L5 treatments in term of all vegetative and reproductive constituents, Hence, It is reasoned that the five irrigations are necessary for maximum crop yield in district Shaheed Benazir Abad agronomical zone and lack of irrigation adversely affected growth and yield of Benazir wheat variety. Therefore, suggestion is given to the growers that optimum frequencies of irrigation must be applied to new Benazir wheat variety.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and productivity. Hence its judicious use in crop cultivation is essential for achieving desirable productivity of crops. A pot experiment was designed in the experimental site of the Horticulture Garden, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during 2014-15, using Randomize complete design (CRD), where five cultivars of chilli (Kunri 1, Nagina, Ghotki, Tota puri and Longi) were evaluated to four nitrogen levels, including a control, (0, 50, 150 and 250 kg ha-1). The results exhibited that all growth and yield characters of chilli were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by N levels and cultivars. However, interaction between N levels × cultivars was only significant (P<0.05) for plant height (cm) and branches plant-1. The plants treated with higher N level of 250 Kg ha-1 produced maximum plant height (71.27 cm), number of branches (9.42), days to flower initiation (74.62), fruit length (3.12 cm), fruits plant-1 (142.00), weight of single fruit (3.44 g) and fresh weight of fruit plant-1 (486.36). The plants fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 ranked second and showed plant height (70.56 cm), number of branches (9.06), days to flower initiation (exposed) 74.33, fruit length (3.02), fruits plant-1 (139.20), weight of single fruit (3.34), and fresh weight of fruit plant-1 (468.51). There was significant reduction in all the growth and yield attributed parameters at control, where N was not applied to plants. Among cultivars, Ghotki exhibited a better performance. Moreover, interaction of N levels and cultivars (250 Kg ha-1 x Ghotki) also displayed higher values for most of the traits. The findings of the current study demonstrated that although higher N level 250 kg ha-1 showed greater values for all traits, but these results were statistically similar to results obtained from 150 kg ha-1, Hence, it is concluded that N 150 Kg ha-1 is an economic dose for better growth and fruit yield of Chillies.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants.They are mostly C4 plants (Extraordinary metabolize essential carbon) and have vigor growth. Due to vigorous growth and inordinate development, they compete with all type of crops including cereals, fiber, sugar, medicinal and vegetable crops as well as floricultural crops for nutrient, place, space, air, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), light, soil moisture and soil oxygen etc that result in causes of long or short stressful periods during growth and development of plant which have adverse influence on the harvest and
straightforwardly diminish the yield and quality of crops. Various methods are utilized to control the weeds but all methods are not efficient equally against weeds before they give
any damage to the harvests, with the exception of a few. These involves use of weedicides, hoeing, tillage operations, hand pulling, pure seed, seeding rate, mulching, Intercropping, cultivation of weed competitive varieties, mixed cropping, sowing time, sowing methods and use of fertilizer practices. However nowadays modern agriculture concept is giving recommendation to use all these practices combined which is known as integrated weed management (IWM). This review paper evaluates different weed management practices in different crops and suggests effective weed control methods for
good crop yield and its quality. This paper is also indicating challenges in integrated weed management practices with raising a question why a majority of farmers around the world are unable to apply integrated weed management (IWM) practices.
Indus valley which is famous from oldest civilization Mohan-Jo-Daro is a province of Pakistan. It is known as agricultural land in the world. Climate of Sindh favors cereal crops, oil seed
crops, fiber crops, sugar crops, vegetable crops and many flower crops. Among them unfortunately
flower crops are cultivated at very small scale. Its due to less attention is given to this crop by farmers
and agricultural institutions. That is a reason various flower species are unavailable for peoples use
and landscaping. Minor research work founding in research journals about flower cultivation in
Sindh. Therefore three weeks a rapid survey research work was started in 1st July 2015 in two
procedures, including 1: Verbal comments were obtained from farmers, 2: Comments obtained from
social media. Question was raised that what are causes of low level farming of flowers in Sindh.
Options were given as choice viz, A: low awareness, B: Low profitability, C: Unsuitable climate and
soil. According to the results of verbal comments from farmers, 55% answered low awareness, 30%
replied low profitability and 15% commented unsuitable climate and soil. While at social network (use
of internet), 50% said low awareness, 20% selected answer low profitability and 26% mentioned choice C which is unsuitable climate and soil.
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important
innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. .......
Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3 + H2O + NO3→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field
experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand, district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1= 200 kg/ha, T2= 300 kg/ha, and T3 = 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded
in T3 in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were recorded in T1 plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
The arsenic contamination has seriously affected public health in Pakistan, especially in highly contaminated
Sindh and Punjab provinces. Results of recent studies show that over 3% of the population in Punjab was exposed
to arsenic contamination of over 50 ug/L in drinking water, and 20% of the population is exposed to over 10 ug/L, with
the limited standard of WHO, same as the EPA also sets the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for drinking
water. The situation in Sindh province was worse than in Punjab province, as the results show that 16% and 36%
of population exposed to arsenic contaminated water over 50 ug/L and 10 ug/L respectively. According to a study
conducted and based on samples from 1,184 wells across the country that actually proved that the process of boiling
or filtration was not helpful to remove As from groundwater. Recent medical studies have confirmed 40 cases of
arsenicosis occurred in worst situation. The purpose of this paper is to make a review about the current situation of
arsenic contamination and its effect in the Pakistan.
All plants utilize nitrogen (N) in the form of NO3- and NH4
+. It is most imperative element for proper growth and development of plants. which significantly increases and enhances the yield and its quality by playing a vital role in biochemical and physiological
plant. Pivotal N is required in larger quantity about 1000 ug kg-1 dry matter, so, it is compulsory supplied to plants. It is top most 100% deficient in Pakistani soils due to low organic matter content, additionally,.................
Phosphorus (P) is considered as a second most vital plant nutrient as well as second most deficient about 90% in agricultural soils of Pakistan following the nitrogen which boosts and insures bumper crop yield. Hence, P is widely used in crop production. Without this element, the higher productivity is not possible and its role cannot be replaced due to no any substituent, since it is an essential element. Farmers have belief that profitability is only associated with an enormous rate, So, they greatly rely on pivotal nutrient P, which is a finite and in this way its consumption increasing demand causing the decline of its reserves due to rapid excavation. Many scientists are threathening that within 50 to 100 years phosphorus will be completely depleted and P from peak can occurs for a period of only 2030 or 2033. According to some surveys, world has 71 billion tons of P reserves and mine production is about 0.19 billion tons, some research analyst has perception that, the threat is not closer, as its propaganda. But increasing fertilizer demands per day may doublet or triplet or meet the level soon up-to 1.00 billion tons of production. Then decline can take place around 71 years (71÷1.00). From this microscopic angle, the danger can be observed most closely. Agriculture cannot afford such condition in the future and huge crises can be raised. Therefore, well organized agronomic strategy must be applied in this mean time, number of crop cultivation practices are available, they can minimize P use along with improve yield and can save P and extend the threat to several hundred years. This planning should be adopted together new reserves also discovered. Currently, it is need of time, a call ought to be given from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with them to ‘’Reduce P use and Save P’’ for sustainability of agriculture. This paper is well elaborating and indicating in detail, the threats to agriculture, challenges and providing possible remedies for food security under small bracket. Furthermore, paper identifying depletion of P reserves as a true story.
SAU-GROWTH METER:This growth meter is a broad invent in agriculture sector and can prove very much useful in agriculture throughout the world. Now we can measure growth speed of wheat crop plant per second, per minute, per hour, per day and per month as well, which helps us to estimate and maximize yield through proper use of input resources.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
RESPONSE OF MUNGBEAN TO DIFFERENT HYDRO-PRIMING PERIODS AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES
1. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(2),1269-1273,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 1269
March-April
RESPONSE OF MUNGBEAN TO DIFFERENT HYDRO-PRIMING PERIODS
AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES
Ghulam Mustafa Laghari1*
, Mustafa Raza Laghari1
, Aijaz Ahmed Soomro1
, Shah Jahan Leghari1
,
Majeeduddin solangi2
, Ashifa Soomro3
1
Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, 70060-Pakistan
2
Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, 70060-Pakistan
3
Department of Land and Water Management, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, 70060-Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s email: leghari222@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Laboratory experiment was laid out in Replicated Complete Design under laboratory condition during 2013-14
at Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The results for mangbean
varieties showed that maximum germination (86.78%), shoot length (10.71cm), root length (5.32cm), shoot fresh weight
(1693mg), root fresh weight (658.0 mg), shoot dry weight (54.74mg), root dry weight (7.89mg), were observed in 4 hours
priming. Whereas, the 2 hours priming ranked second with germination (84.78%), shoot length (10. 40cm), root length (5.19
cm), shoot fresh weight (1664mg), root fresh weight (642.6mg), shoot dry weight (52.81mg), root dry weight (7.71 mg).
However, No priming (check) had minimum germination (68.88%), shoot length (7.53cm), root length (3.09cm), shoot fresh
weight (1103 mg), root fresh weight (431.9mg), shoot dry weight (38.56mg), root dry weight (5.49mg).. The data further
indicated that the maximum germination (86.52%), shoot length (11.12cm), root length (5.60cm), shoot fresh weight (1839mg),
root fresh weight (664.7 mg) shoot dry weight (57.88mg), root dry weight (8.20mg), were recorded in 35o
C temperature
regimes as compared to 25o
C temperature regimes which was produced germination (81.71%), shoot length (9.51cm), root
length (4.48 cm), shoot fresh weight (1553mg), root fresh weight (591.8mg), shoot dry weight (49.09mg), root dry weight (6.89
mg). Whereas, the lowest germination (72.21%), shoot length (8.01cm), root length (3.51cm), shoot fresh weight (1068 mg),
root fresh weight (476.0mg), shoot dry weight (49.14mg), root dry weight (6.00mg) were observed in 15o
C temperature
regimes. These results are statistically significant (P<0.05) probability levels. It is concluded that seed priming period 4 hours
proved better for seed germination and early growth traits of mungbean. At 35o
C temperature regime early growth and yield of
mungbean was determined.
Key words: Hydropriming, Mungbean, Germination, Growth, Temperature
INTRODUCTION
Green mung bean is very important annually leguminous
crop. Its seed contains about 22 to 25% of protein and thus it
becomes a good source in term of vegetable protein for
peoples [1]. This crop is cultivated in many areas of Pakistan,
but maximum crop yield cannot be obtained in the country. It
is due to weak crop growth and establishment which is a big
problem in mung bean cultivation [2; 3]. And high yield is
associated with early vigorous growth and development [4].
Unfavorable conditions of environment are the major cause
of poor stand of crop that is responsible for low crop yield in
one of many ways. Good germination insures better
establishment of crop and it is a big sign for maximum crop
yield. For that seed treatment are necessary before sowing. in
the field conditions, primed seeds resulted earlier germination
[5]. It has potential to enhance crop by increasing yield and
its quality [6]. Seed priming restored deteriorated seeder parts
and quickened germination because of speedier developing
life [7]. Seed priming is a controlled hydration method in
which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential
solution for a point where germination related metabolic
exercises start in the seeds, however radical development
does not happen [8]. Diverse priming treatments joined with
various substances, for example, San & KNO3 enhanced
seeds by the incitement of germination and impervious to
stress [9]. During seed priming, it was found effective for
legumes that is, yields of legume harvest were increased
impressively by priming seeds before sowing [10; 11; 6].
Moreover to better establishment, primed crops were grown
extra vigorously, earlier flowered and provided maximum
growth constituents [8; 15]. Levels of preparing media are not
suitable for seedling development and foundation in mung
bean. Further studies are required for option treatments,
advancements of temperatures and substrates, etc and/or
consolidating of distinctive seed priming methods [12] In
view of above facts the study was started to study impact of
priming periods on mungbean seedling growth and evaluate
the response of mungbean seedling growth to temperatures
regimes.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Laboratory experiment was laid out in Replicated Complete
Design under Laboratory condition during 2013-14 at Seed
Testing Laboratory Department of Agronomy, Sindh
Agriculture University Tandojam,. mungbean variety C-23
healthy seeds was used in the experiment. Mungbean variety
was C-23, twenty (20) seeds were soaked in distilled water
and canal water for 2 and 4hours and was kept in Petri dishes,
than kept these seed into incubator under different
temperature regimes. In this study factor A mentioned as
three hydro-priming periods viz. control (no priming), 2
hours seed soaked in distilled water and 4 hours soaked in
canal water and factor B showed three temperature regimes
as 15 0
C, 25 0
C and 35 0
C. Observations recorded viz. Seed
germination%, Soot length (cm), Root length (cm), Shoot
fresh weight (g), Root fresh weight (g), Shoot dry weight (g)
and Root dry weight (g). Data analysis data were statistically
analyzed through MSTAT-C computer software. The LSD value
for mean comparison was calculated only if the general
treatment F test was significant at a probability of ≤ 0.05 [13].
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results showed that maximum mean seed germination%
(86.78) was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours,
whereas the lower seed germination % (68.88) no priming. In
case of temperatures the higher seed germination% (86.52)
was found at 35 0
C and the lower seed germination % (72.21)
was observed at lower temperature regime 15 0
C,
2. 1270 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(2),1269-1273,2016
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respectively. The interaction results showed that the higher
seed germination % (93.73) was recorded at 4 hours Hydro-
priming period x 35 0
C temperature regime where as the
lower interaction value (60.45) was observed at no priming or
check x 15 0
C, respectively. The primed seeds revealed
earlier germination in conditions of field [5].The results
showed that maximum mean shoot length cm (10.71) was
recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours, whereas, the lower
(7.536) found at no priming or check. In case of temperatures
the higher shoot length cm (11.12) was recorded at 35 0
C and
the lower shoot length cm (8.012) was observed at lower
temperature regime 15 0
C, respectively. The interaction
results for shoot length (cm) showed non- significant
response to hydro-priming periods x temperature regimes.
During seed priming found effective for legumes that is,
yields of legume crops were increased considerably by
priming seeds before sowing [10; 11; 6].
The maximum mean root length cm (5.324) was recorded at
Hydro-priming period 4 hours where as, the lower (3.093)
found at no priming or check. In case of temperatures the
maximum root length cm (5.602) was recorded at 35 0
C and
the lower shoot length cm (3.518) was observed at lower
temperature regime 15 0
C, respectively. The interaction
results for root length (cm) showed non- significant response
to hydro-priming periods x temperature regimes. Results
revealed that maximum means shoot fresh weight mg (1693)
was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours where as, the
lower shoot fresh weight mg (1103) was found at no priming
or check. In case of temperatures the higher shoot fresh
weight mg (1839) was found at 35 0
C and the lower shoot
fresh weight mg (1068) was observed at lower temperature
regime 15 0
C. The interaction results showed that the higher
shoot fresh weight mg (2057) was recorded at 4 hours Hydro-
priming period x 35 0
C temperature regime where as the
lower interaction value (752.0) was observed at no priming or
check x 15 0
C, respectively.
Results revealed that maximum mean root fresh weight mg
(658.0) was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours, where
as, the lower root fresh weight mg (431.9) was found at no
priming or check. In case of temperatures the higher root
fresh weight mg (664.7) was recorded at 35 0
C and the lower
shoot fresh weight mg (476.0) was observed at lower
temperature regime 15 0
C. The interaction results for root
fresh weight (mg) showed non- significant response to hydro-
priming periods x temperature regimes. The results showed
that maximum mean shoot dry weight mg (54.74) was
recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours, whereas the lower
shoot dry weight mg (38.56) found at no priming or check. In
case of temperatures the higher shoot dry weight mg (57.88)
was found at 35 0
C and the lower shoot dry weight mg
(39.14) was observed at lower temperature regime 15 0
C,
respectively. The interaction results showed that higher shoot
dry weight mg (63.63) was recorded at 4 hours Hydro-
priming period x 35 0
C temperature regime where as the
lower interaction value (30.27) was observed at no priming or
check x 15 0
C temperature regime, respectively. Priming can
increase the germination and growth of seedling under
stressed conditions in oilseeds such as soyban seeds [14]. On
the other hand the results displayed that maximum mean root
dry weight mg (7.898) was observed at Hydro-priming period
4 hours, where as the lower root dry weight mg (5.496) found
at no priming or check. In case of temperatures the higher
root dry weight mg (8.203) was found at 35 0
C and the lower
root dry weight mg (6.007) was observed at lower
temperature regime 15 0
C, respectively. The interaction
results showed that higher root dry weight mg (8.940) was
recorded at 4 hours Hydro- priming period x 35 0
C
temperature regime where as the lower interaction value
(3.677) was observed at no priming or check x 15 0
C
temperature regime, respectively. Higher levels of priming
media are not suitable for seedling growth and establishment
in mung bean. Further studies are required for alternative
treatments, optimizations of temperatures, substrates, etc.,
and/or combining of different seed priming techniques [12].
Seed germination (%)
The result for germination % has affected by temperature
regimes, Hydro-priming periods showed highly significant
whereas their interaction was significant for germination %
(Table-1). The maximum mean seed germination% (86.78)
was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours, whereas the
lower seed germination % (68.88) no priming. In case of
temperatures the higher seed germination% (86.52) was
found at 35 0
C and the lower seed germination % (72.21) was
observed at lower temperature regime 15 0
C, respectively.
The interaction results showed that the higher seed
germination % (93.73) was recorded at 4 hours Hydro-
priming period x 35 0
C temperature regime where as the
lower interaction value (60.45) was observed at no priming or
check x 15 0
C, respectively.
Table 1: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on seed germination % of mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 60.45 g 69.70 f 76.48 e 68.88 C
2 hours priming 77.68 de 87.32 c 89.34 b 84.78 B
4 hours priming 78.49 d 88.11 bc 93.73 a 86.78 A
Mean for temperature regimes 72.21 C 81.71 B 86.52 A
Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 0.3302 0.3302 0.5718
LSD 5% 0.9809 0.9809 1.699
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Shoot length (cm)
Shoot length (cm) has affected by temperature regimes,
Hydro-priming periods showed highly significant, whereas
their interaction was significant for shoot length (cm) (table-
2). The maximum mean shoot length cm (10.71) was
recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours whereas the lower
(7.536) found at no priming or check. In case of temperatures
the higher shoot length cm (11.12) was recorded at 35 0
C and
the lower shoot length cm (8.012) was observed at lower
temperature regime 15 0
C, respectively. The interaction
results for shoot length (cm) showed non- significant
response to hydro-priming periods x temperature regimes.
Table 2: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on shoot length (cm) of mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 6.117 7.847 8.643 7.536 B
2 hours priming 8.887 10.29 12.02 10.40 A
4 hours priming 9.033 10.41 12.69 10.71 A
Mean for temperature regimes 8.012 C 9.513 B 11.12 A
Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 0.2817 0.2817 0.5718
LSD 5% 0.8369 0.8369 ----
Root length (cm)
Root length (cm) has affected by temperature regimes,
Hydro-priming periods showed highly significant, where as
their interaction was significant for root length (cm) (Table-
3). The maximum mean root length cm (5.324) was recorded
at Hydro-priming period 4 hours where as the lower (3.093)
found at no
priming or check. In case of temperatures the maximum root
length cm (5.602) was recorded at 35 0
C and the lower shoot
length cm (3.518) was observed at lower temperature regime
15 0
C, respectively. The interaction results for root length
(cm) showed non- significant response to hydro-priming
periods x temperature regimes.
Table 3: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on of root length (cm) mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 2.060 3.033 4.187 3.093 C
2 hours priming 4.200 5.120 6.250 5.190 B
4 hours priming 4.293 5.310 6.370 5.324 A
Mean for temperature regimes 3.518 C 4.488 B 5.602 A
Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 0.02108 0.02108 0.03651
LSD 5% 0.06264 0.06264 ----
Shoot fresh weight (mg)
Shoot fresh weight (mg) has affected by temperature regimes,
Hydro-priming periods showed highly significant, whereas
their interaction was significant for shoot fresh weight (mg)
(Table-4). Results revealed that maximum mean shoot fresh
weight mg (1693) was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4
hours, whereas the lower shoot fresh weight mg (1103) was
found at no priming or check. In case of temperatures the
higher shoot fresh weight mg (1839) was found at 35 0
C and
the lower shoot fresh weight mg (1068) was observed at
lower temperature regime 15 0
C. The interaction results
showed that the higher shoot fresh weight mg (2057) was
recorded at 4 hours Hydro- priming period x 35 0
C
temperature regime where as the lower interaction value
(752.0) was observed at no priming or check x 15 0
C,
respectively.
Table 4: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on shoot fresh weight (mg) of mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 752.0 e 1116 d 1441 c 1103 B
2 hours priming 1218 d 1756 b 2018 a 1664 A
4 hours priming 1233 d 1787 b 2057 a 1693 A
Mean for temperature regimes 1068 C 1553 B 1839 A
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Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 30.27 30.27 52.44
LSD 5% 89.95 89.95 155.8
Root fresh weight (mg)
The result for root fresh weight (mg) has affected by
temperature regimes, Hydro-priming periods showed highly
significant where as their interaction was non-significant for
root fresh weight (mg) presented in (Table-5). Results
displayed that maximum mean root fresh weight mg (658.0)
was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours where as the
lower root fresh weight mg (431.9) was found at no priming
or check. In case of temperatures the higher root fresh weight
mg (664.7) was recorded at 35 0
C and the lower shoot fresh
weight mg (476.0) was observed at lower temperature regime
15 0
C. The interaction results for root fresh weight (mg)
showed non- significant response to hydro-priming periods x
temperature regimes.
Table 5: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on root fresh weight (mg) of mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 323.1 446.3 526.4 431.9 B
2 hours priming 545.4 657.7 724.9 642.6 A
4 hours priming 559.6 671.6 742.8 658.0 A
Mean for temperature regimes 476.0 C 591.8 B 664.7 A
Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 7.190 7.190 12.45
LSD 5% 21.36 21.36 -----
Shoot dry weight (mg)
Shoot dry weight (mg) has affected by temperature regimes,
Hydro-priming periods showed highly significant where as
their interaction was significant for shoot dry weight (mg)
(Table-6). The maximum mean shoot dry weight mg (54.74)
was recorded at Hydro-priming period 4 hours where as the
lower shoot dry weight mg (38.56) found at no priming or
check. In case of temperatures the higher shoot dry weight
mg (57.88) was found at 35 0
C and the lower shoot dry
weight mg (39.14) was observed at lower temperature regime
15 0
C, respectively. The interaction results showed that
higher shoot dry weight mg (63.63) was recorded at 4 hours
Hydro- priming period x 35 0
C temperature regime where as
the lower interaction value (30.27) was observed at no
priming or check x 15 0
C temperature regime, respectively.
Table 6: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on shoot dry weight (mg) of mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 30.27 f 37.43 e 47.97 c 38.56 C
2 hours priming 41.81 d 54.60 b 62.03 a 52.81 B
4 hours priming 45.35 c 55.24 b 63.63 a 54.74 A
Mean for temperature regimes 39.14 C 49.09 B 57.88 A
Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 0.5945 0.5945 1.030
LSD 5% 1.766 1.766 3.059
Root dry weight (mg)
Root dry weight (mg) has affected by temperature
regimes, Hydro-priming periods showed highly significant
where as their interaction was significant for root dry weight
(mg) (Table-7). The maximum mean root dry weight mg
(7.898) was observed at Hydro-priming period 4 hours where
as the lower root dry weight mg (5.496) found at no priming
or check. In case of temperatures the higher root dry weight
mg (8.203) was found at 35 0
C and the lower root dry weight
mg (6.007) was observed at lower temperature regime 15 0
C,
respectively. The interaction results showed that higher root
dry weight mg (8.940) was recorded at 4 hours Hydro-
5. Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(2),1269-1273,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 1273
March-April
priming period x 35 0
C temperature regime where as the
lower interaction value (3.677) was observed at no priming or
check x 15 0
C temperature regime, respectively.
Table 7: Effect of temperature regimes and priming periods on root dry weight (mg) of mungbean
Hydro-priming periods Temperature regimes Mean for hydro-
priming
15 0
C 25 0
C 35 0
C
No priming (check) 3.677 g 5.863 f 6.947 e 5.496 C
2 hours priming 7.077 e 7.347 d 8.723 b 7.716 B
4 hours priming 7.267 d 7.487 c 8.940 a 7.898 A
Mean for temperature regimes 6.007 C 6.899 B 8.203 A
Temperature
Regimes
Priming periods Priming periods x temperature regimes
SE 0.02582 0.02582 0.04472
LSD 5% 0.07671 0.07671 0.1329
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that seed priming period 4 hours
proved better for seed germination and early growth traits of
mungbean. At 35o
C temperature regime early growth and
yield of munbean was recorded. The results for mungbean
varieties showed that maximum germination (86.78%), shoot
length (10.71cm), root length (5.32cm), shoot freshy weight
(1693mg), root fresh weight (658.0 mg), shoot dry weight
(54.74mg), root dry weight (7.89mg), were observed in 4
hours priming compare to 2 hours priming and no priming
(check) had produced minimum values in term of
germination, shoot length , root length, shoot fresh weight ,
root fresh weight , shoot dry weight and root dry weight . The
results are statistically significant. . The data further indicated
that the maximum germination (86.52%), shoot length
(11.12cm), root length (5.60cm), shoot fresh weight
(1839mg), root fresh weight (664.7 mg) shoot dry weight
(57.88mg), root dry weight (8.20mg), were recorded at 35o
C
temperature regimes as compared to 25o
C temperature
regimes
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