Infective endocarditis (IE)
•
13 likes•1,121 views
Infective endocarditis (IE) refers to infection of the heart valves by microorganisms, primarily bacteria.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
PLEURITIS .
Introduction-inflammation of both layer of the pleura
Causes of pleuritis
Symptoms clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Case study of pleuritis
Unstable Angina Pectoris
Mr. I, a 64-year-old male, presented to the hospital with chest pain. He reported feeling pressure and tightness in his chest for the past 5 months that had worsened. Examinations found elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, and signs of cardiomegaly on chest x-ray. ECG showed sinus rhythm with poor R wave progression. Echocardiogram indicated left ventricular dysfunction. The working diagnosis was unstable angina pectoris and hypertension. Management included medications to reduce blood pressure and prevent clots, with monitoring through daily ECGs.
Guidelines for the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia
This document provides guidelines for managing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. It defines CAP and classifies patients into four groups based on treatment location and risk factors. It recommends treatments for each group. The guidelines stratify pathogens by group and recommend initial and alternative antibiotic therapies. It also provides guidance on evaluating non-responsive patients, managing complications, switching to oral therapy, and discharge criteria.
Chest pain evaluation dr md toufiqur rahman dm fcps facc frcp fesc faha fscai...
Chest pain evaluation dr md toufiqur rahman dm fcps facc frcp fesc faha fscai...PROFESSOR DR. MD. TOUFIQUR RAHMAN
This document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing chest pain, including differential diagnoses and case scenarios. It outlines objectives of establishing a differential diagnosis for chest pain and knowing how to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary embolism (PE), pneumothorax, and aortic dissection. Common etiologies of chest pain are described. Case scenarios provide examples of applying history, physical exam findings, and test results to arrive at probable diagnoses for various patient presentations of chest pain. Key investigations and management strategies for conditions like MI are also reviewed.L 6.approach to chest pain
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons patients present for medical attention and can be challenging to diagnose. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which could include ischemic heart disease, pulmonary issues, gastrointestinal problems, or other non-cardiac causes. The characteristics of cardiac chest pain often involve pain that builds up over minutes rather than seconds, may radiate to the arm or jaw, and is commonly accompanied by symptoms like sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath. Proper diagnosis requires considering risk factors, symptoms, and test results such as ECG, cardiac enzymes, stress testing, and imaging to correctly identify the source and manage appropriately.
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis, Mycobacteriology Module, Residency year 1
King Fahd Hospital of The University
Angioedema
Angioedema is localized, transient edema of the deeper layers of the dermis or mucosa caused by extravasation of plasma from capillaries and venules. It can be classified as acute or recurrent. C1 inhibitor deficiency, whether hereditary or acquired, is a major cause of angioedema. Hereditary angioedema is caused by C1 inhibitor gene mutations and results in deficient or dysfunctional C1 inhibitor. Acquired angioedema is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders or autoantibodies against C1 inhibitor. Episodes involve swelling of the skin, gastrointestinal tract or airways. Treatment involves prevention of attacks with attenuated androgens or antifibrinol
approach to Syncope patient in ED
Syncope, or fainting, is defined as a transient loss of consciousness associated with loss of postural tone that resolves spontaneously. It accounts for 0.8% of ED visits and has a prevalence of 19% in the general population. Common causes include vasovagal, cardiac, orthostatic, and medication-related reactions. A thorough history and physical exam can suggest a diagnosis in 45% of cases and help determine appropriate disposition, whether inpatient for high-risk patients or outpatient follow up for low-risk cases.
Recommended
PLEURITIS .
Introduction-inflammation of both layer of the pleura
Causes of pleuritis
Symptoms clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Case study of pleuritis
Unstable Angina Pectoris
Mr. I, a 64-year-old male, presented to the hospital with chest pain. He reported feeling pressure and tightness in his chest for the past 5 months that had worsened. Examinations found elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, and signs of cardiomegaly on chest x-ray. ECG showed sinus rhythm with poor R wave progression. Echocardiogram indicated left ventricular dysfunction. The working diagnosis was unstable angina pectoris and hypertension. Management included medications to reduce blood pressure and prevent clots, with monitoring through daily ECGs.
Guidelines for the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia
This document provides guidelines for managing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. It defines CAP and classifies patients into four groups based on treatment location and risk factors. It recommends treatments for each group. The guidelines stratify pathogens by group and recommend initial and alternative antibiotic therapies. It also provides guidance on evaluating non-responsive patients, managing complications, switching to oral therapy, and discharge criteria.
Chest pain evaluation dr md toufiqur rahman dm fcps facc frcp fesc faha fscai...
Chest pain evaluation dr md toufiqur rahman dm fcps facc frcp fesc faha fscai...PROFESSOR DR. MD. TOUFIQUR RAHMAN
This document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing chest pain, including differential diagnoses and case scenarios. It outlines objectives of establishing a differential diagnosis for chest pain and knowing how to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary embolism (PE), pneumothorax, and aortic dissection. Common etiologies of chest pain are described. Case scenarios provide examples of applying history, physical exam findings, and test results to arrive at probable diagnoses for various patient presentations of chest pain. Key investigations and management strategies for conditions like MI are also reviewed.L 6.approach to chest pain
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons patients present for medical attention and can be challenging to diagnose. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which could include ischemic heart disease, pulmonary issues, gastrointestinal problems, or other non-cardiac causes. The characteristics of cardiac chest pain often involve pain that builds up over minutes rather than seconds, may radiate to the arm or jaw, and is commonly accompanied by symptoms like sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath. Proper diagnosis requires considering risk factors, symptoms, and test results such as ECG, cardiac enzymes, stress testing, and imaging to correctly identify the source and manage appropriately.
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis, Mycobacteriology Module, Residency year 1
King Fahd Hospital of The University
Angioedema
Angioedema is localized, transient edema of the deeper layers of the dermis or mucosa caused by extravasation of plasma from capillaries and venules. It can be classified as acute or recurrent. C1 inhibitor deficiency, whether hereditary or acquired, is a major cause of angioedema. Hereditary angioedema is caused by C1 inhibitor gene mutations and results in deficient or dysfunctional C1 inhibitor. Acquired angioedema is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders or autoantibodies against C1 inhibitor. Episodes involve swelling of the skin, gastrointestinal tract or airways. Treatment involves prevention of attacks with attenuated androgens or antifibrinol
approach to Syncope patient in ED
Syncope, or fainting, is defined as a transient loss of consciousness associated with loss of postural tone that resolves spontaneously. It accounts for 0.8% of ED visits and has a prevalence of 19% in the general population. Common causes include vasovagal, cardiac, orthostatic, and medication-related reactions. A thorough history and physical exam can suggest a diagnosis in 45% of cases and help determine appropriate disposition, whether inpatient for high-risk patients or outpatient follow up for low-risk cases.
Pulmonary Fibrosis Presentation
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease that causes scarring and stiffening of lung tissues. It commonly occurs in people ages 50-70 and has no known cause in many cases. Diagnosis involves tests like chest X-rays, lung biopsies, and pulmonary function tests. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and weight loss. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce inflammation and complications through medications, oxygen therapy, and possibly lung transplantation in severe cases. Research continues on new drugs that may slow scarring of the lungs.
Palpitation
Palpitations are a common symptom experienced by patients as an awareness of heartbeat. They can be caused by cardiac, psychiatric, or miscellaneous factors in about equal proportions. Evaluation involves determining if there is an underlying arrhythmia or structural heart disease through history, physical exam, ECG and monitoring tests. For most patients where serious causes are excluded, reassurance is provided, though beta-blockers may be used if palpitations are frequent or troubling.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium that commonly affects men aged 20-50. It has several causes including viral or bacterial infections, certain cancers, autoimmune diseases, or physical trauma. Symptoms include chest pain that increases with deep breathing or lying flat. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation with medications like aspirin, ibuprofen, or colchicine. Surgery may be required in severe cases to drain fluid or remove the pericardium.
Uremic Encephalopathy- A Neurologist's Point of View
This is about Uremic Encephalopathy. It describes the symptoms and features of uremic encephalopathy and other related issues.
Chronic gastritis and duodenitis
Chronic gastritis is a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that commonly results from infection by Helicobacter pylori in 90% of cases. Other causes include NSAID use, smoking, stress, and ischemia. H. pylori infection leads to increased acid secretion and damage to the gastric epithelium. Chronic gastritis is classified based on location and cause, and is usually asymptomatic, though pain, dyspepsia, and fatigue may occur. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and urease testing. Treatment focuses on H. pylori eradication therapy using antibiotic combinations for 10-14 days along with diet and lifestyle modifications. Complications include ulcers, gastric cancer, and
Occupational Asthma
This document discusses occupational asthma, beginning with a definition of asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder causing wheezing, breathlessness and coughing. It describes the different types of occupational asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, work-related and work-aggravated. Extrinsic asthma is mediated by an IgE response while intrinsic is not antigen specific. Common occupational agents that can cause asthma are discussed including metal working fluids, isocyanates, cleaning agents, carpets and flour. Signs and symptoms, diagnosis and management of occupational asthma are also summarized.
Severe asthma
Severe or difficult-to-treat asthma affects approximately 15% of asthma patients and is characterized by persistent symptoms and exacerbations despite high-dose controller medications. These patients experience greater morbidity and increased healthcare use. Characteristics of severe asthma include irreversible airflow obstruction, neutrophilic inflammation, ongoing mediator release, and reduced association with atopy. Management involves accurate diagnosis, treatment of risk factors and comorbidities, appropriate medication including biologics like omeklizumab, and ongoing patient education and support.
Hemorrhagic stroke
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage. It defines intracerebral hemorrhage as bleeding within the brain tissue itself, accounting for 15% of strokes. Risk factors include hypertension and amyloid angiopathy. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of focal neurological deficits like weakness or seizures. Diagnostics include CT scans. Prognosis is poor with 50% mortality at 1 year. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating increased intracranial pressure, preventing seizures and infections. Surgical options include removing the hemorrhage via aspiration or craniotomy. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is also discussed as bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from
Migraine and types
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe and pulsating in nature. It is estimated to affect 10% of the worldwide population. There are two main types - migraine with aura, which involves neurological symptoms before or during the headache, and migraine without aura, which involves headaches without preceding neurological symptoms. Potential triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors like light and noise. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to abort acute attacks or prevent future attacks. Preventive medications include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs, while acute treatments include analgesics, triptans, and anti-nausea drugs.
Community Acquired Pneumonia
This document discusses community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), including its causes, diagnosis, clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment. It begins by defining CAP and describing its historical significance as a major cause of death. It then covers common, less common, and uncommon infectious and non-infectious causes of CAP. The document outlines approaches to diagnosis including microbiological testing and the roles of imaging like chest X-rays, CT scans, and lung ultrasounds. It details typical patterns seen on imaging for different pathogens. It also discusses clinical features associated with certain causes and poor prognostic factors. The document concludes by addressing empirical outpatient and inpatient treatment of CAP.
Aortic Stenosis
This document discusses aortic stenosis, including its definition as a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the heart. It notes the main causes are congenital heart defects where the valve has two leaves instead of three, calcium buildup in older individuals, and rarely, rheumatic fever. Epidemiology statistics provided show it occurs in 3 per 1000 births for congenital cases and is rare for rheumatic causes. Pathophysiology is described as the stenosis causing pressure overload on the left ventricle, eventually leading to dilatation and heart failure if longstanding. Clinical signs include dyspnea, angina, fainting, murmurs, and low pulse pressure. A case study example is
Uremic Encephalopathy
Uremic encephalopathy occurs when toxins that are normally cleared by the kidneys build up in the bloodstream due to kidney failure. It causes a range of neurological symptoms from mild issues like fatigue to severe problems like seizures and coma. The condition develops when kidney function declines to the point that creatinine clearance levels fall below 15 mL/min. While the exact cause is unknown, it involves the accumulation of various toxins in the brain that disrupts cell metabolism and function. Prompt treatment with dialysis or kidney transplantation can reverse the neurological symptoms.
Management of hypertensive crisis
This document provides an overview of the management of hypertensive crisis. It begins with definitions of hypertensive urgency and emergency. It then covers etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, workup, and management. The goals of management are to lower blood pressure gradually in hypertensive urgencies, and more rapidly in emergencies to prevent end organ damage, while avoiding too rapid a drop in pressure. Drugs discussed for acute treatment include sodium nitroprusside, nicardipine, clevidipine, labetalol, and esmolol. Special scenarios like myocardial ischemia and aortic dissection are also addressed.
Approach to headache
This document provides an overview of Dr. Faisal Al Hadad's approach to evaluating and diagnosing headaches. It begins with definitions of headache and classifications of primary versus secondary headaches. It then discusses taking a thorough history, including onset, location, severity of pain, concurrent conditions, medications, and recent trauma. The physical exam focuses on identifying secondary causes, and red flags requiring further investigation are outlined. Diagnostic criteria for common primary headaches like migraines and cluster headaches are provided. Recommendations are given for imaging, lumbar puncture, and indications for neurology referral. The goal is to distinguish primary from secondary headaches and accurately diagnose the underlying condition.
Viral pneumonia
The document discusses viral pneumonia, providing details on:
1) Common viruses that cause viral pneumonia include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus.
2) Diagnostic tests for viral pneumonia include viral culture, antigen detection, PCR, chest x-rays, and analyzing white blood cell counts and other biomarkers.
3) Treatment involves antiviral medications like oseltamivir, while prevention includes vaccines for influenza.
ENCEPHALOPATHY
This document provides an overview of encephalopathy, including:
- Encephalopathy is defined as an altered mental state caused by diffuse brain dysfunction. Common symptoms include confusion, memory loss, and personality changes.
- There are many potential causes of encephalopathy including metabolic disturbances, toxins, infections, liver failure, inflammation, drugs, demyelination, and lack of oxygen to the brain.
- EEG is often abnormal in encephalopathy, with features including triphasic waves and diffuse slowing correlating to severity of symptoms and impairment of consciousness.
Chest pain differential diagnosis
1. Acute coronary syndrome can present with substernal chest pressure, pain radiating to the shoulders, or pain with exertion. ECG may show ST elevations or new left bundle branch block indicating AMI. Troponin and CK-MB elevations are needed to diagnose AMI.
2. Aortic dissection often presents with sudden, severe chest pain and may be suggested on ECG by discrepancies in blood pressure between arms or signs of ischemia. Chest X-ray may show a widened mediastinum.
3. Pulmonary embolism presentations can vary widely but often include dyspnea. ECG may show signs of right heart strain. Most chest X-rays are normal but some show
Systemic hypertension
Systemic Hypertension causes symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and organ damage at hypertensive crisis. It is usually essential or primary hypertension but can be secondary to other causes like renal or endocrine diseases. Diagnosis involves measuring elevated blood pressure over multiple readings and checking for organ damage. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like reducing sodium, alcohol, and stress as well as medications to lower blood pressure and reduce risks of complications like stroke and heart attack.
Toxic Shock Syndrome Made Extremely Easy!
A brief discussion of a very common bacterial infection presenting as fever and skin rash following skin infection or use of tampons. Affecting adults especially women. Very helpful for medical students, ER doctors, dermatologists, nurses. References from dermatology textbook Rooks.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy - Rivin
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC), also known as broken heart syndrome, is a temporary heart condition caused by severe emotional or physical stress that causes the left ventricle of the heart to balloon out at the bottom and contract abnormally. It most often affects post-menopausal women and can cause chest pain and symptoms similar to a heart attack. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to involve an extreme surge of stress hormones that stuns the heart muscle. The prognosis is generally good with most people making a full recovery within weeks.
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
More Related Content
What's hot
Pulmonary Fibrosis Presentation
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease that causes scarring and stiffening of lung tissues. It commonly occurs in people ages 50-70 and has no known cause in many cases. Diagnosis involves tests like chest X-rays, lung biopsies, and pulmonary function tests. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and weight loss. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce inflammation and complications through medications, oxygen therapy, and possibly lung transplantation in severe cases. Research continues on new drugs that may slow scarring of the lungs.
Palpitation
Palpitations are a common symptom experienced by patients as an awareness of heartbeat. They can be caused by cardiac, psychiatric, or miscellaneous factors in about equal proportions. Evaluation involves determining if there is an underlying arrhythmia or structural heart disease through history, physical exam, ECG and monitoring tests. For most patients where serious causes are excluded, reassurance is provided, though beta-blockers may be used if palpitations are frequent or troubling.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium that commonly affects men aged 20-50. It has several causes including viral or bacterial infections, certain cancers, autoimmune diseases, or physical trauma. Symptoms include chest pain that increases with deep breathing or lying flat. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation with medications like aspirin, ibuprofen, or colchicine. Surgery may be required in severe cases to drain fluid or remove the pericardium.
Uremic Encephalopathy- A Neurologist's Point of View
This is about Uremic Encephalopathy. It describes the symptoms and features of uremic encephalopathy and other related issues.
Chronic gastritis and duodenitis
Chronic gastritis is a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that commonly results from infection by Helicobacter pylori in 90% of cases. Other causes include NSAID use, smoking, stress, and ischemia. H. pylori infection leads to increased acid secretion and damage to the gastric epithelium. Chronic gastritis is classified based on location and cause, and is usually asymptomatic, though pain, dyspepsia, and fatigue may occur. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and urease testing. Treatment focuses on H. pylori eradication therapy using antibiotic combinations for 10-14 days along with diet and lifestyle modifications. Complications include ulcers, gastric cancer, and
Occupational Asthma
This document discusses occupational asthma, beginning with a definition of asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder causing wheezing, breathlessness and coughing. It describes the different types of occupational asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, work-related and work-aggravated. Extrinsic asthma is mediated by an IgE response while intrinsic is not antigen specific. Common occupational agents that can cause asthma are discussed including metal working fluids, isocyanates, cleaning agents, carpets and flour. Signs and symptoms, diagnosis and management of occupational asthma are also summarized.
Severe asthma
Severe or difficult-to-treat asthma affects approximately 15% of asthma patients and is characterized by persistent symptoms and exacerbations despite high-dose controller medications. These patients experience greater morbidity and increased healthcare use. Characteristics of severe asthma include irreversible airflow obstruction, neutrophilic inflammation, ongoing mediator release, and reduced association with atopy. Management involves accurate diagnosis, treatment of risk factors and comorbidities, appropriate medication including biologics like omeklizumab, and ongoing patient education and support.
Hemorrhagic stroke
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage. It defines intracerebral hemorrhage as bleeding within the brain tissue itself, accounting for 15% of strokes. Risk factors include hypertension and amyloid angiopathy. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of focal neurological deficits like weakness or seizures. Diagnostics include CT scans. Prognosis is poor with 50% mortality at 1 year. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating increased intracranial pressure, preventing seizures and infections. Surgical options include removing the hemorrhage via aspiration or craniotomy. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is also discussed as bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from
Migraine and types
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe and pulsating in nature. It is estimated to affect 10% of the worldwide population. There are two main types - migraine with aura, which involves neurological symptoms before or during the headache, and migraine without aura, which involves headaches without preceding neurological symptoms. Potential triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors like light and noise. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to abort acute attacks or prevent future attacks. Preventive medications include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs, while acute treatments include analgesics, triptans, and anti-nausea drugs.
Community Acquired Pneumonia
This document discusses community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), including its causes, diagnosis, clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment. It begins by defining CAP and describing its historical significance as a major cause of death. It then covers common, less common, and uncommon infectious and non-infectious causes of CAP. The document outlines approaches to diagnosis including microbiological testing and the roles of imaging like chest X-rays, CT scans, and lung ultrasounds. It details typical patterns seen on imaging for different pathogens. It also discusses clinical features associated with certain causes and poor prognostic factors. The document concludes by addressing empirical outpatient and inpatient treatment of CAP.
Aortic Stenosis
This document discusses aortic stenosis, including its definition as a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the heart. It notes the main causes are congenital heart defects where the valve has two leaves instead of three, calcium buildup in older individuals, and rarely, rheumatic fever. Epidemiology statistics provided show it occurs in 3 per 1000 births for congenital cases and is rare for rheumatic causes. Pathophysiology is described as the stenosis causing pressure overload on the left ventricle, eventually leading to dilatation and heart failure if longstanding. Clinical signs include dyspnea, angina, fainting, murmurs, and low pulse pressure. A case study example is
Uremic Encephalopathy
Uremic encephalopathy occurs when toxins that are normally cleared by the kidneys build up in the bloodstream due to kidney failure. It causes a range of neurological symptoms from mild issues like fatigue to severe problems like seizures and coma. The condition develops when kidney function declines to the point that creatinine clearance levels fall below 15 mL/min. While the exact cause is unknown, it involves the accumulation of various toxins in the brain that disrupts cell metabolism and function. Prompt treatment with dialysis or kidney transplantation can reverse the neurological symptoms.
Management of hypertensive crisis
This document provides an overview of the management of hypertensive crisis. It begins with definitions of hypertensive urgency and emergency. It then covers etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, workup, and management. The goals of management are to lower blood pressure gradually in hypertensive urgencies, and more rapidly in emergencies to prevent end organ damage, while avoiding too rapid a drop in pressure. Drugs discussed for acute treatment include sodium nitroprusside, nicardipine, clevidipine, labetalol, and esmolol. Special scenarios like myocardial ischemia and aortic dissection are also addressed.
Approach to headache
This document provides an overview of Dr. Faisal Al Hadad's approach to evaluating and diagnosing headaches. It begins with definitions of headache and classifications of primary versus secondary headaches. It then discusses taking a thorough history, including onset, location, severity of pain, concurrent conditions, medications, and recent trauma. The physical exam focuses on identifying secondary causes, and red flags requiring further investigation are outlined. Diagnostic criteria for common primary headaches like migraines and cluster headaches are provided. Recommendations are given for imaging, lumbar puncture, and indications for neurology referral. The goal is to distinguish primary from secondary headaches and accurately diagnose the underlying condition.
Viral pneumonia
The document discusses viral pneumonia, providing details on:
1) Common viruses that cause viral pneumonia include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus.
2) Diagnostic tests for viral pneumonia include viral culture, antigen detection, PCR, chest x-rays, and analyzing white blood cell counts and other biomarkers.
3) Treatment involves antiviral medications like oseltamivir, while prevention includes vaccines for influenza.
ENCEPHALOPATHY
This document provides an overview of encephalopathy, including:
- Encephalopathy is defined as an altered mental state caused by diffuse brain dysfunction. Common symptoms include confusion, memory loss, and personality changes.
- There are many potential causes of encephalopathy including metabolic disturbances, toxins, infections, liver failure, inflammation, drugs, demyelination, and lack of oxygen to the brain.
- EEG is often abnormal in encephalopathy, with features including triphasic waves and diffuse slowing correlating to severity of symptoms and impairment of consciousness.
Chest pain differential diagnosis
1. Acute coronary syndrome can present with substernal chest pressure, pain radiating to the shoulders, or pain with exertion. ECG may show ST elevations or new left bundle branch block indicating AMI. Troponin and CK-MB elevations are needed to diagnose AMI.
2. Aortic dissection often presents with sudden, severe chest pain and may be suggested on ECG by discrepancies in blood pressure between arms or signs of ischemia. Chest X-ray may show a widened mediastinum.
3. Pulmonary embolism presentations can vary widely but often include dyspnea. ECG may show signs of right heart strain. Most chest X-rays are normal but some show
Systemic hypertension
Systemic Hypertension causes symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and organ damage at hypertensive crisis. It is usually essential or primary hypertension but can be secondary to other causes like renal or endocrine diseases. Diagnosis involves measuring elevated blood pressure over multiple readings and checking for organ damage. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like reducing sodium, alcohol, and stress as well as medications to lower blood pressure and reduce risks of complications like stroke and heart attack.
Toxic Shock Syndrome Made Extremely Easy!
A brief discussion of a very common bacterial infection presenting as fever and skin rash following skin infection or use of tampons. Affecting adults especially women. Very helpful for medical students, ER doctors, dermatologists, nurses. References from dermatology textbook Rooks.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy - Rivin
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC), also known as broken heart syndrome, is a temporary heart condition caused by severe emotional or physical stress that causes the left ventricle of the heart to balloon out at the bottom and contract abnormally. It most often affects post-menopausal women and can cause chest pain and symptoms similar to a heart attack. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to involve an extreme surge of stress hormones that stuns the heart muscle. The prognosis is generally good with most people making a full recovery within weeks.
What's hot (20)
Uremic Encephalopathy- A Neurologist's Point of View
Uremic Encephalopathy- A Neurologist's Point of View
Recently uploaded
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...chandankumarsmartiso
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun Women Seeking Service
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...chandankumarsmartiso
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel With 100% Satisfaction
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recently uploaded (20)
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Infective endocarditis (IE)
- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY • • risk for IE include: – – – – –
- 9. septic emboli ( : •
- 11. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- 22. • – β – –
- 23. Patients with PVE : • • • • – β
- 24. Staphylococci • – – For patients with no prosthetic material: • • – β
- 27. Gram-Negative Organisms For Pseudomonas spp. : • β – HACEK Group: • – –
- 28. Fungi • – • •
- 30. Prophylaxis