This powerpoint is made by a pharmaceutical student about the effects of the drug hydroxychloroquine that has been chosen by many countries as a treatment for COVID19

1. Hydroxychloroquine
Done by: Serena Z. Hijazeen
ID#: 201810934
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2. What is Hydroxychloroquine?
• The first natural antimalarial agent, quinine, derived from
the bark of the cinchona tree, helped to shape today's
world by making it possible to live in tropical countries
despite lethal tropical malaria.
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3. • Chemical synthesis of chloroquine
analogues originated in the work of
Paul Ehrlich's group, who treated
malaria patients in 1891 with
methylene blue, a synthetic dye
that is selectively absorbed by the
parasites causing malaria.
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4. • After many studies carried on the chloroquine by different
scientists, hydroxychloroquine was discovered and was
used because it has lower toxicity.
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5. • A milestone in the fortunes of chloroquine analogues
occurred during World War II; millions of soldiers took
antimalarial prophylaxis, and observations indicated that
antimalarial treatment improved the soldiers’ rashes and
inflammatory arthritis.
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6. • This led to the first trial that showed the efficacy of
quinacrine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); Similar
observations opened the door for regular treatment of
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and SLE with
chloroquine analogues.
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RASLE

7. Hydroxychloroquine uses!
• Nowadays; chloroquines
are used for the treatment
of other rheumatic
disorders, as well as a wide
variety of dermatological,
immunological, cancerous
and infectious diseases.
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8. • It also has been chosen for the treatment of COVID19 in
hospitalized patients; Since it elicits immunomodulatory
effects thus inhibit an important stage in the virus
replication.
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10. Despite the excellent performance of
hydroxychloroquine; it is associated with many
toxicities either acute of chronic.
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11.  It has been noticed that the usage of hydroxychloroquine
lead to decrease glucose levels in patients with Diabetes
mellitus type1 (insulin-treated).
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12. Patients who suffer from Myasthenia Gravis
(autoimmune disease that causes muscles weakness)
may develop myopathy; which is a disease of the muscle
fibers where they do not function properly.
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13. The main acute toxicity affects are seen greatly in the heart and the
brain
In the heart; most commonly irregular heart beating and increase blood
pressure.
In the brain; most commonly convulsions.
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14. It is also related with some permament effects on the ear;
And the eye specifically the retina caused by accumulation
of the drug in the melanin rich tissue.
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15. Prolonged use leads to blurred vision, urticaria and
breaking of blood cells
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16.  To avoid all the undesired effects of hydrochloroquine
1. Not to exceed the recommended dose.
1. Prophylactic of malaria dose=400 mg/day for 4 weeks
2. Treatment of malaria dose=800 mg/day for 4-6 months
3. For RA the dose=400-600 mg/day and gradually discontinue as the doctor
orders
4. For SLE the dose=200-400 mg/day
5. There is not enough information for the doses required for the treatment of
COVID19
2. Keep checking your eye doctor regularly.
3. Use with caution in the case of any liver or kidney disorders.
4. Use with caution for psychotic patients.
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17. 1. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-
availability/fda-cautions-against-use-
hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-
hospital-setting-or
2. https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/70/6/1608/728
687
3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-010-
8243-x
4. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/plaquenil-
hydroxychloroquine-sulfate-343205
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